Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
RF Circuit Design - [Ch3-2] Power Waves and Power-Gain Expressions
1. Chapter 3-2
Power Waves and
Power-Gain Expressions
Chien-Jung Li
Department of Electronics Engineering
National Taipei University of Technology
2. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Maximum Power Transfer
LZ
sE
sZ
V
I
source
impedance
load
impedance
Phasor
s
s L
E
I
Z Z
• The average power dissipated in the load
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
s s L
L rms L L L
s L s L s L
E E R
P I R I R R
Z Z R R X X
• The maximum power dissipated in the load when s LX X s LR R
s LZ Z
• Maximum power transfer theorem
and
that is (conjugate matched)
• Can we link up the “conjugate matched impedances” and “reflection coefficients” ?
2/31
3. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Power Waves
• In this section we discuss the analysis of lumped circuits in
terms of a new set of waves, called power waves.
LZ
sE
sZ
V
I
source
impedance
load
impedance
Since there is no transmission line, and therefore the characteristic
impedances is not defined.
oZ
d l
LZ
0
0d
IN d
0
L o
L o
Z Z
Z Z
has no meaning.
No transmission line in between
Can we define the reflection coefficient
w/o transmission lines?
s sV E Z I
3/31
4. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Normalized Impedances (I)
Reference:
[1] K. Kurokawa, “Power waves and the scattering matrix.” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and techniques, vol. 13, pp.194-202,
Mar. 1965.
LZ
sE
sZ
V
I
s s sZ R jX
L L LZ R jX
• Normalize the impedances with respect to Rs
1 s
s s s
s
X
z r jx j
R
L L
L L L
s s
R X
z r jx j
R R
4/31
5. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Normalized Impedances (II)
1
1
s
s
z rz
z z r
U jV Γ-plane
U
V 1
1
z
z
0
1 1
• Recall the Smith Chart (Γ-plane)
1 s
s s s
s
X
z r jx j
R
L L
L L L
s s
R X
z r jx j
R R
L s L s L L s ss L s L s
s L s L s L L s s L s L s
r j x x r r jx r jxz r z z Z Z
z r r j x x r r jx r jx z z Z Z
z should contains the resistance and reactance of the load
(rL and xL), and the reactance of the source (xs)
• When , the reflection coefficient (maximum power delivering to
the load)
L sZ Z
0
5/31
6. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Power-waves Representation of One-port Network (I)
1
2
p s
s
a V Z I
R
1
2
p s
s
b V Z I
R
Res sR Z
• Reflected power wave is equal to zero when the load impedances is
conjugately matched to the source impedance, i.e., .
pb
L sZ Z
where
LZ
sE
sZ pa
pb
V
I
s
p s L s
p s L s
s
V
Zb V Z I Z ZI
Va V Z I Z ZZ
I
p pa b
• Normalized power waves
pL s
L L p
bZ Z
Z Z a
and
6/31
7. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Available Power From Source
1
2 2
s
p s s s
s s
E
a E Z I Z I
R R
2
2
4
s
p
s
E
a
R
1
2
p s
s
a V Z I
R
s sV E Z I• For and
2
2 2
,
1
2 8
s
AVS p p rms
s
E
P a a
R
is the power available from the source.
• Maximum power is delivered to the load when
L sZ Z
2
21 1
Re Re
2 2
s
L L L
s L
E
P I Z Z
Z Z
PL attains its maximum value when , and is given by
L sZ Z ,maxL AVSP P
2
,max
1
8
s
L AVS
s
E
P P
R
7/31
8. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Impedance Mismatch
2 2 *1 1 1 1 1
Re
2 2 8 8 2
L p p s s s s
s s
P a b V Z I V Z I V Z I V Z I V I
R R
2 2 21 1 1
2 2 2
L p p AVS pP a b P b
21
2
p AVS Lb P P
Power dissipated in the load = Available power from source – Reflected power
• When the impedances are mismatched, the power delivering to the
load is
Reflected power = Available power from source – Power dissipated in the load
8/31
9. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Generalized Scattering Parameter (I)
1 11 1 12 2p p p p pb S a S a
2 21 1 22 2p p p p pb S a S a
1 1 1 1
1
1
2
pa V Z I
R
2 2 2 2
2
1
2
pa V Z I
R
1 1 1 1
1
1
2
pb V Z I
R
Two-port
Network
[Sp]
2pa
2pb
1pa
1pb
Port 1 Port 2
1E
1Z
2I1I
1V
2V
2E
2Z
1 2 2 2
2
1
2
pb V Z I
R
• Considering a two-port network, the generalized scattering matrix [Sp]
is found with respect to a reference impedance Re{Z1} at port 1 and
to Re{Z2} at port 2. If Z1 = Z2 = Zo, [Sp] = [S].
9/31
10. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Generalized Scattering Parameter (II)
2
1
11
1 0p
p
p
p a
b
S
a
Two-port
Network
[Sp]
2 0pa
2pb
1pa
1pb
Port 1 Port 2
1E
1Z
2I1I
1V
2V
2Z
1 11 1 12 2p p p p pb S a S a
2 21 1 22 2p p p p pb S a S a
1 1
11
1 1
T
p
T
Z Z
S
Z Z
2 2 2
1 1 11
1 1
1
2 2
IN p p AVS pP a b P S
1TZ
• Can we find the power by using [S] but not [Sp] ? Sure! We will talk
about this later.
10/31
11. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Example
• Calculate the power waves and the power delivered to the load in the
circuit.
100 50LZ j
10 0sE
100 50sZ j
V
I
100 50
10 5.59 26.57
100 50 100 50
L
s
L s
Z j
V E
Z Z j j
10
0.05 A
100 50 100 50
s
L s
E
I
Z Z j j
1 1 10
0.5
2 2 2 100
p s s s s
s s
a V Z I E Z I Z I
R R
1
1 1 1
10 0.05 100 50 0.05 100 50 0
2 2 2 100
p s s s s
s
b V Z I E Z I Z I j j
R R
2 21 1
0.125 W
2 2
L p pP a b (Try ) 1
Re
2
LP VI
11/31
12. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Example (I)
• Calculate the generalized parameter Sp11 and Sp21 at 1 GHz in the
lossless, reciprocal, two-port network. Then calculate Sp22 and Sp12.
2 10Z
1.59 nHL
1E
1 50 50Z j
1V
2V
10LZ j
1TZ
1I 2I
1
1 1 1
1 1
0.167 0T
T
Z
V E E
Z Z
1
1 1
1 1
0.0118 45
T
E
I E
Z Z
2 1 0.118 45V E
2 1 0.0118 45I E
1 1 1 1
1
1
2
pa V Z I
R
2 2 2 2
2
1
2
pa V Z I
R
1 1 1 1
1
1
2
pb V Z I
R
2 2 2 2
2
1
2
pb V Z I
R
1 0.071 0pa
1 0.061 78.69pb
2 0pa
2 0.037 45pb
For Sp11 and Sp21
12/31
13. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Example (II)
2
1 1 1
11
1 1 10
10 10 50 50
0.85 78.69
10 10 50 50
p
p T
p
p Ta
b j jZ Z
S
a Z Z j j
2
2
21
1 0
0.037 45
0.525 45
0.071 0
p
p
p
p a
b
S
a
2 10Z
1.59 nHL
2E
1 50 50Z j
1V
2V
10LZ j
2TZ
1I 2I
For Sp22 and Sp12
1 2 0.833 0V E 1 2 0.0118 45I E 2 2 0.92 5.19V E 2 2 0.0118 45I E
1 0pa 1 0.083 45pb 2 0.158 0pa 2 0.134 11.32pb
1
2 2 2
22
2 2 20
0.85 11.3
p
p T
p
p Ta
b Z Z
S
a Z Z
1
1
12
2 0
0.083 45
0.525 45
0.158 0
p
p
p
p a
b
S
a
13/31
14. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Power-Gain Expressions (I)
Transistor
[S]
2a
2b
1a
1b
Port 1 Port 2
sE
sZ
out
LZ
in
s L
s o
s
s o
Z Z
Z Z
L o
L
L o
Z Z
Z Z
1 11 1 12 2b S a S a
2 21 1 22 2b S a S a
• Consider a microwave amplifier with the source and load reflection
coefficients and measured in a Zo system:s L
• For the transistor, the input and output traveling waves measured in a
Zo system (this is very practical) :
14/31
15. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Power-Gain Expressions (II)
sE
sZ
s
LZ
L
Transistor
[S]
The reflection coefficients and S-parameters are separately measured
in a Zo (usually 50 Ω) system
Transistor
[S]
2a
2b
1a
1b
sE
sZ
out
LZ
in
s L
After connecting them all together
The goal is to find the input and output
power relations.
1b
1a 2a
2b
15/31
16. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Input Reflection Coefficient
1
1
in
b
a
2 2La b
2 21 1 22 2Lb S a S b 21 1
2
221 L
S a
b
S
Transistor
[S]
2a
2b
1a
1b
sE
sZ
out
LZ
in
s L
• After connecting the circuits together, the first step is to find the new
input coefficient , which is the result coming from and .in S L
1 11 1 12 2b S a S a
2 21 1 22 2b S a S a
1 12 21
11
1 221
L
in
L
b S S
S
a S
12 21
1 11 1 12 2 11 1 1
221
L
L
L
S S
b S a S b S a a
S
a1 is your input, so the goal here is to find the reflected wave b1
1 11 1 12 2b S a S a
a1 is your input, to find b1 = you need to find a2
to find a2 = you need to find b2
the relationship between b2 and a1
16/31
17. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Output Reflection Coefficient
2
2 0s
out
E
b
a
1 1sa b
1 11 1 12 2sb S b S a 12 2
1
111 s
S a
b
S
12 21
2 21 1 22 2 2 22 2
111
s
s
s
S S
b S b S a a S a
S
12 212
22
2 110
1
s
s
out
sE
S Sb
S
a S
Transistor
[S]
2a
2b
1a
1b
sE
sZ
out
LZ
in
s L
• After connecting the circuits together, the second step is to find the
new output coefficient , which is the result coming from and .out S s
1 11 1 12 2b S a S a
2 21 1 22 2b S a S a
The same procedure as finding is applied.in
17/31
18. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
The Available Power and Input Power (I)
sE
sZ
s
1a
1b
• After finding out the input/output refection coefficients, let’s now deal
with the power.
in
Since we have got , we can discard the circuits
connected after the source right here.
in
1 1s sV E I Z
1V
1I
1 1
1 1 1 1 1s s s s
o
V V
V V V E I I Z E Z
Z
1 1 1 1
1 1 1s s s s s
o o o
V V V V
V E Z V E Z Z V
Z Z Z
1 1
o s o
s
o s s o
Z Z Z
V E V
Z Z Z Z
• Use the normalized power waves
1 1
1 1
s o s o
s s
o s s oo o o
E Z Z ZV V
a a b
Z Z Z ZZ Z Z
where , , ands o
s
o s
E Z
a
Z Z
1
1
o
V
b
Z
s o
s
s o
Z Z
Z Z
18/31
19. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
The Available Power and Input Power (II)
1 1inb a
1 1 1s s s s ina a b a a 1
1
s
s in
a
a
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2
11 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2 1
in
in in s
s in
P a b a a
• The available power from source
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 22 2
1 11 1 1 1
2 2 2 11 1
in s
s s
AVS in s s s
ss s
P P a a a
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 111
2 1 1
s in
in
in s AVS AVS s
s in s in
P a P P M
• Ms is known as the source mismatch factor (or mismatch loss).
sE
sZ
s
1a
1b
in
1V
1I
Pin
19/31
20. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
The Available Power and Output Power (II)
LZ
L
out Since we have got , the circuits looking into the output
port (with source) can be simplified as a Thevenin’s
equivalent circuit.
out
thE
outZ 2a
2b
LV
LI
LZ
L
out
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
L LP b a b
• The power delivered to the load ZL
2
2
2
11
2 1
L
L th
out L
P b
• The available power from the network
2
2
1 1
2 1L out
AVN L th
out
P P b
2 2
2
1 1
1
L out
L AVN AVN L
out L
P P P M
• ML is known as the load mismatch factor (or mismatch loss).
20/31
21. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Definition of the Power Gains
Transistor
[S]
sE
sZ
LZ
PAVNPAVS PLPin
Ms
interface interface
ML
• The power gain L
p
in
P
G
P
• The transducer power gain L
T p s
AVS
P
G G M
P
• The available power gain AVN T
A
AVS L
P G
G
P M
p TG G
A TG G
• When the Input and output are matched: p T AG G G
From the amplifier input to load
From the source to load
21/31
22. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Power Gain
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
L
L
p
in
in
bP
G
P a
21 1
2
221 L
S a
b
S
2
2
212 2
22
11
1 1
L
p
in L
G S
S
• The Power Gain Gp
where
Transistor
[S]
sE
sZ
LZ
PAVNPAVS PLPin
Ms
interface interface
ML
22/31
23. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Transducer Power Gain
• The Transducer Power Gain GT
L L in in
T p p s
AVS in AVS AVS
P P P P
G G G M
P P P P
2 2 2 2
2 2
21 212 2 2 2
22 11
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
s L s L
T
s in L s out L
G S S
S S
2 2
2
1 1
1
s in
s
s in
M
where
Transistor
[S]
sE
sZ
LZ
PAVNPAVS PLPin
Ms
interface interface
ML
23/31
24. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Available Power Gain
• The Available Power Gain GA
AVN L AVN AVN T
A T
AVS AVS L L L
P P P P G
G G
P P P P M
2
2
212 2
11
1 1
1 1
s
A
s out
G S
S
Transistor
[S]
sE
sZ
LZ
PAVNPAVS PLPin
Ms
interface interface
ML
2 2
2
1 1
1
L out
L
out L
M
where
24/31
25. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Two-port Network Matrices
• Several ways that are commonly used to represent the
two-port network:
Impedance matrix : z-parameter
Admittance matrix : y-parameter
Hybrid matrix : h-parameter
ABCD matrix : ABCD parameters
Scattering matrix : S-parameter
• These matrices describe the relationship between the
input/output voltages and currents except the scattering
matrix which describes the relationship between the
input/output traveling waves (or power waves).
25/31
26. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Two-port Network Representation
z-parameter
y-parameter
h-parameter
ABCD parameters
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
v z z i
v z z i
1 11 1 12 2v z i z i
2 21 1 22 2v z i z i
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
i y y v
i y y v
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
v h h i
i h h v
1 2
1 2
v vA B
i iC D
Two-port
network
1v
1i 2i
2v
Port 1 Port 2
26/31
27. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Conversion Between the Network Parameter
• This table is provided at page 62 in the textbook.
27/31
28. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Series Connection
• Series Connection: use z-parameter
1 11 1 11 11 12 12
2 22 2 21 21 22 22
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
v iv v z z z z
v iv v z z z z
28/31
29. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Shunt Connection
• Shunt Connection: use y-parameter
1 11 1 11 11 12 12
2 22 2 21 21 22 22
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
i vi i y y y y
i vi i y y y y
29/31
30. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Cascade Circuits
• Cascade Circuits : use ABCD parameters (chain)
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
a a ba a a a b b
a a ba a a a b b
v v v vA B A B A B
i i i iC D C D C D
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31. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT
Summary
• The power delivered to the load can be calculated by using three
methods:
(1) Real power dissipated at load ( )
(2) Power waves (generalized [Sp], linked with reflections)
(3) Traveling waves ([S], it’s practical and useful in amplifier design)
Re 2L L LP V I
• Available power from source (maximum average power the source can
provide when matched) :
2
2 2
,
1
2 8
s
AVS p p rms
s
E
P a a
R
2 2 21 1 1
2 2 2
L p p AVS pP a b P b
• When mismatch occurs:
Power wave
Power wave
L p inP G P L T AVSP G P
• Power gains (defined with traveling waves, circuitries are separately
measured in a Zo system) :
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