This chapter discusses hard drive technologies and how to install and troubleshoot hard drives. It begins by comparing how data is organized physically and logically on floppy drives and hard drives. It then covers hard drive components and technologies like interfaces, capacities, and installation procedures for both parallel ATA and serial ATA drives. The chapter aims to provide skills for managing hard drive installation problems and troubleshooting drives after installation.
IT Engineer are high-level IT personnel who design, install, and maintain a company's computer systems. They are responsible for testing, configuring, and troubleshooting hardware, software, and networking systems to meet the needs of the employer.
This document provides an overview and objectives for Chapter 1 of the textbook "Guide to Operating Systems". It discusses basic operating system concepts like kernels, resource managers, device drivers, and applications. It covers the history of operating system development from early mainframes to modern desktop and server OSs. It also differentiates between single-tasking and multitasking systems as well as single-user and multiuser OSs. Current common operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Mac OS are also listed.
This document discusses disk storage and formatting. It explains that disks store data magnetically or optically using transitions between positive and negative polarity or pits and lands. Disk space is organized into cylinders, tracks, heads, and sectors. Low-level formatting creates this structure and high-level formatting creates file systems like FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS that organize data into clusters and directories. The document compares features of different file systems and operating system compatibility.
This chapter discusses storage devices and technologies. It describes common disk storage options like hard drives, DVD/CD drives, removable drives, and flash drives. Hard drive interfaces like IDE, SATA, SCSI, and SAS are explained. The chapter also covers optical disc technologies like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray discs. Network storage options such as SAN, NAS, cloud storage, and tape backup systems are introduced along with their capacities and features.
This chapter discusses file systems used by various operating systems. It describes the basic functions of file systems including organizing files into directories, establishing naming conventions, and providing file integrity and security. It then covers the file systems used by Windows (FAT16, FAT32, FAT64, NTFS), UNIX/Linux (ufs, ext), and Mac OS X (HFS+). The key components and features of these various file systems are outlined.
The document provides guidance on installing and upgrading operating systems. It discusses preparing for installation by checking hardware compatibility and obtaining necessary drivers. The installation process typically involves gathering system information, loading the installation program, configuring devices, copying files, and restarting. Migrating to a new OS may require upgrading existing systems or performing a clean installation, and it is best to test the process first on a representative computer before deploying widely. Training users is also recommended when transitioning to a new desktop operating system.
This document discusses storage systems and components used in personal computers. It covers the low-level and high-level formatting of hard disks, partitioning hard disks into separate areas, and the file allocation table used to locate files. It also summarizes IDE/EIDE hard drives, floppy disks, SCSI interfaces, RAID configurations, and optical disk drives like CD-ROMs.
This document provides guidance on standard operating and maintenance procedures for file systems. It discusses file system maintenance techniques, such as creating an organized directory structure, finding and deleting unused files on a regular basis, and performing disk maintenance like defragmenting to optimize performance. Backup plans and software installation procedures are also covered. The document provides examples of directory structures and maintenance tasks for different operating systems including Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac OS X.
IT Engineer are high-level IT personnel who design, install, and maintain a company's computer systems. They are responsible for testing, configuring, and troubleshooting hardware, software, and networking systems to meet the needs of the employer.
This document provides an overview and objectives for Chapter 1 of the textbook "Guide to Operating Systems". It discusses basic operating system concepts like kernels, resource managers, device drivers, and applications. It covers the history of operating system development from early mainframes to modern desktop and server OSs. It also differentiates between single-tasking and multitasking systems as well as single-user and multiuser OSs. Current common operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Mac OS are also listed.
This document discusses disk storage and formatting. It explains that disks store data magnetically or optically using transitions between positive and negative polarity or pits and lands. Disk space is organized into cylinders, tracks, heads, and sectors. Low-level formatting creates this structure and high-level formatting creates file systems like FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS that organize data into clusters and directories. The document compares features of different file systems and operating system compatibility.
This chapter discusses storage devices and technologies. It describes common disk storage options like hard drives, DVD/CD drives, removable drives, and flash drives. Hard drive interfaces like IDE, SATA, SCSI, and SAS are explained. The chapter also covers optical disc technologies like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray discs. Network storage options such as SAN, NAS, cloud storage, and tape backup systems are introduced along with their capacities and features.
This chapter discusses file systems used by various operating systems. It describes the basic functions of file systems including organizing files into directories, establishing naming conventions, and providing file integrity and security. It then covers the file systems used by Windows (FAT16, FAT32, FAT64, NTFS), UNIX/Linux (ufs, ext), and Mac OS X (HFS+). The key components and features of these various file systems are outlined.
The document provides guidance on installing and upgrading operating systems. It discusses preparing for installation by checking hardware compatibility and obtaining necessary drivers. The installation process typically involves gathering system information, loading the installation program, configuring devices, copying files, and restarting. Migrating to a new OS may require upgrading existing systems or performing a clean installation, and it is best to test the process first on a representative computer before deploying widely. Training users is also recommended when transitioning to a new desktop operating system.
This document discusses storage systems and components used in personal computers. It covers the low-level and high-level formatting of hard disks, partitioning hard disks into separate areas, and the file allocation table used to locate files. It also summarizes IDE/EIDE hard drives, floppy disks, SCSI interfaces, RAID configurations, and optical disk drives like CD-ROMs.
This document provides guidance on standard operating and maintenance procedures for file systems. It discusses file system maintenance techniques, such as creating an organized directory structure, finding and deleting unused files on a regular basis, and performing disk maintenance like defragmenting to optimize performance. Backup plans and software installation procedures are also covered. The document provides examples of directory structures and maintenance tasks for different operating systems including Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac OS X.
This chapter describes popular desktop and server operating systems. It discusses early Microsoft operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows 3.x, and Windows 95. It then covers Windows 98/Me, Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. It provides details on features, versions, and capabilities of each. The chapter also examines current operating systems including Windows Server 2003/R2, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008/R2, and Windows 7.
This chapter discusses types of external memory including magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tape. It provides details on disk formatting and organization, read/write mechanisms, disk speed characteristics, and RAID configurations for magnetic disks. Optical disks discussed include CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD, and high definition optical disks. Characteristics of magnetic tape such as Linear Tape-Open (LTO) tape drives are also summarized.
This chapter discusses how operating systems interface with input and output devices through device drivers and adapters. It explains the general process for installing and configuring new devices, which involves installing software drivers, connecting the hardware, and configuring the device. It covers how operating systems use device drivers to communicate with hardware and support various device features. It also describes how to install and update drivers in Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac operating systems. Popular input devices like mice, keyboards, touchscreens, and digital pads are discussed.
This chapter discusses operating system hardware components and their interaction with operating systems. It describes the basic features of CPUs like design type, speed, cache, buses, and scheduling. CPUs can be CISC or RISC and include elements like cores, clocks, caches, and address/data/control buses. Popular PC processors include Intel, AMD, and server chips from companies like Sun and HP. Hardware and operating systems evolved together with OSes taking advantage of new processor capabilities.
This document summarizes different types of storage drives - hard disk drives (HDDs), solid state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives (SSHDs). It describes the basic components and workings of HDDs, including disks, read/write heads, motors, and interfaces. SSDs have no moving parts and offer faster access times than HDDs but lower capacity. SSHDs combine aspects of HDDs and SSDs. The document provides an overview of the key differences between HDDs and SSDs in terms of performance, reliability, size, and power consumption.
Hard disks are organized into tracks and sectors through low-level formatting. Partitions divide the hard disk into separate areas that function as individual drives. High-level formatting defines the file allocation table (FAT) for each partition to locate files. Common storage devices include IDE/EIDE and SCSI hard drives, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. RAID configurations provide fault tolerance through disk redundancy and parity.
The document provides information on various bus standards used in computers, including ISA, PCI, SCSI, IDE, and USB. It describes the history and characteristics of each standard. ISA was the original bus standard from 1981 but has been replaced by faster standards like PCI. PCI supports high-speed direct memory access and is widely used today. SCSI is used for hard drives and other peripherals but requires more pins than IDE. IDE connects hard drives and is cheaper than SCSI. USB is a serial bus standard introduced in 1995 that allows many peripheral devices to be connected using cables with standardized connectors.
Designing Information Structures For Performance And Reliabilitybryanrandol
This document discusses optimizing database server performance through hardware, operating system, and database design considerations. It covers topics like CPU performance, memory architecture, disk I/O, and database types like OLTP and OLAP. The document compares GreenPlum and PostgreSQL databases and explains how to tweak PostgreSQL configuration parameters to optimize performance.
This document provides guidance on resource sharing over a network in Windows and UNIX/Linux operating systems. It discusses setting up file, disk, and printer sharing through server network operating systems like Windows Server and UNIX/Linux. It covers configuring user accounts, groups, permissions and security to control access to shared resources. The document also provides examples of how to set up groups, assign permissions, and share disks and files on both Windows Server and UNIX/Linux networks.
For organizations with rack-mount servers, the IBM 7226 Multimedia Storage Enclosure provides reliable and flexible data backup and security in the data center. With high-speed, serial-attached SCSI (SAS), USB and Fibre Channel (FC) interface options, as well as compatibility with a range of storage devices, the 7226 Multimedia Storage Enclosure can help protect data on critical IBM Power Systems™.
This chapter discusses network connectivity and operating systems. It explains networking basics such as topologies, hardware, protocols, and how devices connect to networks. It describes client and server operating systems and their roles. It also covers common network protocols like TCP/IP, Ethernet, wireless technologies, and how they are configured in operating systems. Network devices, addressing, and automatic configuration using DHCP are also summarized.
CS 3112 - First Assignment -Mark Bryan F. Ramirez/BSCS-3EMark Bryan Ramirez
This document summarizes key components and concepts related to computer hardware and architecture. It describes how the internal components of a computer are physically connected via the motherboard. It then explains the concepts of computer architecture, including instruction set architecture, microarchitecture, and system design. Finally, it defines and discusses several important computer terms, such as motherboard, bus, local area network, and network server.
The document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes primary memory such as RAM and ROM, as well as secondary storage devices like magnetic disks, tapes, flash drives, and optical discs. RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is permanent and stores the basic input/output system. Cache memory stores frequently used data to speed up CPU access time. Secondary storage includes hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, flash drives, and optical discs like CDs, DVDs, which provide larger non-volatile storage.
The motherboard connects all the PC components together. It has sockets for the CPU, RAM, expansion slots for devices, and connectors for drives and ports. The chipset on the motherboard controls communication between these components and the CPU. Key components on the motherboard include the CPU socket, memory sockets, expansion slots like PCI and ISA, drive controllers for connecting hard drives and floppy drives, and ports. The BIOS chip stored on the motherboard controls low-level processes during startup.
The document discusses various computer hardware components and their functions. It covers topics such as the CPU, RAM, ROM, storage devices, expansion slots, and input/output interfaces. Technical details are provided for each component, along with some non-technical explanations. The document aims to explain both the technical and non-technical aspects of fundamental computer parts and how they work together in a system.
Expansion buses connect the CPU to other components on the system board and allow communication between these components. There have been several standard expansion bus architectures over time including ISA, EISA, VESA Local Bus, and PCI buses. PCI bus is the most widely used today as it offers high throughput, scalability, and a standard specification. Expansion buses define system resources like interrupts, memory addresses, and DMA channels that components use to communicate on the bus.
We will summarize current status of HDF-EOS and associated tools. Update on HDF-EOS, HDFView plug-in and The HDF-EOS to GeoTIFF (HEG) conversion tool, including recent changes to the software, ongoing maintenance, upcoming releases, future plans, and issues will be discussed.
We will also summarize the status of HDF-EOS RFC. The HDF-EOS plug-in for the THG-developed tool, HDFView, has been enhanced. The plug-in offers browse capability for both HDF4 and HDF5 - based HDF-EOS files. HDFView can also process vanilla HDF4 and HDF5 files. New features including support for Point and Zonal Average objects have been added. A port to Mac OS X version will be available in next release.
The HDF-EOS to GeoTIFF (HEG) conversion tool has been augmented to include new projections, and support for additional AMSR-E and AIRS products. Subsetting features have also been augmented. The tool is available in both stand-alone and EOS DAAC online versions.
The central processing unit by group 5 2015Tendai Karuma
The document summarizes a group presentation on computer components and architecture. It introduces 12 group members and identifies their roles in presenting on topics such as the CPU, motherboard, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, processor, main memory, and system bus. Valerie Nhachi presents on the brief history of CPUs. Tendai Kufa discusses the role of the motherboard. Portia Maramba's topic is the control unit, while Biboy Nyazwigo covers the arithmetic logic unit. The document provides details on each of these components and their functions.
The CPU has two main parts: the control unit (CU) which controls all hardware and software operations and issues commands, and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) which performs processing and arithmetic operations. The CU and ALU communicate via data and control buses, with the data bus transferring data and the control bus sending signals from the CU to other units.
The CPU, or central processing unit, is considered the brain of the computer. It controls and coordinates all components and performs arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU is typically a microprocessor chip made of semiconductor material. It has two main sections - the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU). The ALU performs arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction as well as logical operations like comparisons. The CU handles all processor control signals and directs input/output flow by providing control and timing signals to ensure correct instruction execution.
This chapter describes popular desktop and server operating systems. It discusses early Microsoft operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows 3.x, and Windows 95. It then covers Windows 98/Me, Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. It provides details on features, versions, and capabilities of each. The chapter also examines current operating systems including Windows Server 2003/R2, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008/R2, and Windows 7.
This chapter discusses types of external memory including magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tape. It provides details on disk formatting and organization, read/write mechanisms, disk speed characteristics, and RAID configurations for magnetic disks. Optical disks discussed include CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD, and high definition optical disks. Characteristics of magnetic tape such as Linear Tape-Open (LTO) tape drives are also summarized.
This chapter discusses how operating systems interface with input and output devices through device drivers and adapters. It explains the general process for installing and configuring new devices, which involves installing software drivers, connecting the hardware, and configuring the device. It covers how operating systems use device drivers to communicate with hardware and support various device features. It also describes how to install and update drivers in Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac operating systems. Popular input devices like mice, keyboards, touchscreens, and digital pads are discussed.
This chapter discusses operating system hardware components and their interaction with operating systems. It describes the basic features of CPUs like design type, speed, cache, buses, and scheduling. CPUs can be CISC or RISC and include elements like cores, clocks, caches, and address/data/control buses. Popular PC processors include Intel, AMD, and server chips from companies like Sun and HP. Hardware and operating systems evolved together with OSes taking advantage of new processor capabilities.
This document summarizes different types of storage drives - hard disk drives (HDDs), solid state drives (SSDs), and hybrid drives (SSHDs). It describes the basic components and workings of HDDs, including disks, read/write heads, motors, and interfaces. SSDs have no moving parts and offer faster access times than HDDs but lower capacity. SSHDs combine aspects of HDDs and SSDs. The document provides an overview of the key differences between HDDs and SSDs in terms of performance, reliability, size, and power consumption.
Hard disks are organized into tracks and sectors through low-level formatting. Partitions divide the hard disk into separate areas that function as individual drives. High-level formatting defines the file allocation table (FAT) for each partition to locate files. Common storage devices include IDE/EIDE and SCSI hard drives, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. RAID configurations provide fault tolerance through disk redundancy and parity.
The document provides information on various bus standards used in computers, including ISA, PCI, SCSI, IDE, and USB. It describes the history and characteristics of each standard. ISA was the original bus standard from 1981 but has been replaced by faster standards like PCI. PCI supports high-speed direct memory access and is widely used today. SCSI is used for hard drives and other peripherals but requires more pins than IDE. IDE connects hard drives and is cheaper than SCSI. USB is a serial bus standard introduced in 1995 that allows many peripheral devices to be connected using cables with standardized connectors.
Designing Information Structures For Performance And Reliabilitybryanrandol
This document discusses optimizing database server performance through hardware, operating system, and database design considerations. It covers topics like CPU performance, memory architecture, disk I/O, and database types like OLTP and OLAP. The document compares GreenPlum and PostgreSQL databases and explains how to tweak PostgreSQL configuration parameters to optimize performance.
This document provides guidance on resource sharing over a network in Windows and UNIX/Linux operating systems. It discusses setting up file, disk, and printer sharing through server network operating systems like Windows Server and UNIX/Linux. It covers configuring user accounts, groups, permissions and security to control access to shared resources. The document also provides examples of how to set up groups, assign permissions, and share disks and files on both Windows Server and UNIX/Linux networks.
For organizations with rack-mount servers, the IBM 7226 Multimedia Storage Enclosure provides reliable and flexible data backup and security in the data center. With high-speed, serial-attached SCSI (SAS), USB and Fibre Channel (FC) interface options, as well as compatibility with a range of storage devices, the 7226 Multimedia Storage Enclosure can help protect data on critical IBM Power Systems™.
This chapter discusses network connectivity and operating systems. It explains networking basics such as topologies, hardware, protocols, and how devices connect to networks. It describes client and server operating systems and their roles. It also covers common network protocols like TCP/IP, Ethernet, wireless technologies, and how they are configured in operating systems. Network devices, addressing, and automatic configuration using DHCP are also summarized.
CS 3112 - First Assignment -Mark Bryan F. Ramirez/BSCS-3EMark Bryan Ramirez
This document summarizes key components and concepts related to computer hardware and architecture. It describes how the internal components of a computer are physically connected via the motherboard. It then explains the concepts of computer architecture, including instruction set architecture, microarchitecture, and system design. Finally, it defines and discusses several important computer terms, such as motherboard, bus, local area network, and network server.
The document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes primary memory such as RAM and ROM, as well as secondary storage devices like magnetic disks, tapes, flash drives, and optical discs. RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is permanent and stores the basic input/output system. Cache memory stores frequently used data to speed up CPU access time. Secondary storage includes hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, flash drives, and optical discs like CDs, DVDs, which provide larger non-volatile storage.
The motherboard connects all the PC components together. It has sockets for the CPU, RAM, expansion slots for devices, and connectors for drives and ports. The chipset on the motherboard controls communication between these components and the CPU. Key components on the motherboard include the CPU socket, memory sockets, expansion slots like PCI and ISA, drive controllers for connecting hard drives and floppy drives, and ports. The BIOS chip stored on the motherboard controls low-level processes during startup.
The document discusses various computer hardware components and their functions. It covers topics such as the CPU, RAM, ROM, storage devices, expansion slots, and input/output interfaces. Technical details are provided for each component, along with some non-technical explanations. The document aims to explain both the technical and non-technical aspects of fundamental computer parts and how they work together in a system.
Expansion buses connect the CPU to other components on the system board and allow communication between these components. There have been several standard expansion bus architectures over time including ISA, EISA, VESA Local Bus, and PCI buses. PCI bus is the most widely used today as it offers high throughput, scalability, and a standard specification. Expansion buses define system resources like interrupts, memory addresses, and DMA channels that components use to communicate on the bus.
We will summarize current status of HDF-EOS and associated tools. Update on HDF-EOS, HDFView plug-in and The HDF-EOS to GeoTIFF (HEG) conversion tool, including recent changes to the software, ongoing maintenance, upcoming releases, future plans, and issues will be discussed.
We will also summarize the status of HDF-EOS RFC. The HDF-EOS plug-in for the THG-developed tool, HDFView, has been enhanced. The plug-in offers browse capability for both HDF4 and HDF5 - based HDF-EOS files. HDFView can also process vanilla HDF4 and HDF5 files. New features including support for Point and Zonal Average objects have been added. A port to Mac OS X version will be available in next release.
The HDF-EOS to GeoTIFF (HEG) conversion tool has been augmented to include new projections, and support for additional AMSR-E and AIRS products. Subsetting features have also been augmented. The tool is available in both stand-alone and EOS DAAC online versions.
The central processing unit by group 5 2015Tendai Karuma
The document summarizes a group presentation on computer components and architecture. It introduces 12 group members and identifies their roles in presenting on topics such as the CPU, motherboard, control unit, arithmetic logic unit, processor, main memory, and system bus. Valerie Nhachi presents on the brief history of CPUs. Tendai Kufa discusses the role of the motherboard. Portia Maramba's topic is the control unit, while Biboy Nyazwigo covers the arithmetic logic unit. The document provides details on each of these components and their functions.
The CPU has two main parts: the control unit (CU) which controls all hardware and software operations and issues commands, and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) which performs processing and arithmetic operations. The CU and ALU communicate via data and control buses, with the data bus transferring data and the control bus sending signals from the CU to other units.
The CPU, or central processing unit, is considered the brain of the computer. It controls and coordinates all components and performs arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU is typically a microprocessor chip made of semiconductor material. It has two main sections - the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU). The ALU performs arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction as well as logical operations like comparisons. The CU handles all processor control signals and directs input/output flow by providing control and timing signals to ensure correct instruction execution.
The document provides an overview of basic disk drives, including floppy disk drives and hard disk drives. It discusses the evolution of floppy disks from 8-inch to 5.25-inch to 3.5-inch. It describes the basic components and workings of floppy disk drives and hard disk drives. It also covers topics like floppy disk formats, maintaining floppy disk drives, and potential problems with floppy disk drives.
Disk and drives
Disks are round magnetic media that can store data, like floppy disks, hard disks, and external hard drives. Disks are rewritable unless write-protected. Disks can be partitioned into multiple volumes and are sealed in metal or plastic casings.
Drives are devices that can store and read information that is not easily removed, like disks. Common drives include floppy disk drives, hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives, flash memory cards, portable hard drives, and mini flash drives. Drive letters in Windows, like C:, represent the hard disk drive and its partitions by default.
This document introduces the HD-CPU product which has a 40W CPU and 65W integrated graphics that together use 105W of power. It has 1GB of RAM and costs 10,000 Taka, while a 2GB model costs 11,000 Taka. Buying this CPU means there is no need for a separate graphics card as the CPU is capable on its own. The business policy offers a bundle of the CPU and an extra graphics card for 19,000 Taka, or the CPU alone for 14,000 Taka.
This document discusses various disk drive interfaces, including floppy, IDE, SCSI, and USB. It covers topics such as interface standards, jumper settings, physical installation of drives, and basic troubleshooting. The key drive interface types are IDE/ATA for most internal hard drives and SCSI for higher-end systems; the document explains the standards and features of each interface.
The document discusses disk partitioning, formatting, and different types of storage in Windows Server 2008. It defines basic disk storage using primary and extended partitions, and dynamic disk storage which allows volumes to span multiple disks. The different types of dynamic storage volumes are described - simple, spanned, striped, mirrored, and RAID-5. Steps are provided to create each type of volume on dynamic disks in Windows Server 2008.
The document identifies and describes the main external and internal components of a personal computer. Externally, the case holds the internal components, the monitor displays output, the keyboard is used for input, and a mouse is needed for graphical input. Internally, the motherboard connects all other components, the CPU processes all tasks, and drives store information. Other internal components include expansion cards, memory, a power supply, and optionally a modem.
The CPU interprets instructions and performs logical and arithmetic operations to control the computer. It follows a machine cycle of fetching instructions from memory, decoding them, executing the operations, and storing results. The CPU consists of a control unit that manages resources and a machine cycle, and an ALU that performs arithmetic and logical functions according to the control unit's instructions.
The document provides information about hard disk drives (HDDs). It discusses that HDDs store data on rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material. The first HDD introduced in 1956 was the size of two refrigerators and stored 3.75 MB. Key components of modern HDDs include disks, read/write heads, and electric motors. Common interfaces are EIDE, SATA, and SCSI. HDD performance is impacted by latency and data transfer rates. Popular vendors include Seagate, Western Digital, and Toshiba. Future developments may increase 3.5" desktop drive capacities to 12 TB by 2016.
The document discusses the history and components of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes how the CPU originated from concepts developed in the 1940s and evolved from large mainframe computers to smaller microprocessors. The key components of the CPU are the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and memory unit. The CPU functions by fetching instructions from memory, decoding and translating them, executing calculations and data movement, and storing results.
1. A hard disk drive is a data storage device that stores information in 0s and 1s on magnetic platters.
2. It contains platters, read/write heads, and motors that allow it to read and write data to the spinning platters.
3. Hard disk drive capacity is measured in gigabytes or terabytes and depends on the number of platters, tracks, sectors, and bytes per sector.
The document discusses various components that make up a typical computer system, including the hard disk drive (HDD), CD/DVD drives, RAM, CPU sockets, power supply unit, expansion cards, and video/graphics cards. It provides details on the purpose and connection types of each component. Choices for HDD size and speed are given as an example.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and a control unit which work together to execute stored program instructions. It retrieves instructions and data from memory, decodes and executes the instructions by performing arithmetic and logical operations, and stores the results back in memory. Modern CPUs use techniques like reduced instruction sets, pipelining, and parallel processing to increase their speed and processing power.
This document lists and briefly describes the main hardware components of a computer system. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, keyboard, mouse, monitor, and various storage drives like floppy disk drives, CD-ROM drives, hard disk drives, and DVD drives. The motherboard contains connectors for additional components and controllers to interface with peripheral devices. RAM provides temporary storage while the computer is on. Hard disks provide high-capacity permanent storage. DVD and CD drives can read optical discs for data access or multimedia playback.
This chapter discusses hard drive technologies, including how data is organized on hard drives. It covers the components inside hard drives, such as platters, and differences between solid state drives (SSD), magnetic hard drives, and hybrid drives. The chapter also explains hard drive interfaces like Parallel ATA (PATA), Serial ATA (SATA), and SCSI, and how data transfer standards have evolved from PATA to SATA. Additionally, it discusses how hard drives are partitioned and formatted, and how data is organized on disk surfaces in tracks and sectors.
The document provides an overview of installing and configuring motherboards. It discusses selecting a motherboard based on form factor and components. Motherboards use buses to connect expansion slots and components. Configuration is done through jumpers, switches, and CMOS RAM. The document outlines replacing a motherboard, including preparing it with components like CPU and RAM before installing in the case. Connecting cables and completing the installation are also covered.
This chapter discusses hard drive technologies and how to install and troubleshoot hard drives. It begins by explaining how floppy drives are logically organized similarly to hard drives. It then covers hard drive components and technologies like platter disks, read/write heads, and interfaces. The chapter explains how to install a hard drive and solve problems, as well as hard drive formatting, capacities, and interface standards like ATA, SCSI, and USB.
The document provides instructions on installing and configuring hard drives and floppy drives. It discusses the technologies used in hard drives such as solid state, magnetic, and hybrid drives. It also covers how data is organized on hard drives through partitioning and file systems. The document then describes various interface standards for connecting drives, including PATA, SATA, SCSI, and RAID configurations. It concludes by giving steps for selecting, installing, and setting up hard drives and floppy drives.
This chapter discusses processors, chipsets, and cooling components. It describes the basic components of a processor, including the I/O unit, control unit, and ALUs. The chapter covers installing and upgrading various Intel and AMD processors, ensuring proper cooling with heat sinks and fans, and how chipsets control memory, buses, and peripherals on the motherboard.
Developing a Ceph Appliance for Secure EnvironmentsCeph Community
Keeper Technology develops a Ceph appliance called keeperSAFE for secure storage environments. The keeperSAFE appliance provides a preconfigured Linux distribution, automated installation using Ansible, enclosure management tools, a graphical user interface for monitoring and configuration, data collection and analytics, encryption capabilities, and extensive testing. It is designed for environments that require high availability, no single points of failure, easy management, and auditability. The keeperSAFE appliance addresses the challenges of deploying and managing Ceph at scale in restricted, mission critical environments.
This document discusses various components of computer storage systems. It describes how hard disks are formatted and partitioned to define where data is stored. It explains the differences between IDE, EIDE, SCSI, floppy disks, and CD-ROM drives. It also provides an overview of RAID configurations, how data is organized on disks, and basic concepts such as formatting, partitioning, disk compression, and backing up data.
Hard disk drives are secondary storage devices that store data magnetically on spinning platters. They contain disks coated with magnetic material, read/write heads to access data, and motors to spin disks and position heads. Data is organized on disks in concentric tracks divided into sectors. Common interfaces are IDE, SATA, and SCSI, with SATA now most common. Hard disk capacity is measured in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes depending on size.
Hard disks are organized into tracks and sectors through low-level formatting. Partitions divide the hard disk into separate areas that function as individual drives. High-level formatting defines the file allocation table (FAT) for each partition to locate files. Common storage devices include IDE/EIDE and SCSI hard drives, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. RAID configurations provide fault tolerance through disk redundancy and parity.
The document provides an overview of virtualizing an Alpha system using the CHARON-AXP emulator. It discusses various methods of migrating data and systems from a physical Alpha server to a virtual Alpha instance, including using tape, disks, DECnet, OpenVMS clusters, CD-ROMs, and FTP. For each method, it outlines advantages and disadvantages as well as step-by-step migration procedures. Additionally, it covers post-migration tasks like testing applications, updating backups, licenses, and service contracts.
The document discusses topics related to supporting, upgrading, and troubleshooting notebooks, including selecting and connecting peripheral devices. It covers special considerations for servicing notebooks like avoiding actions that could void the warranty and using manufacturer-provided diagnostic tools and documentation. Guidelines are provided for caring for notebooks, managing power usage, and setting passwords and backups to secure data. Tablet PCs and PDAs are also briefly mentioned.
The hard disk drive is a data storage device that stores files using magnetic disks called platters. It contains disks that spin and magnetic read/write heads that can interpret the digital data as 0s and 1s. Common components include platters, spindle motors, arm, and read/write heads. Hard drives are classified based on their interface - IDE, SATA, or SCSI - which determines connection type and speed. Common problems include failure to boot or detect the operating system. Hard drive capacity is measured in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes.
This chapter introduces the hardware components of a computer system. It explains that hardware requires software to function and direct its operations. The main hardware components discussed are the motherboard, CPU, memory, storage devices like hard drives, optical drives, and ports for input/output. The chapter outlines how these components work together and communicate via buses and cables to allow input, processing, storage and output of data in a computer system.
Working of Volatile and Non-Volatile memoryDon Caeiro
Secondary storage devices such as hard disks, optical discs, and solid-state storage are used to permanently store programs and data on a computer system. Hard disks use rigid materials and can hold greater amounts of data than floppy disks. Optical discs such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are commonly used for multimedia and installing applications. Various file allocation methods such as linked lists are used to organize files on these secondary storage devices. Encoding schemes like RLL and ZBR are used to efficiently store data by increasing density. Networking protocols and models like TCP/IP and OSI provide communication standards between storage devices, computers, and across networks.
This document discusses the basic components and functions of computers. It explains that computers perform four basic operations: input, processing, output, and storage. It then describes the boot process and lists the main hardware components of a PC like the processor, memory, storage drives, motherboard, and display. It provides details on choosing components based on needs and specifications.
Hardware and software work together to allow computers to process and store data. The hardware components include the motherboard, CPU, memory, storage devices, ports and expansion cards. The motherboard contains the CPU and connections for other components to communicate. Software provides instructions to control the hardware.
This document provides an overview of computer storage systems, including hard drives, floppy disks, SCSI, RAID, and CD-ROMs. It discusses how data is organized on disks using tracks and sectors. It also explains hard drive formatting, partitioning, and different file systems used by operating systems. Backup strategies like full, incremental, and differential backups are also summarized.
The document summarizes key internal computer components including motherboards, CPUs, cooling systems, memory modules, and adapter cards. It also discusses storage devices like hard drives, optical drives, and flash drives. Finally, it covers internal and external cables, ports, input/output devices, and system resources like interrupts, I/O addresses, and direct memory access.
A hard disk drive is a data storage device that stores information in the form of magnetic particles on concentric circles called tracks on one or more rigid disks called platters. It consists of platters, read/write heads, and motors that spin the platters and position the heads. Hard drives store operating systems, software, and files and come in various capacities ranging from 10GB to multiple terabytes. Common interface types are IDE, SATA, and SCSI and hard drives can fail due to issues like no operating system, cable problems, or not being detected.
The document discusses various components of computers including processors, memory, storage, and input/output devices. It describes the basic concepts of computer hardware such as the von Neumann architecture and how information flows through a computer's central processing unit. Key components like the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, and buses are examined. Different types of computer memory, storage, and their characteristics are also outlined.
This case study analyzes Mizuho Bank's green project financing of a natural gas development project in Indonesia. Mizuho adopted the Equator Principles to fully assess the social and environmental risks. It required the borrower to mitigate risks and committed to environmental protection in the financing contract. More broadly, Mizuho promotes green credit, innovates green financing products, and supports carbon trading to improve the environment. It provides lower interest financing to green projects and assesses customer environmental performance to encourage sustainability.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Buku ini membahas pengantar pemodelan sistem dinamik menggunakan perangkat lunak Vensim PLE, mulai dari pengenalan Vensim, cara menginstalasi dan menggunakan Vensim PLE, membuat diagram simpal kausal dan diagram stock dan flow, menganalisis model, dan contoh-contoh penerapan Vensim untuk memodelkan berbagai sistem dinamik sederhana."
Mata kuliah ini membahas latar belakang dan manfaat teknik-teknik manajemen. Teknik-teknik manajemen berkembang seiring sejarah ilmu manajemen sejak abad ke-18 hingga saat ini. Pionir ilmu manajemen modern adalah Robert Owen dan Charles Babbage yang meletakkan dasar pentingnya sumber daya manusia dan efisiensi dalam organisasi. Mata kuliah ini akan memperkenalkan berbagai teknik analisis manajemen untuk memecah
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and reduce the risk of diseases. It recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Modul ini membahas tentang pelatihan berbasis kompetensi untuk memperbaiki power supply. Modul ini menjelaskan konsep dasar pelatihan berbasis kompetensi, penjelasan modul, pengakuan kompetensi terkini, dan pengertian istilah terkait. Modul ini juga menjelaskan standar kompetensi untuk memperbaiki power supply dan sumber-sumber yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kompetensi tersebut.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan modul pelatihan berbasis kompetensi untuk memperbaiki CD-RW yang mencakup pengertian pelatihan berbasis kompetensi, standar kompetensi yang dibutuhkan, dan langkah-langkah memperbaiki CD-RW.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang materi pelatihan berbasis kompetensi untuk melakukan backup data dan sistem. Materi pelatihan ini mencakup pengertian konsep dasar pelatihan berbasis kompetensi, penjelasan modul pelatihan, standar kompetensi yang dipelajari, dan prosedur backup data dan sistem.
Modul ini membahas tentang melakukan restore operating system. Modul ini menjelaskan konsep pelatihan berbasis kompetensi, penjelasan modul, standar kompetensi yang mencakup peta paket pelatihan dan pengertian unit standar kompetensi, serta materi pelatihan untuk melakukan restore operating system.
Dokumen ini berisi modul pelatihan tentang memperbaiki printer. Modul ini menjelaskan konsep dasar pelatihan berbasis kompetensi, penjelasan modul, pengakuan kompetensi terkini, pengertian istilah yang digunakan, standar kompetensi yang mencakup peta paket pelatihan dan unit standar kompetensi, serta materi pelatihan untuk unit kompetensi memperbaiki printer.
The document discusses management ethics and social responsibility. It covers two broad categories of ethical theories - consequential and non-consequential principles. It also addresses factors like time pressure and individual/organizational factors that influence ethical behavior. The document provides checklists and steps for encouraging ethical conduct and discouraging unethical behavior in organizations.
This document discusses strategies for career success. It emphasizes adopting a broad view of one's career that includes self-assessment, exploring opportunities, establishing objectives and timelines, and regularly evaluating progress. It also discusses important elements like developing skills and networks, understanding organizational politics and power structures, and managing stress. The key to career success involves proactive planning and ongoing adaptation to changes in the workplace.
International management involves managing resources across national boundaries and adapting management principles to foreign competition and environments. Companies go international for proactive reasons like accessing new markets and customers or for reactive reasons like avoiding trade barriers. There are two types of multinational companies - those that standardize products for many countries and those that customize products for specific local markets. Managing internationally requires considering various external environments including economic, political, sociocultural, legal, and technological factors.
The document discusses information management systems and their importance in organizations. It covers topics such as the definition of information technology, characteristics of useful information, the role of management information systems in planning, organizing, controlling operations and using resources effectively. It also summarizes the basic functions of computer information systems, including computer operations, system programming, data management, and end-user computing. Lastly, it outlines some of the challenges in managing information systems, such as overcoming resistance to change and enabling employees to use new systems.
Operations management involves planning and controlling the processes that transform inputs into outputs. Key aspects of operations management include operations strategy, facilities layout and location, capacity planning, production planning and control, and quality management. The overall goal is to efficiently manage resources, processes, and outputs.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
2. Objectives
• Learn how the organization of data on floppy drives
and hard drives is similar
• Learn about hard drive technologies
• Learn how a computer communicates with a hard
drive
• Learn how to install a hard drive
• Learn how to solve hard drive problems
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 2
3. Introduction
• Hard drive: most important secondary storage device
• Hard drive technologies have evolved rapidly
– Hard drive capacities and speeds have increased
– Interfaces with the computer have also changed
• Floppy disk will be presented before hard drives
– Floppy disk is logically organized like a hard drive
• Practical applications:
– Managing problems occurring during drive installation
– Troubleshooting hard drives after installation
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 3
4. Learning from Floppy Drives
• Floppy drives are an obsolescent technology
– Replacements: CD drives and USB flash memory
• Good reasons for studying floppy drive technology
– Developing support skills for legacy applications
– Building a foundation for hard drive support skill set
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 4
5. How Floppy Drives Work
• Main memory is organized logically and physically
• Secondary storage devices are similarly organized
– Physical storage: how data is written to media
– Logical storage: how OS and BIOS view stored data
• How data is physically stored on a floppy disk
– Two types of floppy disk: 5 ¼ inch or 3 ½ inch
– Subsystem: drive, 34-pin cable, connector, power cord
– Formatting: marking tracks and sectors on a disk
– Magnetic read/write heads read/write binary 1s and 0s
– Heads attach to actuator arm that moves over surface
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 5
6. Figure 7-4 3 1 -inch, high-density floppy disk showing tracks and sectors
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 6
8. How Floppy Drives Work (continued)
• How data is logically stored on a floppy disk
– Floppy drives are always formatted using FAT12
– Cluster (file allocation unit): smallest grouping of sectors
– The BIOS manages the disk as a set of physical sectors
– OS treats the disk as list of clusters (file allocation table)
– A 3 ½ inch high density floppy disk has 2880 clusters
• A cluster contains one sector, which contains 512 bytes
• Format floppy disk using Format or Windows Explorer
– Structures and features added to the disk
• Tracks, sectors, boot record, two FATs, root directory
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 8
9. Figure 7-6 Clusters, or file allocation units, are managed
by the OS in the file allocation table, but BIOS manages
these clusters as one or two physical sectors on the disk
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 9
10. How to Install a Floppy Drive
• It is more cost-effective to replace than repair a drive
• A simple seven-step installation procedure:
– 1. Turn off computer, unplug power cord, remove cover
– 2. Unplug the power cable to the old floppy drive
– 3. Unscrew and dismount the drive
– 4. Slide the new drive into the bay
– 5. If drive is new, connect data cable to motherboard
– 6. Connect data cable and power cord to drive
– 7. Replace the cover, turn on computer, verify status
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 10
11. Figure 7-8 Connect colored edge of cable to pin 1
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 11
12. How Hard Drives Work
• Components of a hard drive:
– One, two, or more platters (disks)
– Spindle to rotate all disks
– Magnetic coating on disk to store bits of data
– Read/write head at the top and bottom of each disk
– Actuator to move read/write head over disk surface
– Hard drive controller: chip directing read/write head
• Head (surface) of platter is not the read/write head
• Physical organization includes a cylinder
– All tracks that are the same distance from disk center
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 12
14. Figure 7-11 A hard drive with two platters
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 14
15. Tracks and Sectors on the Drive
• Tracks on older drives held the same amount of data
• Newer drives use zone bit recording
– Tracks near center have smallest number sectors/track
– Number of sectors increase as tracks grow larger
– Every sector still has 512 bytes
– Sectors identified with logical block addressing (LBA)
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 15
16. Figure 7-13 Floppy drives and older hard drives use a
constant number of sectors per track
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 16
17. Figure 7-14 Zone bit recording can have more sectors
per track as the tracks get larger
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 17
18. Low-Level Formatting
• Two formatting levels:
– Low-level: mark tracks and sectors
– High-level: create boot sector, file system, root directory
• Manufacturer currently perform most low-level formats
– Using the wrong format program could destroy drive
– If necessary, contact manufacturer for format program
• Problem: track and sector markings fade
– Solution for older drives: perform low-level format
– Solution for new drive: backup data and replace drive
• A+ Guide tozero-fill4eutilities do not do low-level formats
Note: Hardware, 18
19. Calculating Drive Capacity on Older
Drives
• Constant number of sectors per track
• The formula was straightforward:
– Cylinders x heads x sectors/track x 512 bytes/sector
• Example: 855 cylinders, 7 heads, 17 sectors/track
– 855 x 7 x 17 x 512 bytes/sector = 52,093,440 bytes
– Divide by 1024 twice to convert to 49.68 MB capacity
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 19
20. Drive Capacity for Today’s Drives
• The OS reports the capacity of hard drives
• Accessing capacity data using Windows Explorer
– Right-click the drive letter
– Select Properties on the shortcut menu
• Calculating total capacity if drive is fully formatted
– Record capacity of each logical drive on hard drive
– Add individual capacities to calculate total capacity
• Reporting total capacity (regardless of formatting)
– Windows 2000/XP: use Disk Management
– Windows 9x: use Fdisk
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 20
21. Hard Drive Interface Standards
• Facilitate communication with the computer system
• Several standards exist:
– Several ATA standards
– SCSI
– USB
– FireWire (also called 1394)
– Fibre Channel
• The various standards will be covered
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 21
22. The ATA Interface Standards
• Specify how drives communicate with PC system
– Drive controller interaction with BIOS, chipset, OS
– Type of connectors used by the drive
– The motherboard or expansion cards
• Developed by Technical Committee T13
• Published by ANSI
• Selection criteria:
– Fastest standard that the motherboard supports
– OS, BIOS, and drive firmware must support standard
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 22
23. Table 7-1 Summary of ATA interface standards for storage devices
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 23
24. The ATA Interface Standards
(continued)
• Parallel ATA
– Allows two connectors for two 40-pin data cables
– Ribbon cables can accommodate one or two drives
• EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics)
– Pertains to how secondary storage device works
– Drive follows AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI)
– Four parallel ATA devices can attach with two cables
• Serial ATA (SATA) cabling
– Use a serial data path rather than a parallel data path
– Types of SATA cabling: internal and external
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 24
25. Figure 7-16 A PC’s hard drive subsystem using parallel ATA
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 25
26. Figure 7-18 A hard drive subsystem using the new serial ATA data cable
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 26
27. The ATA Interface Standards
(continued)
• DMA (direct memory access) transfer mode
– 7 modes (0 - 6) bypassing CPU in transfer of data
• PIO (Programmed Input/Output) transfer mode
– 5 modes (0 - 4) involving CPU in data transfer
• Independent device timing
– Enables two drives to run at different speed
• ATA/ATAPI-6 (ATA/100) breaks the 137 GB barrier
– Addressable space is 144 petabytes (1.44 x 1017 PB)
– Must have support of board, BIOS, OS, IDE controller
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 27
28. Figure 7-21 The 137-GB barrier existed because of the size of
the numbers used to address a sector
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 28
29. The ATA Interface Standards
(continued)
• Configuring parallel ATA drives
– Each of two IDE connectors supports an IDE channel
– Primary/secondary channels each support two devices
– EIDE devices: hard drive, DVD, CD and Zip drives
– Devices in each channel configured as master/slave
– Designate master/slave: jumpers, DIP switches, cable
• Configuring serial ATA drives
– One ATA cable supports one drive (no master/slave)
• Use an ATA controller card in two circumstances:
– IDE connector not functioning or standard not supported
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 29
30. Figure 7-22 A motherboard has two IDE
channels; each can support a master and
slave drive using a single EIDE cable
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 30
31. Figure 7-25 Rear of a serial ATA drive and a parallel ATA drive
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 31
32. SCSI Technology
• Small Computer System Interface standards
– For system bus to peripheral device communication
– Support either 7 or 15 devices (depends on standard)
– Provide for better performance than ATA standards
• The SCSI subsystem
– SCSI controller types: embedded or host adapter
– Host adapter supports internal and external devices
– Daisy chain: combination of host adapter and devices
– Each device on bus assigned SCSI ID (0 - 15)
– A physical device can embed multiple logical devices
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 32
33. Figure 7-28 Using a SCSI bus, a SCSI host adapter can
support internal and external SCSI devices
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 33
34. SCSI Technology (continued)
• Terminating resistor
– Plugged into last device at the end of the chain
– Reduces electrical noise or interference on the cable
• Various SCSI standards
– SCSI are SCSI-1, SCSI-2, and SCSI-3
• Also known as regular SCSI, Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI
– Serial attached SCSI (SAS): compatible with serial ATA
– Ensure all components of subsystem use one standard
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 34
35. Other Interface Standards
• USB (Universal Serial Bus)
– USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 accommodate hard drives
– A USB device connects to a PC via a USB port
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
– Uses serial transmission of data
– Device can connect to PC via FireWire external port
– Device also attaches to an internal connector
• Fibre Channel
– Rival to SCSI
– Allows up to 126 devices on a single bus
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 35
36. Figure 7-31 This CrossFire hard drive holds 160GB
and uses a 1394a or USB 2.0 connection
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 36
37. How to Select a Hard Drive
• Hard drive must match OS and motherboard
• BIOS uses autodetection to prepare the device
– Drive capacity and configuration are selected
– Best possible ATA standard is part of configuration
• Selected device may not supported by BIOS
• Troubleshooting tasks (if device is not recognized)
– Flash the BIOS
– Replace the controller card
– Replace the motherboard
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 37
38. Installations Using Legacy BIOS
• Older hard drive standards that may be encountered
– CHS (cylinder, head, track) mode for drives < 528 MB
– Large (ECHS) mode for drives from 504 MB - 8.4 GB
– The 33.8 GB limitation or the 137 GB limitation
• How to install a drive not supported by BIOS
– Let the BIOS see the drive as a smaller drive
– Upgrade the BIOS
– Replace the motherboard
– Use a software interface between BIOS and drive
– Substitute BIOS with ATA connector and firmware
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 38
39. Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive
• Components needed:
– The drive itself
– 80-conductor or 40-conductor data cable
– Kit to make drive fit into much larger bay (optional)
– Adapter card (if board does not have IDE connection)
• Steps for installing parallel ATA drive:
– Step 1: Prepare for the installation
• Know your starting point
• Read the documentation
• Plan the drive configuration
• Prepare your work area and take precautions
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 39
40. Figure 7-32 Plan for the location of drives within bays
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 40
41. Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive
(continued)
• Steps for installing parallel ATA drive (continued):
– Step 2: Set the jumpers or DIP switches
– Step 3: Mount the drive in the drive bay
• Remove the bay for the hard drive
• Securely mount the drive in the bay
• Connect the data cables to the drives (can be done later)
• Re-insert (and secure) the bay in the case
• Install a power connection to each drive
• Connect the data cable to the IDE connector on board
• Attach bay cover and other connections (if needed)
• Verify BIOS recognizes device before adding cover
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 41
42. Figure 7-33 A parallel ATA drive most likely will have
diagrams of jumper settings for master and slave
options printed on the drive housing
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 42
44. Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive
(continued)
• Steps for installing parallel ATA drive (continued):
– Step 4: Use CMOS setup to verify hard drive settings
– Step 5: Partition and format the drive
• If installing an OS, boot from Windows setup CD
• If not, use Disk Management utility or Fdisk and Format
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 44
46. Serial ATA Hard Drive Installations
• No jumpers to set on the drive
• Each serial ATA connector is dedicated to 1 drive
• A simpler installation process:
– Install the drive in the bay (like parallel ATA drive)
– Connect a power cord to the drive
• Documentation identifies which connector to use
– Example: use red connectors (SATA1, SATA2) first
• After checking connections, verify drive is
recognized
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 46
47. Figure 7-48 This motherboard has four serial ATA connectors
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 47
48. Figure 7-49 American Megatrends, Inc. CMOS setup
screen shows installed drives
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 48
49. Installing a Hard Drive in a Wide Bay
• Universal bay kit: adapts a drive to a wide bay
• Adapter spans distance between drive and bay
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 49
50. Figure 7-52 Hard drive installed in a wide bay using a
universal bay kit adapter
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 50
51. Troubleshooting Hard Drives
• Problems occur before and after installation
• Problems may be hardware or software related
• Hardware-related problems will be addressed
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 51
52. Problems with Hard Drive Installations
• CMOS setup does not reflect new hard drive
– Solution: Enable autodetection and reboot system
• Error message: “ Hard drive not found.”
– Reseat the data cable and reboot the PC
• Error message: “No boot device available.”
– Insert bootable disk and restart the machine
• Error message 601 appears on the screen
– Connect the power cord to the floppy disk drive
• Error message: “Hard drive not present”
– Restore jumpers to their original state
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 52
53. Problems with Hard Drive Installations
(continued)
• Things to check if CMOS setup does not show drive
– Does your system BIOS recognize large drives?
– Is autodetection correctly configured in CMOS setup?
– Are the jumpers on the drive set correctly?
– Are the power cord and data cable connected?
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 53
54. How to Approach a Hard Drive
Problem After the Installation
• Some post-installation problems
– Corrupted data files
– A corrupted Windows installation
– A hardware issue preventing system from booting
• Preparation steps
– Start with the end user: conduct an interview
– Prioritize what you have learned
• Example: make data backup your first priority
– Be aware of available resources
• Examples: documentation, Internet, Technical Support
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 54
55. Hard Drive Hardware Problems
• Causes of problems present during boot:
– Hard drive subsystem
– Partition table
– File system on the drive
– Files required for the OS to boot
• Some things to do if POST reveals problem
– Check the jumper settings on the drive
– Check the cable for frayed edges or other damage
– Try booting from another media; e.g. setup CD
– Check manufacturer Web site for diagnostic software
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 55
56. Hard Drive Hardware Problems
(continued)
• Bumps are bad
– A scratched surface may cause a hard drive crash
– Data may be recovered, even if drive is inaccessible
• Invalid drive or drive specification
– System BIOS cannot read partition table information
– Boot from recovery CD and check partition table
– To be covered in later chapters
• Bad sector errors
– Problem due to fading tracks and sectors
– Solution: replace the drive
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 56
57. Troubleshooting Floppy Drives and
Disks
• Table 7-4 has two columns
– One identifies errors occurring before and after boot
– Another displays troubleshooting tasks
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 57
58. Table 7-4 Floppy drive and floppy disk errors that can occur during
and after the boot
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 58
59. Table 7-4 Floppy drive and floppy disk errors that can occur during
and after the boot (continued)
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 59
60. Summary
• Current floppy disks are 3 ½ inch, high-density disks
• Floppy disk format: 80 tracks, each with 8 sectors
• Hard drive physical organization: cylinders, tracks,
sectors
• Hard drive logical organization: boot record, file
allocation tables, and root directory
• Secondary storage device communicates with system
using a standard, such as ATA or SCSI
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 60
61. Summary (continued)
• Parallel ATA (or EIDE): allows connection of up to 4
devices
• Serial ATA (SATA): specifies one cable per device
• SCSI group: allow up to 7 or 15 physical devices and
multiple logical devices per physical device
• Other drive interface standards: USB, FireWire, Fibre
Channel
• Newly installed hard drives are usually automatically
detected by BIOS
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e 61