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Multiband Transceivers - [Chapter 7] Multi-mode/Multi-band GSM/GPRS/TDMA/AMPS System Analysis

This document presents an analysis of a multiband/multi-mode RF transceiver system for GSM, GPRS, TDMA, and AMPS mobile systems, detailing its architecture, specifications, and performance evaluation. Key topics include calculations for noise figure, linearity requirements, selectivity, blocking performance, and a comprehensive frequency plan. The analysis aims to ensure reliable and efficient operation across various operating modes while considering impairment factors and required performance metrics.

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Multiband RF Transceiver System Chapter 7 Multiband/Multi-mode GSM/GPRS/TDMA/AMPS RF Transceiver System Analysis Department of Electronic Engineering National Taipei University of Technology
Outline • GSM/GPRS/TDMA/AMPS Transceiver Architecture • Frequency Plan and Specifications • Noise Figure Requirement Calculation • Linearity Requirement Calculation • Selectivity and Blocking Performance Evaluation • Summary Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT2/38
Introduction • A multimode and dual-band superheterodyne transceiver design, which actually covers the designs of GSM, TDMA, AMPS and GPRS mobile systems, is discussed. • We’ll first take a look at the architecture of this multi-mode transceiver. Lately, the specifications of theses applications will be given with some tables. • For the receiver, there are things to be done: (1) Noise Figure: BER Eb/N0 CNR Sensitivity NF (2) IIP3 : IMD requirement CNR Phase Noise/NF IIP3 (3) Selectivity and Blocking Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT3/38
GSM/GPRS/TDMA/AMPS Transceiver • Band: 800 MHz cellular and 1900 MHz PCS dual bands. LNA SW control Cellular band PCS band LNA LNA Rx RF SAW Rx RF SAW GSM SAW TMDA/AMPS SAW IF VGA I/Q down converter BBA BBABB filter BB filter To BB f/2 VHF PLL At 266.4/ 268.04 MHz Diplexer Biasandcontrol Ref. Clck Rx chip Tx chip Cellularduplexer PCSduplexer From Loop LPF 1002– 1028.1 MHz VCO 2063– 2124.1 MHz VCO PA PA Tx RF SAW Tx RF SAW Power detector BB Driver Driver PCS band Cellular band AFC VCTCXO To VCOs Loop LPF To BB UHF synthesizer Ref. Clock Single side band Up-converter 130.38 MHz Or 250.76 MHz VHF PLL At 521.52 (cell) Or 501.52 (PCS) MHz IFVGA f/2 Σ To BB Biasandcontrol BB I BB Q To UHF synthesizer 200 kHz 25 kHz tunable Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT4/38
Frequency Plan (I) • Half-duplex system: GSM, GPRS, and TDMA mode • Full-duplex system: AMPS mode. • 70 MHz span • 1st IF > 70 MHz Choose 133.2 MHz for GSM and GPRS RX (200kHz ch spacing) Choose 134.04 MHz for TDAM and AMPS RX (30 kHz ch spacing) • Common reference clock is used • 19.2 MHz reference clock is popular used in mobile stations. System Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz) Separation (MHz) Channel Spacing (kHz) Cellular 824 – 849 869 – 894 20 30 (CDMA) GSM 900 890 – 915 935 – 960 20 200 E-GSM 900 880 – 915 925 – 960 10 200 DCS 1800 1710 – 1785 1805 – 1889 20 200 PCS 1850 – 1910 1930 – 1990 20 50 (CDMA) WCDMA 1920 – 1980 2110 – 2170 130 200 802.11b 2400 – 2484 2400 – 2484 – 13000 802.11a 5150 – 5350 5725 – 5825 5150 – 5350 5725 – 5825 – – 20000 20000 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT5/38
Frequency Plan (II) • UHF synthesizers frequency tuning range (high-side injection): 800 MHz cellular band: 1002 to 1029 MHz 1900 MHz PCS band: 2063 to 2125 MHz GSM and GPRS TDMA and AMPS VCTCXO 19.2 19.2 Receiver IF (MHz) 133.2 134.04 Transmitter IF (MHz) 178.2 179.04 UHF VCO Tuning (MHz) 2004 – 2058 2063 – 2125 Receiver VHF VCO (MHz) 266.4 268.08 Transmitter VHF VCO (MHz) 356.4 358.08 Use a single VCO with a tuning range 2004 to 2125 MHz and a divide-by-2 divider. (2004 to 2125 MHz is about 6% of the VCO operating frequency, and this is a quite reasonable tuning range that still maintains good phase noise performance) Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT6/38
Multi-Standard Specifications Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT7/38
GSM RX Specifications (I) GSM & GPRS 800/1900 Specifications Note Frequency Band 869~894 or 1930~1990 MHz Modulation GMSK Symbol rate 270.833 ksps Sensitivity < −102 dBm RBER < 2% 800 MHz band GPRS sensitivity (packet data channel) < −100 dBm BLER < 10% 1900 MHz band GPRS sensitivity (packet data channel) < −102 dBm BLER < 10% 800 MHz dynamic range > −15 dBm RBER < 0.1% 1900 MHz dynamic range > −23 dBm RBER < 0.1% Intermodulation spurious response attenuation > −49 dBm f1: 800 kHz offset (CW) f2: 1.6 MHz offset (Mod) Table A 1 2 3 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT8/38
GSM RX Specifications (II) GSM & GPRS 800/1900 Specifications Note Adjacent channel selectivity > 9 dBc 200kHz offset, 2% BER Atl. adjacent channel selectivity > 41 dBc 400kHz offset, 2% BER Blocking characteristic > 49 dBc (600 kHz to 1.6MHz) offset, 2% BER Blocking characteristic > 66 dBc (1.6 MHz to 3MHz) offset, 2% BER 800 MHz blocking characteristic > 76 dBc > 3 MHz offset, 2% BER 1900 MHz blocking characteristic > 73 dBc > 3 MHz offset, 2% BER 800 MHz spurious emission < −79 dBm/100 kHz In Receiver Band 1900 MHz spurious emission < −71 dBm/100 kHz In Receiver Band Spurious emission < −36 dBm/100 kHz In Transmitter Band Table B Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT9/38
TDMA RX Specifications TDMA 800/1900 Specifications Note Frequency band 869~894 or 1930~1990 MHz Modulation π / 4 DQPSK Symbol rate 24.3 ksps Sensitivity < −110 dBm BER < 3% Dynamic range > −25 dBm BER < 3% Intermodulation spurious response attenuation > 62 dBc f1: 120 kHz offset (CW) f2: 240 kHz offset (CW) Adjacent channel selectivity > 13 dBc 30 kHz offset, 3% BER Atl. Adj. channel selectivity > 42 dBc 60 kHz offset, 3% BER Spurious emission < −80 dBm In receiver band Table C 1 2 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT10/38
AMPS RX Specifications AMPS 800/1900 Specifications Note Frequency Band 869 – 894 MHz Modulation FM Noise Bandwidth ~27 kHz Sensitivity < −116 dBm SINAD = 12dB Dynamic range > −25 dBm Intermodulation spurious response attenuation > 65 dBc f1: 60 kHz offset (CW) f2: 120 kHz offset (CW) Intermodulation spurious response attenuation > 70 dBc f1: 330 kHz offset (CW) f2: 660 kHz offset (CW) Adjacent channel selectivity > 16 dBc 200 kHz offset, 2% BER Atl. Adjacent channel selectivity > 60 dBc 400 kHz offset, 2% BER Spurious emission < −80 dBm In receiver band Table D 1 2 3 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT11/38
Noise Figure Requirement Calculation Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT12/38
CNR for GSM • In the receiver system design, we need to first determine the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) for each operation mode at a specified BER. • RBER < 2% for GSM speech channel (TCH/FH Class II). We use BT=0.25 here to evaluate (actually, GSM is 0.3), and get Eb/N0 = 5 dB Next step is to find the required CNR. 1(Table A ) Eb/N0 (dB) BitErrorRate Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT13/38
Impairments Consideration • Consider impairments: Eb/N0 = 5.6 dB • Bit rate = 271 kHz and the RX noise BW = 182 kHz (the channel selection filter BW), thus the CNR: • We can use CNRGSM = 8 dB to reserve 0.7 dB margin Item Specification Eb/N0 Degradation Total integrated phase noise of two LOs < −25 dBc 0.1 Group delay distortion of channel filters < 2 µsec 0.4 I and Q imbalance in phase and magnitude < 5 and < 0.5 dB 0.1 0 271 10log 5.6 10log 7.3 dB 182 b b GSM E R CNR N BW = + = + = 0.6 dB degradation from impairments (see Ch3 slide-24) Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT14/38
Other Considerations • However, when the speech channel with AMR (adaptive multiple rate), the required CNR for the same sensitivity of −102 dBm will be approximately 1.5 dB higher than that of the original speech channels - i.e., (8 + 1.5) = 9.5 dB. • The requirement on the CNR in the worst case is the channel TCH/AFS5.9 in HT100 propagation condition: For a −102 dBm sensitivity 9.4 dB CNR is needed even without AMR. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT15/38
CNR for GPRS • The corresponding CNR for a 10% block error rate (BLER) in packet data channels (PDCH) is in general approximately 8 dB as required by the GSM speech channels, but in the worst case, it may rise to close to 10 dB. • However, the reference sensitivity of the GPRS in the worst case (PDCH/CS-4 in 1800 MHz band, for example) is relaxed to −100 dBm instead of −102 dBm. • For simplicity, the performance evaluation of the GSM and GPRS system RF receivers later on will be based on CNRmin = 8 dB. 2(Table A ) In the practical system design we should leave enough margin to cover the performance in the worst case including GSM speech channel with AMR. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT16/38
CNR for TDMA (I) • In a similar way, we can determine the CNR for performance calculation of the TDMA receiver where the signal is π/4 - DQPSK modulated. 1(Table C ) Eb/N0 (dB) BitErrorRate Eb/N0 degradation due to ISI from IF (SAW + ceramic) filters • Eb/N0 for a 3% BER is approximately equal to 5 dB in the case of ISI free. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT17/38
CNR for TDMA (II) • Assume that the channel filters have a total group delay distortion 1.5 ps, which causes 0.3 dB Eb/N0 increase to keep the 3% BER, and the other factors such as I and Q channel mismatching and the phase noise of the LOs raise Eb/N0 another 0.2 dB. • Therefore, it needs total 5.5 dB to reach 3% BER. • Considering Rb/BW = 2 (2-bits/symbol) in the case of π/4- DQPSK modulation, we obtain CNR to be • Similar to the GSM situation, we add 0.5 dB to the above CNRTDMA value for performance evaluation of the TDMA mobile receiver: CNRTDMA = 9 dB. 5.5 10log 2 8.5 dBTDMACNR ≅ + = (see Ch3 slide-24) Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT18/38
CNR for AMPS (Analog Wireless System) • The SINAD is used in an analog AMPS (FM) to measure the sensitivity and other performance instead of BER. • The SINAD value defined to measure AMPS receiver performance is 12 dB, and we use CNRAMPS = 3.0 dB (approximately 0.5 dB higher than the read CNR value). ( )10log dB S N D SINAD N D + + = + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 12 3 1 1 o C N C N f BW C N B B S N BW f C N e C N B BW eπ − − ∆           =  ∆    +          +  −  ( ) ( )10log 10log po SNR S N S N G= = + (Not SNDR)1(Table D ) CNRAMPS (dB) SINAD(dB) ( ) ( ) 6 2 20 10 6 2 20 10 1 10 10 10log 10 10 p p SNR G SNR SNR SNR G SNR SNR SINAD  − − + − −   − − + − −  + + = + Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT19/38
Required Noise Figure • The receiver static sensitivity is determined by the noise bandwidth, noise figure, and CNR. Usually we would like to have a 4 dB margin in the typical case and a 1.5 dB margin in the worst case. ( )3 174 106 10log 182 10 8 7.4 dBGSMNF = − − × − ≅ ( )3 174 114 10log 27 10 9 6.7 dBTDMANF = − − × − ≅ ( )3 174 120 10log 27 10 3 6.7 dBAMPSNF = − − × − ≅ (see Ch4 slide-8, we didn’t consider digital processing improvement here) The NF of this multimode receiver shall be 6.7 dB or lower. The maximum NF should be 9.2 dB or less, and thus the sensitivity still has 1.5 dB margin in the worst case. Spec. GSM/GPRS TDMA AMPS Noise Floor −174 dBm/Hz −174 dBm/Hz −174 dBm/Hz Sensitivity (Spec.) −102 dBm −110 dBm −116 dBm Margin 4 dB 4 dB 4 dB Sensitivity (Target ) −106 dBm −114 dBm −120 dBm Noise Figure Requirement 7.4 dB 6.7 dB 6.7 dB Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT20/38
Linearity Requirement Calculation Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT21/38
Linearity and IIP3 • Receiver linearity is usually measured by the IIP3. • The linearity requirement is more complicated to determine than the receiver noise figure. • The requirement on the overall IIP3 of a wireless mobile receiver is dominated by the allowed intermodulation distortion (IMD) or formally referred to as intermodulation spurious attenuation and the phase noise of UHF synthesizer LO. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT22/38
IMD Performance Requirements • GSM: Desired signal −99 dBm (−102+3) Minimum interferers −49 dBm Tone/modulated interferer, offset frequency 800/ 1600 kHz • TDMA: Desired signal −107 dBm (−110+3) Minimum interferers 62 dBc higher; Tone/tone interferer, offset frequency 120/ 240 kHz • AMPS: Desired signal −−−−113 dBm (−116+3) Minimum close-spaced interferers 65 dBc higher Close-spaced tone/tone interferer, offset 120/ 240 kHz Minimum wide spaced interferers 70 dBc higher Wide-spaced tone/tone interferer, offset 330/ 660 kHz. 3(Table A ) 2(Table C ) 2(Table D ) 3(Table D ) Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT23/38 You may like to evaluate the desired signal power with the sensitivity (target), e.g., −106 dBm, calculated in slide-20.
Calculate IIP3 by Ignoring Other Influence • If ignoring other factor influence to the intermodulation: ( )3,min , ,min , min 1 3 2 d i in d iIIP S I S CNR = + − +  , min_ 3 dBd i refS S= + : Receiver input desired signal ,mininI : Minimum input interference strength min_ refS , mind iS CNR− min3IIP,mininI ( ) ( ) ,min , min min , min , ,min , min 3 3 2 1 3 2 in d i d i d i in d i I S CNR IIP S CNR S I S CNR − + = ⋅ + −  = + − +  3 dB ,d iS input@Iout,min reaches minCNR minCNR ,minoutI Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT24/38
Estimated IIP3 • If ignoring other factor influence to the intermodulation: ( )3,min , ,min , min 1 3 2 d i in d iIIP S I S CNR = + − +  [ ]3,min 1 99 3 49 8 21.5 dBm 2GSM IIP = − + × + = − [ ]3,min 1 107 3 62 9 9.5 dBm 2TDMA IIP = − + × + = − [ ]3,min 1 113 3 65 3 14 dBm for close-spaced 2AMPS IIP = − + × + = − [ ]3,min 1 113 3 70 3 6.5 dBm for wide-spaced 2AMPS IIP = − + × + = − Spec. GSM/GPRS TDMA AMPS Desired signal −99 dBm −107 dBm −113 dBm Spurious Response Attenuation 49 dBc 62 dBc close wide 65 dBc 70 dBc CNRmin 8 dB 9 dB 3 dB 3 dB Required IIP3 −21.5 dBm −9.5 dBm −14 dBm −6.5 dBm Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT25/38
Consider Other Influence • LO phase noise, spurious, and the receiver noise figure will also impact the IMD performance: The LO phase noise and spurious level, especially at the offset frequencies equal to those frequencies where the intermodulation test interferers are located, should be low enough to ensure that the requested receiver IIP3 for certain IMD performance is reasonable and feasible. • The VHF LO phase noise and spurious: Generally have a negligible impact on the IMD performance if the IF channel filter has good rejection to the interferers. max, 2 2 2 2 10 10 3,min ,min , , , , 1 1 1 1 1 3 10log 10 10 2 nfin ND in phn j k spu j k j k j k IIP I P P = = = =    = − − − −        ∑∑ ∑∑ Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT26/38
LO Phase Noise Cellular Band Synthesizer PCS Band Synthesizer Frequency Offset (kHz) Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Spurs (dBc) Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Spurs (dBc) 30 kHz −105 −60 −103 −60 60 kHz −117 −85 −114 −85 120 kHz −125 −90 −122 −90 240 kHz −131 −95 −128 −95 330 kHz −134 −95 −131 −95 660 kHz −140 −95 −137 −95 3000 kHz −144 −95 −142 −95 800 MHz Band 1900 MHz Band Frequency Offset (kHz) Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Spurs (dBc) Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Spurs (dBc) 200 kHz −118 −60 −114 −60 400 kHz −124 −65 −120 −65 600 kHz −127 −70 −123 −70 800 kHz −130 −78 −126 −78 1600 kHz −136 −85 −132 −85 > |3200 k| Hz −141 −90 −137 −90 The phase noise may vary a couple of dB with temperature from room to hot (60 C) or to cold (-30 C). ForTDMAandAMPSForGSM 3(Table A ) Table E Table F Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT27/38
Required IIP3 Estimation (I) • The required IIP3 of 800 MHz band GSM receiver is calculated by using phase noise for GSM as • The required IIP3 of 1900 MHz band GSM receiver is • In a similar way, we can obtain IIP3 for other modes and bands based on phase noise and spurious for TDMA/AMPS LO as follows. 3, _1900 14.8 dBmGSMIIP = − 3, _1900 2.8 dBmTDMAIIP = − 3, _800 3.4 dBmTDMAIIP = − 3, _ 12.6 dBmAMPS closeIIP = − 3, _ 9.3 dBmAMPS wideIIP = − ( ) 3 3 3 85 49 3 10 99 8 174 7.4 10log18210 130 10log182 10 49 3 136 10log18210 49 3 78 49 3 10 10 10 10 10 3, _800 1 3 49 3 10log 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 dBm 2 GSMIIP − − +− − − + + ⋅ − + ⋅ − + − + ⋅ − + − − +   = − + − − − − − − = −    3(Table A ) 3 dB margin PN@800 kHz PN@1600 kHz Spurious@800 kHz Spurious@1600 kHz Use NF=7.4 for GSM Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT28/38
Required IIP3 Estimation (II) • From these results we can conclude that: TDMA receiver requires the highest linearity, and the receiver operating in the 1900 MHz band needs higher IIP3 than when it is running in the 800 MHz band since the phase noise of the PCS band LO is worse than that of the cellular band LO. • The linearity design of the receiver common path for different modes should be based on the TDMA requirement, but in the circuit design we should also consider adjustable bias circuitry to change the device bias based on operation modes to save the current consumption. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT29/38
Selectivity and Blocking Performance Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT30/38
Selectivity and Blocking Performance • Receiver selectivity and blocking performance are mainly determined by : Channel filters LO phase noise Spurious • The LO phase noise/spurious requirements is also partially determined by the IMD performance, and therefore we have already had a basic idea what level phase noise/spurious can be used in our receiver system design. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT31/38
Channel Selection Filtering • The channel filter characteristics affect not only the receiver selectivity and blocking performance but also the IMD performance. Since no matter what the adjacent/alternate channel interferers are, distance blocking signals, or intermodulation interference tones/modulated signals will be significantly attenuated when they pass through the channel filters. • It is a trial and error procedure to make a tradeoff between filtering requirements and feasibility of implementation. • Examples of channel filter characteristics for the GSM receiver and for the TDMA or the AMPS receiver are presented in Table next slide. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT32/38
Channel Filter Characteristics GSM Channel Filter TDMA/AMPS Channel Filter Insertion Loss (dB) Insertion Loss (dB) Typical Worst Typical Worst In-band 4.5 5.5 In-band 3.5 4.5 Rejection (dB) Rejection (dB) Offset frequency Typical Worst Offset frequency Typical Worst 200 kHz 4 0 30 kHz 3 0 400 kHz 17 12 60 kHz 24 20 600 kHz 27 22 120 kHz 40 35 800 kHz 31 25 240 kHz 50 40 1600 kHz 40 30 330 kHz 45 40 3000 k Hz 40 30 660 kHz 43 35 Table G Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT33/38
Calculate Selectivity and Blocking • Utilizing • GSM adjacent channel selectivity: , ,1 ,2 ,1 ,2 174 10log 10 10 / / / / , ,10log 10log 10 10 10 10 10 10 10log 10 10 10 10 d i phn phn IF spu spu IF S CNR BW NF adj alt block adj alt block d i d iN BW N R BW N N R S I S S − − + + + −∆ + −∆   − ∆ = − = −    + + +  3 3 3 99 8 174 10log182 10 7.4 10 10 118 10log182 10 108 4 10log182 10 60 55 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10log 99 46.8 dB 10 10 10 10 adjS − − − + ⋅ + − + ⋅ − − + ⋅ − − −   −  ∆ = + =   + + +  Rejeciton@200 kHz (adjacent ch.)Spurious@200 kHzPN@200 kHz VHF LO, IF rejection (LO performance not shown here) UHF LO Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT34/38
AMPS Adjacent Channel Selectivity • The AMPS adjacent channel selectivity is calculated in a similar way: In the above selectivity calculations, it is assumed that the VHF LO phase noise at the corresponding adjacent channel is 10 dB worse than the UHF LO phase noise and the spurious is 5 dB worse. • The results show margins over 37 and 29 dB, respectively, for GSM and AMPS cases. (GSM > 9 dBc, Table B; AMPS > 16 dBc, Table D) 3 3 3 117 3 174 10log2710 6.7 10 10 105 10log2710 95 10log2710 3 60 55 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10log 120 45.1 dB 10 10 10 10 adjS − − − + ⋅ + − + ⋅ − + ⋅ − − − −   −  ∆ = + =   + + +  Rejeciton@30 kHz (adjacent ch.)Spurious@30 kHzPN@30 kHz VHF LO, IF rejection (LO performance not shown here) UHF LO Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT35/38
Selectivity and Blocking Performance (I) • The adjacent/alternate channel selectivity and blocking performance can be estimated with the formula given in previous slide. • Estimated GSM performance: 800 MHz Band 1900 MHz Band GSM mobile receiver Loose LO (Table F) Margin Tight LO (Table E) Margin Loose LO (Table F) Margin Tight LO (Table E) Margin Adjacent channel (dBc) 45.8 36.8 49.4 40.4 45.7 36.7 50.3 41.3 Alternate channel (dBc) 54.0 13.0 56.2 15.2 54.0 13.0 55.9 14.9 Block 0.6 – 1.6 MHz (dB) 59.9 3.9 61.1 5.1 58.3 2.3 60.9 4.9 Block 1.6 – 3.0 MHz (dB) 72.4 6.4 74.9 8.9 69.5 3.5 74.2 8.2 Blocking > 3 MHz 79.4 3.4 82.0 6.0 75.4 2.4 80.1 4.1 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT36/38
Selectivity and Blocking Performance (II) 800 MHz Band 1900 MHz Band TDMA mobile receiver Tight LO Margin Tight LO Margin Adjacent channel (dBc) 41.2 28.2 40.9 27.9 Alternate channel (dBc) 62.4 20.4 59.6 17.6 AMPS mobile receiver Tight LO Margin Tight LO Margin Adjacent channel (dBc) 45.1 29.1 NA NA Alternate channel (dBc) 66.2 6.2 NA NA • Estimated TDMA/AMPS performance: Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT37/38
Summary • To estimate the required receiver noise figure, one can start from the BER and sensitivity specifications. BER Eb/N0 CNR Sensitivity NF • One can start from the IMD requirement, and utilize the determined CNR and noise figure to estimate IIP3 requirement. IMD requirement CNR Phase Noise/NF IIP3 • Selectivity and blocking performance needs some information, such as filter responses and 1st LO/2nd LO performance, and sometimes it requires tedious “trial and error” analysis. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT38/38

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Multiband Transceivers - [Chapter 7] Multi-mode/Multi-band GSM/GPRS/TDMA/AMPS System Analysis

  • 1.
    Multiband RF TransceiverSystem Chapter 7 Multiband/Multi-mode GSM/GPRS/TDMA/AMPS RF Transceiver System Analysis Department of Electronic Engineering National Taipei University of Technology
  • 2.
    Outline • GSM/GPRS/TDMA/AMPS TransceiverArchitecture • Frequency Plan and Specifications • Noise Figure Requirement Calculation • Linearity Requirement Calculation • Selectivity and Blocking Performance Evaluation • Summary Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT2/38
  • 3.
    Introduction • A multimodeand dual-band superheterodyne transceiver design, which actually covers the designs of GSM, TDMA, AMPS and GPRS mobile systems, is discussed. • We’ll first take a look at the architecture of this multi-mode transceiver. Lately, the specifications of theses applications will be given with some tables. • For the receiver, there are things to be done: (1) Noise Figure: BER Eb/N0 CNR Sensitivity NF (2) IIP3 : IMD requirement CNR Phase Noise/NF IIP3 (3) Selectivity and Blocking Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT3/38
  • 4.
    GSM/GPRS/TDMA/AMPS Transceiver • Band:800 MHz cellular and 1900 MHz PCS dual bands. LNA SW control Cellular band PCS band LNA LNA Rx RF SAW Rx RF SAW GSM SAW TMDA/AMPS SAW IF VGA I/Q down converter BBA BBABB filter BB filter To BB f/2 VHF PLL At 266.4/ 268.04 MHz Diplexer Biasandcontrol Ref. Clck Rx chip Tx chip Cellularduplexer PCSduplexer From Loop LPF 1002– 1028.1 MHz VCO 2063– 2124.1 MHz VCO PA PA Tx RF SAW Tx RF SAW Power detector BB Driver Driver PCS band Cellular band AFC VCTCXO To VCOs Loop LPF To BB UHF synthesizer Ref. Clock Single side band Up-converter 130.38 MHz Or 250.76 MHz VHF PLL At 521.52 (cell) Or 501.52 (PCS) MHz IFVGA f/2 Σ To BB Biasandcontrol BB I BB Q To UHF synthesizer 200 kHz 25 kHz tunable Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT4/38
  • 5.
    Frequency Plan (I) •Half-duplex system: GSM, GPRS, and TDMA mode • Full-duplex system: AMPS mode. • 70 MHz span • 1st IF > 70 MHz Choose 133.2 MHz for GSM and GPRS RX (200kHz ch spacing) Choose 134.04 MHz for TDAM and AMPS RX (30 kHz ch spacing) • Common reference clock is used • 19.2 MHz reference clock is popular used in mobile stations. System Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz) Separation (MHz) Channel Spacing (kHz) Cellular 824 – 849 869 – 894 20 30 (CDMA) GSM 900 890 – 915 935 – 960 20 200 E-GSM 900 880 – 915 925 – 960 10 200 DCS 1800 1710 – 1785 1805 – 1889 20 200 PCS 1850 – 1910 1930 – 1990 20 50 (CDMA) WCDMA 1920 – 1980 2110 – 2170 130 200 802.11b 2400 – 2484 2400 – 2484 – 13000 802.11a 5150 – 5350 5725 – 5825 5150 – 5350 5725 – 5825 – – 20000 20000 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT5/38
  • 6.
    Frequency Plan (II) •UHF synthesizers frequency tuning range (high-side injection): 800 MHz cellular band: 1002 to 1029 MHz 1900 MHz PCS band: 2063 to 2125 MHz GSM and GPRS TDMA and AMPS VCTCXO 19.2 19.2 Receiver IF (MHz) 133.2 134.04 Transmitter IF (MHz) 178.2 179.04 UHF VCO Tuning (MHz) 2004 – 2058 2063 – 2125 Receiver VHF VCO (MHz) 266.4 268.08 Transmitter VHF VCO (MHz) 356.4 358.08 Use a single VCO with a tuning range 2004 to 2125 MHz and a divide-by-2 divider. (2004 to 2125 MHz is about 6% of the VCO operating frequency, and this is a quite reasonable tuning range that still maintains good phase noise performance) Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT6/38
  • 7.
    Multi-Standard Specifications Department ofElectronic Engineering, NTUT7/38
  • 8.
    GSM RX Specifications(I) GSM & GPRS 800/1900 Specifications Note Frequency Band 869~894 or 1930~1990 MHz Modulation GMSK Symbol rate 270.833 ksps Sensitivity < −102 dBm RBER < 2% 800 MHz band GPRS sensitivity (packet data channel) < −100 dBm BLER < 10% 1900 MHz band GPRS sensitivity (packet data channel) < −102 dBm BLER < 10% 800 MHz dynamic range > −15 dBm RBER < 0.1% 1900 MHz dynamic range > −23 dBm RBER < 0.1% Intermodulation spurious response attenuation > −49 dBm f1: 800 kHz offset (CW) f2: 1.6 MHz offset (Mod) Table A 1 2 3 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT8/38
  • 9.
    GSM RX Specifications(II) GSM & GPRS 800/1900 Specifications Note Adjacent channel selectivity > 9 dBc 200kHz offset, 2% BER Atl. adjacent channel selectivity > 41 dBc 400kHz offset, 2% BER Blocking characteristic > 49 dBc (600 kHz to 1.6MHz) offset, 2% BER Blocking characteristic > 66 dBc (1.6 MHz to 3MHz) offset, 2% BER 800 MHz blocking characteristic > 76 dBc > 3 MHz offset, 2% BER 1900 MHz blocking characteristic > 73 dBc > 3 MHz offset, 2% BER 800 MHz spurious emission < −79 dBm/100 kHz In Receiver Band 1900 MHz spurious emission < −71 dBm/100 kHz In Receiver Band Spurious emission < −36 dBm/100 kHz In Transmitter Band Table B Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT9/38
  • 10.
    TDMA RX Specifications TDMA800/1900 Specifications Note Frequency band 869~894 or 1930~1990 MHz Modulation π / 4 DQPSK Symbol rate 24.3 ksps Sensitivity < −110 dBm BER < 3% Dynamic range > −25 dBm BER < 3% Intermodulation spurious response attenuation > 62 dBc f1: 120 kHz offset (CW) f2: 240 kHz offset (CW) Adjacent channel selectivity > 13 dBc 30 kHz offset, 3% BER Atl. Adj. channel selectivity > 42 dBc 60 kHz offset, 3% BER Spurious emission < −80 dBm In receiver band Table C 1 2 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT10/38
  • 11.
    AMPS RX Specifications AMPS800/1900 Specifications Note Frequency Band 869 – 894 MHz Modulation FM Noise Bandwidth ~27 kHz Sensitivity < −116 dBm SINAD = 12dB Dynamic range > −25 dBm Intermodulation spurious response attenuation > 65 dBc f1: 60 kHz offset (CW) f2: 120 kHz offset (CW) Intermodulation spurious response attenuation > 70 dBc f1: 330 kHz offset (CW) f2: 660 kHz offset (CW) Adjacent channel selectivity > 16 dBc 200 kHz offset, 2% BER Atl. Adjacent channel selectivity > 60 dBc 400 kHz offset, 2% BER Spurious emission < −80 dBm In receiver band Table D 1 2 3 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT11/38
  • 12.
    Noise Figure RequirementCalculation Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT12/38
  • 13.
    CNR for GSM •In the receiver system design, we need to first determine the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) for each operation mode at a specified BER. • RBER < 2% for GSM speech channel (TCH/FH Class II). We use BT=0.25 here to evaluate (actually, GSM is 0.3), and get Eb/N0 = 5 dB Next step is to find the required CNR. 1(Table A ) Eb/N0 (dB) BitErrorRate Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT13/38
  • 14.
    Impairments Consideration • Considerimpairments: Eb/N0 = 5.6 dB • Bit rate = 271 kHz and the RX noise BW = 182 kHz (the channel selection filter BW), thus the CNR: • We can use CNRGSM = 8 dB to reserve 0.7 dB margin Item Specification Eb/N0 Degradation Total integrated phase noise of two LOs < −25 dBc 0.1 Group delay distortion of channel filters < 2 µsec 0.4 I and Q imbalance in phase and magnitude < 5 and < 0.5 dB 0.1 0 271 10log 5.6 10log 7.3 dB 182 b b GSM E R CNR N BW = + = + = 0.6 dB degradation from impairments (see Ch3 slide-24) Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT14/38
  • 15.
    Other Considerations • However,when the speech channel with AMR (adaptive multiple rate), the required CNR for the same sensitivity of −102 dBm will be approximately 1.5 dB higher than that of the original speech channels - i.e., (8 + 1.5) = 9.5 dB. • The requirement on the CNR in the worst case is the channel TCH/AFS5.9 in HT100 propagation condition: For a −102 dBm sensitivity 9.4 dB CNR is needed even without AMR. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT15/38
  • 16.
    CNR for GPRS •The corresponding CNR for a 10% block error rate (BLER) in packet data channels (PDCH) is in general approximately 8 dB as required by the GSM speech channels, but in the worst case, it may rise to close to 10 dB. • However, the reference sensitivity of the GPRS in the worst case (PDCH/CS-4 in 1800 MHz band, for example) is relaxed to −100 dBm instead of −102 dBm. • For simplicity, the performance evaluation of the GSM and GPRS system RF receivers later on will be based on CNRmin = 8 dB. 2(Table A ) In the practical system design we should leave enough margin to cover the performance in the worst case including GSM speech channel with AMR. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT16/38
  • 17.
    CNR for TDMA(I) • In a similar way, we can determine the CNR for performance calculation of the TDMA receiver where the signal is π/4 - DQPSK modulated. 1(Table C ) Eb/N0 (dB) BitErrorRate Eb/N0 degradation due to ISI from IF (SAW + ceramic) filters • Eb/N0 for a 3% BER is approximately equal to 5 dB in the case of ISI free. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT17/38
  • 18.
    CNR for TDMA(II) • Assume that the channel filters have a total group delay distortion 1.5 ps, which causes 0.3 dB Eb/N0 increase to keep the 3% BER, and the other factors such as I and Q channel mismatching and the phase noise of the LOs raise Eb/N0 another 0.2 dB. • Therefore, it needs total 5.5 dB to reach 3% BER. • Considering Rb/BW = 2 (2-bits/symbol) in the case of π/4- DQPSK modulation, we obtain CNR to be • Similar to the GSM situation, we add 0.5 dB to the above CNRTDMA value for performance evaluation of the TDMA mobile receiver: CNRTDMA = 9 dB. 5.5 10log 2 8.5 dBTDMACNR ≅ + = (see Ch3 slide-24) Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT18/38
  • 19.
    CNR for AMPS(Analog Wireless System) • The SINAD is used in an analog AMPS (FM) to measure the sensitivity and other performance instead of BER. • The SINAD value defined to measure AMPS receiver performance is 12 dB, and we use CNRAMPS = 3.0 dB (approximately 0.5 dB higher than the read CNR value). ( )10log dB S N D SINAD N D + + = + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 12 3 1 1 o C N C N f BW C N B B S N BW f C N e C N B BW eπ − − ∆           =  ∆    +          +  −  ( ) ( )10log 10log po SNR S N S N G= = + (Not SNDR)1(Table D ) CNRAMPS (dB) SINAD(dB) ( ) ( ) 6 2 20 10 6 2 20 10 1 10 10 10log 10 10 p p SNR G SNR SNR SNR G SNR SNR SINAD  − − + − −   − − + − −  + + = + Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT19/38
  • 20.
    Required Noise Figure •The receiver static sensitivity is determined by the noise bandwidth, noise figure, and CNR. Usually we would like to have a 4 dB margin in the typical case and a 1.5 dB margin in the worst case. ( )3 174 106 10log 182 10 8 7.4 dBGSMNF = − − × − ≅ ( )3 174 114 10log 27 10 9 6.7 dBTDMANF = − − × − ≅ ( )3 174 120 10log 27 10 3 6.7 dBAMPSNF = − − × − ≅ (see Ch4 slide-8, we didn’t consider digital processing improvement here) The NF of this multimode receiver shall be 6.7 dB or lower. The maximum NF should be 9.2 dB or less, and thus the sensitivity still has 1.5 dB margin in the worst case. Spec. GSM/GPRS TDMA AMPS Noise Floor −174 dBm/Hz −174 dBm/Hz −174 dBm/Hz Sensitivity (Spec.) −102 dBm −110 dBm −116 dBm Margin 4 dB 4 dB 4 dB Sensitivity (Target ) −106 dBm −114 dBm −120 dBm Noise Figure Requirement 7.4 dB 6.7 dB 6.7 dB Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT20/38
  • 21.
    Linearity Requirement Calculation Departmentof Electronic Engineering, NTUT21/38
  • 22.
    Linearity and IIP3 •Receiver linearity is usually measured by the IIP3. • The linearity requirement is more complicated to determine than the receiver noise figure. • The requirement on the overall IIP3 of a wireless mobile receiver is dominated by the allowed intermodulation distortion (IMD) or formally referred to as intermodulation spurious attenuation and the phase noise of UHF synthesizer LO. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT22/38
  • 23.
    IMD Performance Requirements •GSM: Desired signal −99 dBm (−102+3) Minimum interferers −49 dBm Tone/modulated interferer, offset frequency 800/ 1600 kHz • TDMA: Desired signal −107 dBm (−110+3) Minimum interferers 62 dBc higher; Tone/tone interferer, offset frequency 120/ 240 kHz • AMPS: Desired signal −−−−113 dBm (−116+3) Minimum close-spaced interferers 65 dBc higher Close-spaced tone/tone interferer, offset 120/ 240 kHz Minimum wide spaced interferers 70 dBc higher Wide-spaced tone/tone interferer, offset 330/ 660 kHz. 3(Table A ) 2(Table C ) 2(Table D ) 3(Table D ) Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT23/38 You may like to evaluate the desired signal power with the sensitivity (target), e.g., −106 dBm, calculated in slide-20.
  • 24.
    Calculate IIP3 byIgnoring Other Influence • If ignoring other factor influence to the intermodulation: ( )3,min , ,min , min 1 3 2 d i in d iIIP S I S CNR = + − +  , min_ 3 dBd i refS S= + : Receiver input desired signal ,mininI : Minimum input interference strength min_ refS , mind iS CNR− min3IIP,mininI ( ) ( ) ,min , min min , min , ,min , min 3 3 2 1 3 2 in d i d i d i in d i I S CNR IIP S CNR S I S CNR − + = ⋅ + −  = + − +  3 dB ,d iS input@Iout,min reaches minCNR minCNR ,minoutI Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT24/38
  • 25.
    Estimated IIP3 • Ifignoring other factor influence to the intermodulation: ( )3,min , ,min , min 1 3 2 d i in d iIIP S I S CNR = + − +  [ ]3,min 1 99 3 49 8 21.5 dBm 2GSM IIP = − + × + = − [ ]3,min 1 107 3 62 9 9.5 dBm 2TDMA IIP = − + × + = − [ ]3,min 1 113 3 65 3 14 dBm for close-spaced 2AMPS IIP = − + × + = − [ ]3,min 1 113 3 70 3 6.5 dBm for wide-spaced 2AMPS IIP = − + × + = − Spec. GSM/GPRS TDMA AMPS Desired signal −99 dBm −107 dBm −113 dBm Spurious Response Attenuation 49 dBc 62 dBc close wide 65 dBc 70 dBc CNRmin 8 dB 9 dB 3 dB 3 dB Required IIP3 −21.5 dBm −9.5 dBm −14 dBm −6.5 dBm Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT25/38
  • 26.
    Consider Other Influence •LO phase noise, spurious, and the receiver noise figure will also impact the IMD performance: The LO phase noise and spurious level, especially at the offset frequencies equal to those frequencies where the intermodulation test interferers are located, should be low enough to ensure that the requested receiver IIP3 for certain IMD performance is reasonable and feasible. • The VHF LO phase noise and spurious: Generally have a negligible impact on the IMD performance if the IF channel filter has good rejection to the interferers. max, 2 2 2 2 10 10 3,min ,min , , , , 1 1 1 1 1 3 10log 10 10 2 nfin ND in phn j k spu j k j k j k IIP I P P = = = =    = − − − −        ∑∑ ∑∑ Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT26/38
  • 27.
    LO Phase Noise CellularBand Synthesizer PCS Band Synthesizer Frequency Offset (kHz) Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Spurs (dBc) Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Spurs (dBc) 30 kHz −105 −60 −103 −60 60 kHz −117 −85 −114 −85 120 kHz −125 −90 −122 −90 240 kHz −131 −95 −128 −95 330 kHz −134 −95 −131 −95 660 kHz −140 −95 −137 −95 3000 kHz −144 −95 −142 −95 800 MHz Band 1900 MHz Band Frequency Offset (kHz) Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Spurs (dBc) Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Spurs (dBc) 200 kHz −118 −60 −114 −60 400 kHz −124 −65 −120 −65 600 kHz −127 −70 −123 −70 800 kHz −130 −78 −126 −78 1600 kHz −136 −85 −132 −85 > |3200 k| Hz −141 −90 −137 −90 The phase noise may vary a couple of dB with temperature from room to hot (60 C) or to cold (-30 C). ForTDMAandAMPSForGSM 3(Table A ) Table E Table F Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT27/38
  • 28.
    Required IIP3 Estimation(I) • The required IIP3 of 800 MHz band GSM receiver is calculated by using phase noise for GSM as • The required IIP3 of 1900 MHz band GSM receiver is • In a similar way, we can obtain IIP3 for other modes and bands based on phase noise and spurious for TDMA/AMPS LO as follows. 3, _1900 14.8 dBmGSMIIP = − 3, _1900 2.8 dBmTDMAIIP = − 3, _800 3.4 dBmTDMAIIP = − 3, _ 12.6 dBmAMPS closeIIP = − 3, _ 9.3 dBmAMPS wideIIP = − ( ) 3 3 3 85 49 3 10 99 8 174 7.4 10log18210 130 10log182 10 49 3 136 10log18210 49 3 78 49 3 10 10 10 10 10 3, _800 1 3 49 3 10log 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 dBm 2 GSMIIP − − +− − − + + ⋅ − + ⋅ − + − + ⋅ − + − − +   = − + − − − − − − = −    3(Table A ) 3 dB margin PN@800 kHz PN@1600 kHz Spurious@800 kHz Spurious@1600 kHz Use NF=7.4 for GSM Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT28/38
  • 29.
    Required IIP3 Estimation(II) • From these results we can conclude that: TDMA receiver requires the highest linearity, and the receiver operating in the 1900 MHz band needs higher IIP3 than when it is running in the 800 MHz band since the phase noise of the PCS band LO is worse than that of the cellular band LO. • The linearity design of the receiver common path for different modes should be based on the TDMA requirement, but in the circuit design we should also consider adjustable bias circuitry to change the device bias based on operation modes to save the current consumption. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT29/38
  • 30.
    Selectivity and BlockingPerformance Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT30/38
  • 31.
    Selectivity and BlockingPerformance • Receiver selectivity and blocking performance are mainly determined by : Channel filters LO phase noise Spurious • The LO phase noise/spurious requirements is also partially determined by the IMD performance, and therefore we have already had a basic idea what level phase noise/spurious can be used in our receiver system design. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT31/38
  • 32.
    Channel Selection Filtering •The channel filter characteristics affect not only the receiver selectivity and blocking performance but also the IMD performance. Since no matter what the adjacent/alternate channel interferers are, distance blocking signals, or intermodulation interference tones/modulated signals will be significantly attenuated when they pass through the channel filters. • It is a trial and error procedure to make a tradeoff between filtering requirements and feasibility of implementation. • Examples of channel filter characteristics for the GSM receiver and for the TDMA or the AMPS receiver are presented in Table next slide. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT32/38
  • 33.
    Channel Filter Characteristics GSMChannel Filter TDMA/AMPS Channel Filter Insertion Loss (dB) Insertion Loss (dB) Typical Worst Typical Worst In-band 4.5 5.5 In-band 3.5 4.5 Rejection (dB) Rejection (dB) Offset frequency Typical Worst Offset frequency Typical Worst 200 kHz 4 0 30 kHz 3 0 400 kHz 17 12 60 kHz 24 20 600 kHz 27 22 120 kHz 40 35 800 kHz 31 25 240 kHz 50 40 1600 kHz 40 30 330 kHz 45 40 3000 k Hz 40 30 660 kHz 43 35 Table G Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT33/38
  • 34.
    Calculate Selectivity andBlocking • Utilizing • GSM adjacent channel selectivity: , ,1 ,2 ,1 ,2 174 10log 10 10 / / / / , ,10log 10log 10 10 10 10 10 10 10log 10 10 10 10 d i phn phn IF spu spu IF S CNR BW NF adj alt block adj alt block d i d iN BW N R BW N N R S I S S − − + + + −∆ + −∆   − ∆ = − = −    + + +  3 3 3 99 8 174 10log182 10 7.4 10 10 118 10log182 10 108 4 10log182 10 60 55 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10log 99 46.8 dB 10 10 10 10 adjS − − − + ⋅ + − + ⋅ − − + ⋅ − − −   −  ∆ = + =   + + +  Rejeciton@200 kHz (adjacent ch.)Spurious@200 kHzPN@200 kHz VHF LO, IF rejection (LO performance not shown here) UHF LO Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT34/38
  • 35.
    AMPS Adjacent ChannelSelectivity • The AMPS adjacent channel selectivity is calculated in a similar way: In the above selectivity calculations, it is assumed that the VHF LO phase noise at the corresponding adjacent channel is 10 dB worse than the UHF LO phase noise and the spurious is 5 dB worse. • The results show margins over 37 and 29 dB, respectively, for GSM and AMPS cases. (GSM > 9 dBc, Table B; AMPS > 16 dBc, Table D) 3 3 3 117 3 174 10log2710 6.7 10 10 105 10log2710 95 10log2710 3 60 55 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10log 120 45.1 dB 10 10 10 10 adjS − − − + ⋅ + − + ⋅ − + ⋅ − − − −   −  ∆ = + =   + + +  Rejeciton@30 kHz (adjacent ch.)Spurious@30 kHzPN@30 kHz VHF LO, IF rejection (LO performance not shown here) UHF LO Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT35/38
  • 36.
    Selectivity and BlockingPerformance (I) • The adjacent/alternate channel selectivity and blocking performance can be estimated with the formula given in previous slide. • Estimated GSM performance: 800 MHz Band 1900 MHz Band GSM mobile receiver Loose LO (Table F) Margin Tight LO (Table E) Margin Loose LO (Table F) Margin Tight LO (Table E) Margin Adjacent channel (dBc) 45.8 36.8 49.4 40.4 45.7 36.7 50.3 41.3 Alternate channel (dBc) 54.0 13.0 56.2 15.2 54.0 13.0 55.9 14.9 Block 0.6 – 1.6 MHz (dB) 59.9 3.9 61.1 5.1 58.3 2.3 60.9 4.9 Block 1.6 – 3.0 MHz (dB) 72.4 6.4 74.9 8.9 69.5 3.5 74.2 8.2 Blocking > 3 MHz 79.4 3.4 82.0 6.0 75.4 2.4 80.1 4.1 Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT36/38
  • 37.
    Selectivity and BlockingPerformance (II) 800 MHz Band 1900 MHz Band TDMA mobile receiver Tight LO Margin Tight LO Margin Adjacent channel (dBc) 41.2 28.2 40.9 27.9 Alternate channel (dBc) 62.4 20.4 59.6 17.6 AMPS mobile receiver Tight LO Margin Tight LO Margin Adjacent channel (dBc) 45.1 29.1 NA NA Alternate channel (dBc) 66.2 6.2 NA NA • Estimated TDMA/AMPS performance: Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT37/38
  • 38.
    Summary • To estimatethe required receiver noise figure, one can start from the BER and sensitivity specifications. BER Eb/N0 CNR Sensitivity NF • One can start from the IMD requirement, and utilize the determined CNR and noise figure to estimate IIP3 requirement. IMD requirement CNR Phase Noise/NF IIP3 • Selectivity and blocking performance needs some information, such as filter responses and 1st LO/2nd LO performance, and sometimes it requires tedious “trial and error” analysis. Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT38/38