This document provides an overview and objectives for Chapter 1 of the textbook "Guide to Operating Systems". It discusses basic operating system concepts like kernels, resource managers, device drivers, and applications. It covers the history of operating system development from early mainframes to modern desktop and server OSs. It also differentiates between single-tasking and multitasking systems as well as single-user and multiuser OSs. Current common operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Mac OS are also listed.
This chapter discusses file systems used by various operating systems. It describes the basic functions of file systems including organizing files into directories, establishing naming conventions, and providing file integrity and security. It then covers the file systems used by Windows (FAT16, FAT32, FAT64, NTFS), UNIX/Linux (ufs, ext), and Mac OS X (HFS+). The key components and features of these various file systems are outlined.
This document provides guidance on standard operating and maintenance procedures for file systems. It discusses file system maintenance techniques, such as creating an organized directory structure, finding and deleting unused files on a regular basis, and performing disk maintenance like defragmenting to optimize performance. Backup plans and software installation procedures are also covered. The document provides examples of directory structures and maintenance tasks for different operating systems including Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac OS X.
The document provides guidance on installing and upgrading operating systems. It discusses preparing for installation by checking hardware compatibility and obtaining necessary drivers. The installation process typically involves gathering system information, loading the installation program, configuring devices, copying files, and restarting. Migrating to a new OS may require upgrading existing systems or performing a clean installation, and it is best to test the process first on a representative computer before deploying widely. Training users is also recommended when transitioning to a new desktop operating system.
This chapter discusses storage devices and technologies. It describes common disk storage options like hard drives, DVD/CD drives, removable drives, and flash drives. Hard drive interfaces like IDE, SATA, SCSI, and SAS are explained. The chapter also covers optical disc technologies like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray discs. Network storage options such as SAN, NAS, cloud storage, and tape backup systems are introduced along with their capacities and features.
This chapter discusses operating system hardware components and their interaction with operating systems. It describes the basic features of CPUs like design type, speed, cache, buses, and scheduling. CPUs can be CISC or RISC and include elements like cores, clocks, caches, and address/data/control buses. Popular PC processors include Intel, AMD, and server chips from companies like Sun and HP. Hardware and operating systems evolved together with OSes taking advantage of new processor capabilities.
This chapter describes popular desktop and server operating systems. It discusses early Microsoft operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows 3.x, and Windows 95. It then covers Windows 98/Me, Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. It provides details on features, versions, and capabilities of each. The chapter also examines current operating systems including Windows Server 2003/R2, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008/R2, and Windows 7.
This chapter discusses how operating systems interface with input and output devices through device drivers and adapters. It explains the general process for installing and configuring new devices, which involves installing software drivers, connecting the hardware, and configuring the device. It covers how operating systems use device drivers to communicate with hardware and support various device features. It also describes how to install and update drivers in Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac operating systems. Popular input devices like mice, keyboards, touchscreens, and digital pads are discussed.
This document provides guidance on resource sharing over a network in Windows and UNIX/Linux operating systems. It discusses setting up file, disk, and printer sharing through server network operating systems like Windows Server and UNIX/Linux. It covers configuring user accounts, groups, permissions and security to control access to shared resources. The document also provides examples of how to set up groups, assign permissions, and share disks and files on both Windows Server and UNIX/Linux networks.
This chapter discusses file systems used by various operating systems. It describes the basic functions of file systems including organizing files into directories, establishing naming conventions, and providing file integrity and security. It then covers the file systems used by Windows (FAT16, FAT32, FAT64, NTFS), UNIX/Linux (ufs, ext), and Mac OS X (HFS+). The key components and features of these various file systems are outlined.
This document provides guidance on standard operating and maintenance procedures for file systems. It discusses file system maintenance techniques, such as creating an organized directory structure, finding and deleting unused files on a regular basis, and performing disk maintenance like defragmenting to optimize performance. Backup plans and software installation procedures are also covered. The document provides examples of directory structures and maintenance tasks for different operating systems including Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac OS X.
The document provides guidance on installing and upgrading operating systems. It discusses preparing for installation by checking hardware compatibility and obtaining necessary drivers. The installation process typically involves gathering system information, loading the installation program, configuring devices, copying files, and restarting. Migrating to a new OS may require upgrading existing systems or performing a clean installation, and it is best to test the process first on a representative computer before deploying widely. Training users is also recommended when transitioning to a new desktop operating system.
This chapter discusses storage devices and technologies. It describes common disk storage options like hard drives, DVD/CD drives, removable drives, and flash drives. Hard drive interfaces like IDE, SATA, SCSI, and SAS are explained. The chapter also covers optical disc technologies like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray discs. Network storage options such as SAN, NAS, cloud storage, and tape backup systems are introduced along with their capacities and features.
This chapter discusses operating system hardware components and their interaction with operating systems. It describes the basic features of CPUs like design type, speed, cache, buses, and scheduling. CPUs can be CISC or RISC and include elements like cores, clocks, caches, and address/data/control buses. Popular PC processors include Intel, AMD, and server chips from companies like Sun and HP. Hardware and operating systems evolved together with OSes taking advantage of new processor capabilities.
This chapter describes popular desktop and server operating systems. It discusses early Microsoft operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows 3.x, and Windows 95. It then covers Windows 98/Me, Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. It provides details on features, versions, and capabilities of each. The chapter also examines current operating systems including Windows Server 2003/R2, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008/R2, and Windows 7.
This chapter discusses how operating systems interface with input and output devices through device drivers and adapters. It explains the general process for installing and configuring new devices, which involves installing software drivers, connecting the hardware, and configuring the device. It covers how operating systems use device drivers to communicate with hardware and support various device features. It also describes how to install and update drivers in Windows, Linux/UNIX, and Mac operating systems. Popular input devices like mice, keyboards, touchscreens, and digital pads are discussed.
This document provides guidance on resource sharing over a network in Windows and UNIX/Linux operating systems. It discusses setting up file, disk, and printer sharing through server network operating systems like Windows Server and UNIX/Linux. It covers configuring user accounts, groups, permissions and security to control access to shared resources. The document also provides examples of how to set up groups, assign permissions, and share disks and files on both Windows Server and UNIX/Linux networks.
This chapter discusses network connectivity and operating systems. It explains networking basics such as topologies, hardware, protocols, and how devices connect to networks. It describes client and server operating systems and their roles. It also covers common network protocols like TCP/IP, Ethernet, wireless technologies, and how they are configured in operating systems. Network devices, addressing, and automatic configuration using DHCP are also summarized.
This chapter describes different types of modems and communication devices. It discusses analog modem architecture, including how analog modems modulate and demodulate signals. It also covers digital modems for wireless, ISDN, cable, DSL, and satellite connections. Finally, it describes how to configure modems and Internet connections in various operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.
Selecting and Installing Operating SystemAmir Villas
The document provides an overview of installing and troubleshooting various Windows operating systems, including DOS, Windows 3.1, 95/98/Me, NT/2000/XP. It discusses selecting an OS based on system requirements, starting the setup program from various sources, planning for upgrades or clean installs, and addressing common installation problems like hardware incompatibilities or errors reading from the installation media.
This document provides an overview of storage technologies and concepts. It discusses the history of storage technologies from early drum memory to modern hard disks and solid state drives. Key concepts covered include RAID configurations, disk interfaces like SATA and SAS, tape storage technologies, storage controllers, and virtual tape libraries. The document concludes with a discussion of Kryder's law and projections for future disk capacity growth.
This document defines a computer system and its basic components. It explains that a computer accepts data as input, processes it, stores the information, and outputs it. The three major components are hardware, software, and peopleware. It then discusses the central processing unit, memory units, input/output devices, and storage devices that make up basic computer hardware. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and control unit that execute stored instructions. Memory includes volatile RAM and non-volatile ROM. The BIOS checks components at startup and loads the operating system. Input devices send data for processing while output devices display processed results.
Functions of Operating Systems:
Types of Operating Systems:
Real-Time Operating Systems
Single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems
Single-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
Multi-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command-Line Interface
Running Programs
Managing Hardware
The document provides an overview of the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS). It describes the four major components of MS-DOS: the operating system loader, BIOS, user interface (Command.com), and kernel. The kernel provides services like file management, memory management, device I/O, and process control. It manages memory using a pool of variable blocks and supports conventional, expanded, and extended memory. MS-DOS identifies block and character devices differently and uses functions and handles to communicate with devices like keyboards, displays, and printers. While it can run multiple programs, MS-DOS is a single-tasking operating system.
This document provides an overview of 4 lessons on computing fundamentals:
1) Identifying different types of computers like desktops, laptops, tablets, and handheld devices.
2) Explaining components of a personal computer like the system unit, microprocessor, memory, and how memory works.
3) Detailing storage systems such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and portable storage devices.
4) Discussing input/output devices, software, and using input/output devices.
The document discusses operating systems and their components. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It describes the typical components of a computer system as hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It also provides examples of common operating systems commands like DIR, DEL, DATE and TIME.
Linux is a widely used open source operating system kernel that can also refer to full operating system distributions. It is commonly used in embedded systems due to its portability, modularity, and ability to run on hardware with limited resources. Device drivers can be dynamically loaded and unloaded from the Linux kernel as modules, allowing new functionality to be added without rebooting the system. This makes Linux well-suited for embedded device development.
In this Lab, we go through the steps to prepare the Raspberry Pi board for the projects in the course. this includes selecting the OS and setting it up on the SD card, connecting the Pi, and booting it.
The Lab also goes through setting up the network interfaces (both wired and wireless) and remote connecting into the Pi
1. The document discusses different types of computer software, including system software and application software.
2. System software includes operating systems, utilities, device drivers, and BIOS, which help coordinate the activities of hardware and other programs. Popular operating systems discussed are Windows, Mac OS, and UNIX/Linux.
3. Application software performs specific tasks for users like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases, communication, and multimedia. The document provides examples of common application software.
This document describes different types of computer storage media and devices. It discusses the characteristics of internal hard disks, including capacity, platters, read/write heads, cylinders, sectors, tracks, and revolutions per minute. It also covers external hard disks, solid state drives, optical discs like CDs and DVDs, flash memory cards, tape storage, smart cards, microfilm, and cloud storage. The document provides details on the advantages of secondary storage and how various types of users from home to enterprise environments may utilize different storage solutions.
Case study of windows a product of microsoft including the history and related to operating system with MS-DOS its scheduling, networking, performance, etc. It also contains the windows architecture, it's system components like kernel, and scheduling through threads in windows.
The document discusses the history and development of Linux and Windows operating systems. It mentions that Linus Torvalds developed the initial Linux kernel version 0.0.1 in 1991 as an open source operating system. Microsoft developed Windows NT to support both OS/2 and POSIX APIs, though it later switched to the Win32 API. The document also compares advantages and disadvantages of Linux versus Windows, such as Linux being more stable and secure while Windows has a larger software selection.
This document discusses disk storage and formatting. It explains that disks store data magnetically or optically using transitions between positive and negative polarity or pits and lands. Disk space is organized into cylinders, tracks, heads, and sectors. Low-level formatting creates this structure and high-level formatting creates file systems like FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS that organize data into clusters and directories. The document compares features of different file systems and operating system compatibility.
Chapter 1 Operating Systems FundamentalsRobNieves1
The presentations cover the objectives listed at the beginning of each chapter in the textbook. They include the chapter objectives and some figures, while a complete set of images can be found in the Instructor Resources. The first chapter covers basic operating system concepts like kernels, resource managers, device drivers, and applications, as well as the history of operating systems from early computers to modern desktop and server systems.
The document discusses system software, including operating systems and utility programs. It begins by explaining the differences between system software and application software. It then describes the functions of operating systems such as interfacing with users, booting the computer, configuring devices, managing resources and jobs, file management, security, and increasing efficiency through techniques like multitasking. Popular desktop operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and mobile operating systems are also outlined. The document concludes by describing the roles of various utility programs that perform tasks like file management, searching, and disk management.
This chapter discusses network connectivity and operating systems. It explains networking basics such as topologies, hardware, protocols, and how devices connect to networks. It describes client and server operating systems and their roles. It also covers common network protocols like TCP/IP, Ethernet, wireless technologies, and how they are configured in operating systems. Network devices, addressing, and automatic configuration using DHCP are also summarized.
This chapter describes different types of modems and communication devices. It discusses analog modem architecture, including how analog modems modulate and demodulate signals. It also covers digital modems for wireless, ISDN, cable, DSL, and satellite connections. Finally, it describes how to configure modems and Internet connections in various operating systems like Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.
Selecting and Installing Operating SystemAmir Villas
The document provides an overview of installing and troubleshooting various Windows operating systems, including DOS, Windows 3.1, 95/98/Me, NT/2000/XP. It discusses selecting an OS based on system requirements, starting the setup program from various sources, planning for upgrades or clean installs, and addressing common installation problems like hardware incompatibilities or errors reading from the installation media.
This document provides an overview of storage technologies and concepts. It discusses the history of storage technologies from early drum memory to modern hard disks and solid state drives. Key concepts covered include RAID configurations, disk interfaces like SATA and SAS, tape storage technologies, storage controllers, and virtual tape libraries. The document concludes with a discussion of Kryder's law and projections for future disk capacity growth.
This document defines a computer system and its basic components. It explains that a computer accepts data as input, processes it, stores the information, and outputs it. The three major components are hardware, software, and peopleware. It then discusses the central processing unit, memory units, input/output devices, and storage devices that make up basic computer hardware. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and control unit that execute stored instructions. Memory includes volatile RAM and non-volatile ROM. The BIOS checks components at startup and loads the operating system. Input devices send data for processing while output devices display processed results.
Functions of Operating Systems:
Types of Operating Systems:
Real-Time Operating Systems
Single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems
Single-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
Multi-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command-Line Interface
Running Programs
Managing Hardware
The document provides an overview of the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS). It describes the four major components of MS-DOS: the operating system loader, BIOS, user interface (Command.com), and kernel. The kernel provides services like file management, memory management, device I/O, and process control. It manages memory using a pool of variable blocks and supports conventional, expanded, and extended memory. MS-DOS identifies block and character devices differently and uses functions and handles to communicate with devices like keyboards, displays, and printers. While it can run multiple programs, MS-DOS is a single-tasking operating system.
This document provides an overview of 4 lessons on computing fundamentals:
1) Identifying different types of computers like desktops, laptops, tablets, and handheld devices.
2) Explaining components of a personal computer like the system unit, microprocessor, memory, and how memory works.
3) Detailing storage systems such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and portable storage devices.
4) Discussing input/output devices, software, and using input/output devices.
The document discusses operating systems and their components. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It describes the typical components of a computer system as hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It also provides examples of common operating systems commands like DIR, DEL, DATE and TIME.
Linux is a widely used open source operating system kernel that can also refer to full operating system distributions. It is commonly used in embedded systems due to its portability, modularity, and ability to run on hardware with limited resources. Device drivers can be dynamically loaded and unloaded from the Linux kernel as modules, allowing new functionality to be added without rebooting the system. This makes Linux well-suited for embedded device development.
In this Lab, we go through the steps to prepare the Raspberry Pi board for the projects in the course. this includes selecting the OS and setting it up on the SD card, connecting the Pi, and booting it.
The Lab also goes through setting up the network interfaces (both wired and wireless) and remote connecting into the Pi
1. The document discusses different types of computer software, including system software and application software.
2. System software includes operating systems, utilities, device drivers, and BIOS, which help coordinate the activities of hardware and other programs. Popular operating systems discussed are Windows, Mac OS, and UNIX/Linux.
3. Application software performs specific tasks for users like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases, communication, and multimedia. The document provides examples of common application software.
This document describes different types of computer storage media and devices. It discusses the characteristics of internal hard disks, including capacity, platters, read/write heads, cylinders, sectors, tracks, and revolutions per minute. It also covers external hard disks, solid state drives, optical discs like CDs and DVDs, flash memory cards, tape storage, smart cards, microfilm, and cloud storage. The document provides details on the advantages of secondary storage and how various types of users from home to enterprise environments may utilize different storage solutions.
Case study of windows a product of microsoft including the history and related to operating system with MS-DOS its scheduling, networking, performance, etc. It also contains the windows architecture, it's system components like kernel, and scheduling through threads in windows.
The document discusses the history and development of Linux and Windows operating systems. It mentions that Linus Torvalds developed the initial Linux kernel version 0.0.1 in 1991 as an open source operating system. Microsoft developed Windows NT to support both OS/2 and POSIX APIs, though it later switched to the Win32 API. The document also compares advantages and disadvantages of Linux versus Windows, such as Linux being more stable and secure while Windows has a larger software selection.
This document discusses disk storage and formatting. It explains that disks store data magnetically or optically using transitions between positive and negative polarity or pits and lands. Disk space is organized into cylinders, tracks, heads, and sectors. Low-level formatting creates this structure and high-level formatting creates file systems like FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS that organize data into clusters and directories. The document compares features of different file systems and operating system compatibility.
Chapter 1 Operating Systems FundamentalsRobNieves1
The presentations cover the objectives listed at the beginning of each chapter in the textbook. They include the chapter objectives and some figures, while a complete set of images can be found in the Instructor Resources. The first chapter covers basic operating system concepts like kernels, resource managers, device drivers, and applications, as well as the history of operating systems from early computers to modern desktop and server systems.
The document discusses system software, including operating systems and utility programs. It begins by explaining the differences between system software and application software. It then describes the functions of operating systems such as interfacing with users, booting the computer, configuring devices, managing resources and jobs, file management, security, and increasing efficiency through techniques like multitasking. Popular desktop operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and mobile operating systems are also outlined. The document concludes by describing the roles of various utility programs that perform tasks like file management, searching, and disk management.
The document discusses system software, including operating systems and utility programs. It describes the functions of operating systems such as interfacing with users, booting computers, managing devices and resources, and providing security. Popular operating systems mentioned include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, and iOS. Utility programs are also discussed, including file management programs, backup and restore utilities, disk management, and search tools.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering their basic functions and components. It discusses how operating systems manage hardware resources and provide abstraction for applications. The key components described include the kernel, drivers, utilities, and applications/processes. It also covers process scheduling, file systems, APIs/system calls, memory management, and popular operating systems like IBM z/OS, IBM i, and OpenVMS.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Operating System.pptxgowthamiv26
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their definition, goals, services, and types. Some key points:
- An operating system controls application execution, acts as an interface between hardware and software, and manages system resources efficiently.
- Common operating system services include program development/execution, I/O device access, file access control, system access control, error detection and response, and accounting.
- Major desktop operating systems include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Chrome OS. Server systems include Windows Server, UNIX, and Linux. Mobile systems are iOS, Android, and Windows Phone.
- Linux is an open-source, free alternative that is secure, lightweight, stable, and
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th Edition Chapter 5 - System ...yaminohime
Objectives
- Understand the difference between system software and application software.
- Explain the different functions of an operating system and discuss some ways that operating systems can enhance processing efficiency.
- List several ways in which operating systems differ from one another.
- Name today’s most widely used operating systems for personal computers and servers.
-State several devices other than personal computers and servers that require an operating system and list one possible operating system for each type of device.
- Discuss the role of utility programs and outline several tasks these programs perform.
- Describe what the operating systems of the future might be like.
This document provides an overview of operating systems. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document begins with an introduction to operating systems, describing their role in managing computer hardware resources and providing a interface between software and hardware. Various operating system concepts are then covered such as processes, memory management, file systems and I/O subsystem management. Finally, the document discusses different types of operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed, network and real-time operating systems.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering topics such as the need for operating systems, their evolution over different generations from batch to real-time systems, and the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then discusses operating system services from both the user and system point of view, and provides case studies of the Windows and Linux operating systems.
This presentation was in respect to present operating system as product , as it tells about the general operating systems and how it started and how they are projected as product to market.
This document outlines the structure and content of a course on operating system principles. It is divided into 5 units that cover topics like process management, memory management, distributed systems, and synchronization. The introduction defines key parts of a computer system like the operating system, hardware, and users. It describes the role of the operating system in allocating resources and controlling devices and programs. Examples are given of popular desktop, mobile, and server operating systems.
This document provides an overview of different types of software, including:
1. Systems software such as operating systems, utility programs, and middleware that allow hardware and applications to work together.
2. Application software including personal productivity software for tasks like taxes and budgets, as well as enterprise-level software for organizations.
3. Popular current operating systems for personal computers, workgroups, and specialized devices from Microsoft, Apple, and Linux.
The document provides information on the history and definition of operating systems:
- Operating systems have evolved through distinct phases corresponding to decades, and there has been a long-standing competition between PC and Mac operating systems.
- An operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer, managing hardware resources and providing services to application software. It allows users to communicate with the computer.
- Operating systems include a kernel that manages basic functions like memory, processes, and I/O, as well as a shell for user interaction and a file system for organizing files. Examples are Windows, Linux, Unix, and Mac OS.
The document discusses operating system concepts including:
1. The operating system controls computer resources and provides an interface between applications and hardware.
2. It hides hardware complexity and manages resources like processors, memory, and devices.
3. Key OS components include processes, files, pipes, and system calls that allow programs to request services from the OS kernel.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of operating systems from 1945 to the present. It discusses how operating systems have historically been tied to computer architecture and have progressed through generations that correspond to decades. It defines an operating system as the most important software that manages computer hardware resources and provides services to application software. The functions of an operating system include organizing hardware, giving users a way to communicate with the computer. Operating systems comprise software for kernel management, user interfaces, file systems, and more. Examples are given of different types of operating systems like GUI, multi-user, multiprocessing, and multitasking systems. Specific operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Unix are mentioned.
This chapter discusses system software, operating systems, and utility programs. It defines system software as programs that control the computer system, including the operating system and utility programs. The operating system manages resources and coordinates activities within the computer. It discusses functions of operating systems like interfacing with users, booting the computer, managing resources and jobs, file management, and security. It also covers processing techniques to improve efficiency like multitasking, multiprocessing, and virtual memory. The chapter lists popular operating systems for personal computers like Windows and Mac OS X, and server operating systems like Windows Server. It outlines differences among operating systems and possible future developments.
The document discusses the history and concepts of modern operating systems. It covers four generations of operating systems:
1) Vacuum tubes (1945-1955): Large, slow computers that were programmed and operated directly by engineers.
2) Transistors and batch systems (1955-1965): Systems managed by professional operators using punch cards. Programs were run in batches.
3) Integrated circuits and multiprogramming (1965-1980): OS/360 introduced techniques like multiprogramming and spooling to improve efficiency. Timesharing systems like Multics provided interactive use.
4) Personal computers (1980-present): Lower-cost systems led to popular OS like CP/M, DOS, and
Through this PPT you may learned about Operating System, Types of OS, History of OS, Operating System Software, Gives detailed information about Device Management, Memory Management, File Management
The document provides an overview of operating systems and UNIX/Linux specifically. It discusses how operating systems manage resources and tasks. It then covers the history and development of UNIX, its multi-user and multi-tasking capabilities, and common flavors including Linux. The rest of the document details key aspects of UNIX including processes and process management, memory management, file management, and starting processes.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including definitions of an operating system, its functions, and different types of systems. It discusses mainframe systems using simple batch and multiprogramming operating systems. It also covers time-sharing/multitasking systems, desktop systems, and multiprocessor/parallel systems. The key functions of an operating system are described as process management, memory management, file management, device management, and security.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in JavaScript, including creating custom objects using object literals, constructor functions, and the new operator. It provides examples of defining object properties and methods, and using nested functions to manage the state of buttons for a poker game application. The key topics covered are creating custom objects, defining object properties and methods, object constructor functions, and instantiating objects.
This document discusses using JavaScript to program web forms. It covers exploring the forms and elements objects to reference form fields and values. Methods are presented for setting field values, navigating between fields, and working with selection lists, radio buttons, check boxes, and hidden fields. The document also discusses formatting numeric values, applying form events, appending form data to URLs, and using regular expressions to extract data. Validation techniques like validating credit card numbers are also mentioned.
Chapter 12 Working with Document nodes and style sheetsDr. Ahmed Al Zaidy
This document discusses working with document nodes and style sheets in JavaScript. It covers exploring the node tree structure, creating element and text nodes, and appending nodes to documents. It also discusses creating external and embedded style sheets, adding them to documents, and enabling or disabling style sheets through JavaScript. The document provides examples of how to loop through child nodes, access node properties, and restructure node trees by moving nodes. It also explains working with attribute nodes and style sheet rules.
This document discusses working with events and styles in JavaScript. It covers creating event handlers, using the event object, exploring object properties, working with mouse and keyboard events, and controlling event propagation. Specific topics include adding and removing event listeners, changing inline styles, creating object collections with CSS selectors, and changing the cursor style. The overall goal is to teach how to build interactive elements that respond to user input through events.
Chapter 10 Exploring arrays, loops, and conditional statementsDr. Ahmed Al Zaidy
This document discusses using arrays, loops, and conditional statements in JavaScript. It begins by introducing the objectives of creating an array, working with array properties and methods, creating a for loop, using comparison and logical operators, and creating an if conditional statement. It then provides examples and explanations of creating and populating arrays, extracting values from arrays, sorting arrays, and using arrays as data stacks. The overall purpose is to demonstrate various array and loop techniques to generate a monthly calendar using JavaScript.
This document provides an overview of JavaScript programming concepts including:
1) It discusses server-side and client-side programming, with JavaScript being a client-side language that runs programs on a user's computer.
2) Core JavaScript concepts are explained such as objects, properties, methods, and how to reference browser and document objects.
3) Techniques for writing JavaScript programs are covered like adding comments, writing commands, debugging code, and working with variables.
This document discusses various methods for adding multimedia like audio and video to webpages. It covers HTML5 audio and video elements, supported file formats and codecs, adding captions and subtitles, applying CSS styles, embedding content from sites like YouTube, and using plugins as fallback options. The goal is to understand how to enhance a website with rich multimedia content in an accessible way across different browsers.
This document discusses designing web forms in HTML. It covers the basics of forms, including common form controls like text boxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, dropdown lists and more. It also discusses how to lay out forms, add labels and default values, and how forms interact with web servers. The goal is to explore the key elements for creating effective and functional web forms.
This document discusses using tables in HTML and CSS. It covers how to structure tables with <table>, <tr>, <th>, and <td> tags, style tables with CSS including borders and captions, work with rows and columns including grouping and spanning, and make tables responsive. The goal is to teach how to effectively organize and present information using tables and make those tables readable on different devices.
This document discusses responsive design and flexbox layouts for mobile web design. It covers creating media queries to apply different styles based on screen size, introducing the viewport and its relationship to device width, creating a responsive pulldown menu with CSS, and defining flexbox properties like flex-direction, flex-basis, flex-grow, and flex-shrink to create flexible layouts. The objectives are to make a website render well on devices of various sizes using these responsive design and flexbox techniques.
This document provides an overview of techniques for applying graphical effects to elements using CSS, including:
- Creating figure boxes and adding background images, borders, rounded corners, and gradients.
- Applying transformations, shadows, filters and semi-transparency to elements.
- Introducing 3D transformations and perspective.
- The document contains examples and explanations of CSS properties for each graphical effect.
This document discusses various page layout techniques in CSS including floats, grids, and positioning. It begins by explaining the objectives of creating a reset style sheet, exploring page layout designs, and various positioning techniques. It then covers creating floats, clearing floats, and preventing container collapse. The document ends by discussing grid-based layouts including setting up grids, fixed and fluid grids, and frameworks to support grid layouts.
This document discusses various CSS concepts including style sheets, selectors, inheritance, and properties for styling text, colors, and fonts. It covers the different types of style sheets like external, embedded, and inline styles. Contextual and attribute selectors are explained. Methods for applying colors like RGB, hex codes, and HSL are provided. The use of web fonts with the @font-face rule is also summarized.
The document discusses the objectives and structure of an HTML5 tutorial, including exploring the history of the web, creating the structure of an HTML document, inserting elements and attributes, and linking to other resources. It covers the basics of HTML5 such as the document type declaration, element tags, attributes, comments, and different types of elements like headings, paragraphs, images, and links.
An integer overflow occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the maximum size of the integer type used to store it. This causes the value to wrap around and can lead to unexpected results. For example, adding 1 to the maximum 8-bit signed integer value of 127 would result in -128 instead of 128. Integer overflows can be exploited by attackers and cause issues like buffer overflows. Developers should choose appropriate integer types that can store all possible values and check for overflow conditions.
This document provides an overview of software testing fundamentals. It discusses why testing is necessary due to human errors that can lead to defects. It then defines software testing as a process used to evaluate a product against requirements and design specifications through execution of tests to detect defects. The document outlines the general test process, including test planning, analysis and design, implementation and execution, evaluating results against exit criteria, and closing testing activities.
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The document discusses vulnerability assessment and data security. It explains that vulnerability assessment involves systematically evaluating an enterprise's security posture by identifying assets, evaluating threats, assessing vulnerabilities, analyzing risks, and mitigating risks. This includes inventorying and prioritizing assets, modeling potential threats, cataloging existing weaknesses, estimating the impact of risks, and determining how to address risks. A variety of tools can be used for vulnerability assessment, such as port scanners, vulnerability scanners, and protocol analyzers.
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1. About the Presentations
•The presentations cover the objectives found in the
opening of each chapter.
•All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of
each presentation.
•You may customize the presentations to fit your
class needs.
•Some figures from the chapters are included. A
complete set of images from the book can be found
on the Instructor Resources disc.
3. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 3
Objectives
3
• Explain basic operating system concepts
• Understand the history of operating system
development
• Discuss how operating systems work
• Describe the types of operating systems
• Discuss single-tasking versus multitasking
• Differentiate between single-user and multiuser
operating systems
• List and briefly describe current operating systems
4. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 4
An Introduction to Operating Systems
• An operating system (OS) is a set of basic
programming instructions to computer hardware,
forming a layer of programming code on which
most other functions of the computer are built.
• The kernel is the programming code that is the
core of the operating system.
– Code is a general term that refers to instructions written in a
computer programming language.
• Computer hardware consists of physical devices
such as the central processing unit (CPU), circuit
boards, the monitor and keyboard, and disk drives.
5. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 5
An Introduction to Operating Systems
• Two types of operating systems will be covered in
this book:
– Desktop operating system – installed on a personal computer
(PC) type of computer that is used by one person at a time,
and that may or may not be connected to a network
• Examples of installations are desktop computers, laptops, and
iMac computers
– Server operating system – installed on a more powerful
computer that is connected to a network and enables multiple
users to access information such as e-mail, files, and software.
• Examples of hardware with a server OS include traditional server
hardware, rack-mounted server hardware, and blade servers.
6. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 6
An Introduction to Operating Systems
• Traditional server – often used by small or medium
businesses
– Usually consists of a monitor, CPU box, keyboard, and mouse
• Rack-mounted server – CPU boxes mounted in
racks that can hold multiple servers
– All servers often share one monitor and pointing device
• Blade servers – looks like a card that fits into a
blade enclosure
– A blade enclosure is a large box with slots for blade servers
– Medium and large organizations use blade servers to help
conserve space and to consolidate server management
7. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 7
An Introduction to Operating Systems
• A basic task of an OS is to take care of input/output
(I/O) functions, which let other programs communicate
with the computer hardware
• Some examples of I/O tasks:
– Handle input from the keyboard, mouse, and other input devices
– Handle output to the monitor and printer
– Handle remote communications using a modem
– Manage network communications, such as for a local network and the
Internet
– Control input/output for devices such as network interface card
– Control information storage and retrieval using various types of disk
– Enable multimedia use for voice and video composition or
reproduction, such as recording video from a camera or playing music
8. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 8
An Introduction to Operating Systems
General tasks for all operating systems
9. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 9
A Short History of Operating Systems
• Initially, computers were used as large automated
calculators for mathematical and statistical
problems.
• Legitimate use can be traced back 100 years or
more but there were no practical designs used by
significant numbers of people until the late 1950’s.
• Operating systems were rudimentary, often not
able to do more than read punch cards or tape and
write output to machines resembling typewriters.
– It did not take long before computer applications evolved to do
something useful for a broader audience
10. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 10
A Short History of Operating Systems
• Computers of the late 60’s and early 70’s may be
crude by today’s standards but they were quite
capable
– Contributed to the development of space travel, submarine-
based ballistic missiles, and the global financial community
• This period saw:
– the beginning of the Internet
– Creation of input and output devices such as display terminals
and magnetic disks
– Creation of more operating systems such as OS/8 and UNIX
11. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 11
A Short History of Operating Systems
• In the mid-1960’s, a simple programming language was
developed at Dartmouth College
– BASIC – Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
– Prior to BASIC, programming computers was a very
complicated process that was best left to scientists
– BASIC allowed “nonprogrammers” to start exploring what could
be done with computers
• In 1975, Bill Gates wrote a compiler (software that turns
computer code written by people into code that is
understood by computers) for BASIC
– Sold it to a company called Micro Instrumentation Telemetry
Systems (MITS) who became the first company to produce a
desktop computer
12. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 12
A Short History of Operating Systems
• Bill Gates started a new company called Microsoft
which led to the development of Microsoft Disk
Operating System or MS-DOS in 1980.
– MS-DOS became a runaway success and was the first widely
distributed operating system for microcomputers that had to be
loaded from disk or tape
– IBM adopted MS-DOS for its PC
• In 1984, Apple Macintosh developed a GUI and mouse
pointing device, which allowed users to interact with the
OS on a graphical screen
• In 1985, Microsoft released Windows, which provided a
GUI and many of the same functions as MAC OS
13. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 13
Understanding How Operating
Systems Work
• Elements that enable an operating system to work
with a computer include:
– The kernel
– Resource managers
– Device drivers
– Application software
– BIOS
14. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 14
The Kernel
• The kernel consists of the essential program code of
the operating system
• Jobs performed by the kernel can include:
– Managing interactions with the CPU
– Starting, managing, and scheduling programs that handle I/O
activities, including device and networking activities
– Handling basic computer security
– Managing use of the computer’s memory (RAM)
– Managing priority levels assigned to programs and computer
processes
• In Windows, the name of the kernel file is ntoskrnl.exe
and in MAC OS X, the kernel is called XNU
15. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 15
Resource Managers
• Help ensure memory is used properly and there
are no memory conflicts
• Manages how programs access the processing
capabilities of the CPU
– Example: if there is one CPU and ten programs that want to
access the CPU, the OS will give each program a time slice on
the CPU
• Each program does a little working during its time slice and then
hands the CPU access over to the next program
16. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 16
Device Drivers and the Operating
System
• A device driver translates the information
necessary for the operating system to
communicate with specific hardware
• Examples of hardware that might require a device
driver:
– Fixed internal hard disk drives
– Mouse and trackball devices
– Printers and scanners
– Tape drives, flash drives, and other removable media
– Digital cameras and video hardware
– Many others listed on page 14
17. Device Drivers and the Operating
System
Device drivers interface the operating system with
various hardware devices
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 17
18. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 18
The Role of the Application Software
• Any program a user might choose to run on a
computer
• Examples: word processor, spreadsheet, database,
and a computer game
• An operating system manages the communication
among the applications, the user, and the computer
19. The Role of the Application Software
Application programs communicate with hardware through the OS
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 19
20. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 20
The Role of the BIOS
• BIOS – basic input/output system
• A low-level program code that:
– Initiates and enables communications with hardware devices
– Performs tests at startup called power-on self test (POST)
– Conducts basic hardware and software communications inside
the computer
– Starts a full-fledged operating system that interfaces with the
user
• Every PC has a BIOS, which is stored in a
nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM)
– NVRAM is a memory chip that does not lose its contents when
the computer is turned off
21. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 21
The Role of the BIOS
• NVRAM chip used to store the BIOS is called a
complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) memory chip
• When a PC is turned on:
– The machine wakes up via the CMOS chip and runs a startup
program inside the BIOS
– This program initializes the screen and keyboard, tests
hardware, initializes the hard disk and other drives
– Loads the main operating system onto the hard disk
22. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 22
The Role of the BIOS
Sample BIOS setup screen
23. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 23
Understanding How Operating
Systems Work
General operating system design
24. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 24
Types of Operating Systems
• Operating systems are organized by the size, type,
and purpose of the computer on which they run
– Example: the computer in a microwave oven needs device
drivers for the LED display, keypad, and door close switches
– Example: PC-class computers are designed for individual users
to perform tasks, such as word processing, spreadsheet
management, and networking with other computers
• Early operating systems were written for large,
refrigerator-sized machines and were quite
complex
– Applications were written with efficient code and appearance
was very basic
25. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 25
Types of Operating Systems
• Today, “big” machines no longer refer to size
– “Big” now refers to more processing power, more memory,
more storage, etc…
• To operate today’s more powerful computers, more
powerful and more capable operating systems are
needed.
• Today’s operating systems must support:
– Multitasking
– High-speed network applications
– More powerful I/O capabilities
26. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 26
Types of Operating Systems
• Today, “high-end” workstations look very similar to “low-
end” workstations
– The application software used is usually the differentiating
factor between these 2 types of workstations
– Another factor is hardware: speed of disk controller, size and
speed of the hard disk, amount of memory, size of data
pathways, or speed and number of CPUs
• Computers and operating systems can be looked at in
terms of one or more of the following characteristics:
– Time sharing
– Real time
– Multiuser
27. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 27
Time Sharing
• A time-sharing system is a central computer
system that is used by multiple users and
applications simultaneously
– Mainframe computers are an example
– Used to perform massive calculations or manipulate huge
amounts of data (batch processing)
– An example of batch processing: clearing two million checks
and updating their associated bank accounts in batches
instead of single, sequential repetitive tasks
– Sequential processing: used by smaller computers where each
process request is completed, and the data returned before the
next process is started
29. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 29
Real-Time Systems
• A real-time system is an operating system that
interacts directly with the user and responds
immediately (or almost immediately) with required
information
– Example: when a scientist calculates the size of an iceberg the
computer program immediately performs the calculation and
returns the answer
– Uses sequential processing instead of batch processing
• Windows 7 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard are
examples
– What most of us are familiar with today
30. Real-Time Systems
Using a network to access a real-time Windows server
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 30
31. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 31
Multiuser Systems
• A multiuser system supports multiple users who
are accessing the computer’s and operating
system’s hardware and software facilities
– Both time-sharing and real-time systems can be multiuser
• Client/server systems – a small part of the work is
done on the central computer (server) while most
of the work is performed on the computer at the
user’s desk (client)
• Client server computing was not possible until the
PC was introduced
32. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 32
Multiuser Systems
• Cloud computing: providing scalable Web-based
applications and services over the Internet that are
used by clients through Web browsers
• Microsoft describes three types of cloud models:
– Private cloud – computing resources are kept within an
organization and used exclusively by that organization
– Hosted private cloud – resources are made available through a
third-party outsourcer, but are only accessible to users within a
specific organization
– Public cloud – a variety of resources are available to any
organization through a third party
• Each organization subscribes only to specific resources, which
may be shared by other organizations
34. Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking
• Earlier versions of operating systems allowed
programs to directly access hardware
– More prone to unexpected hangs, system instability, or crashes
• Today’s operating systems manage access to
hardware
– Major reason for this was to facilitate multitasking (running two
or more programs at the same time)
• Two general types of multitasking:
– Cooperative multitasking
– Preemptive multitasking
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 34
35. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 35
Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking
• Cooperative multitasking – the OS hands over
control to a program and then waits for the program
to hand control back to OS
– If program does not give control back to OS, it may hog the
CPU until its operations are complete
– No other program can run until control is given back to OS
– Found in early Windows versions
– Example: If you print a word-processing file and try to play
Solitaire, you cannot play a card until the print job is finished
36. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 36
Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking
Cooperative multitasking basics
37. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 37
Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking
• Preemptive multitasking – the OS is in control of
the computer at all times
– Lets programs execute a little bit of code at a time then forces
the program to relinquish control of the CPU
– OS has control over how much of the computer’s resources
are allocated to each program
– Found in modern OSs like Windows XP, Vista, 7, Server
2008, Mac OS X, Linux
– You could play Solitaire while printing a word-processing file
– Computers must use more of its CPU and memory to support
the OS, but the behavior of the computer is more predictable
38. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 38
Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking
Preemptive multitasking basics
39. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 39
Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking
• Single-tasking operating systems – execute one
program at a time
– To do something else, one program must be stopped
– Older OSs like MS-DOS were single-tasking
Single-tasking OS
40. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 40
Single-Tasking Versus Multitasking
• Task-switching operating systems – more than one
program can run at a time but only one program
can have control at a time
– Earlier versions of Mac OS were task-switching
Task-switching
41. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 41
Single-user Versus Multiuser
Operating Systems
Comparing single-user and multiuser operating
systems
42. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 42
Current Operating Systems
• Most common OSs covered in this book:
– Windows XP, Vista, and 7 (Desktop OS)
– Windows Server 2003 and Server 2003 R2
– Windows Server 2008 and Server 2008 R2
– Many different distributions of UNIX/LINUX, focusing on Fedora
– Apple Macintosh Mac OS X (versions 10.5 Leopard and 10.6
Snow Leopard)
• Chapter 2 covers these OSs in more detail
43. Chapter Summary
• An operating system provides the foundation upon which to run the
components of a computer and execute applications
• A basic task of an operating system is to enable a computer to
perform I/O functions
• Two common types of operating systems are desktop and server
• The history of operating systems and computers represents a
progression from physically huge computers to large computers to
desktop-sized computers that have powerful operating systems
• Device drivers can extend the native function of an operating
system to provide access and control over different types of
devices, such as printers and DVD/CD-ROM drives
• The BIOS is a low-level program code that operates between the
computer hardware and an operating system to initiate
communication, perform hardware tests, and enable startup of OS
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 43
44. Chapter Summary
• An OS may be geared to run a large mainframe or a small PC-type of
computer
• Operating systems can be understood in terms of characteristics such as
time sharing, real-time operation, and multiuser capabilities
• From the standpoint of the user, among the most significant advances in
operating systems is the refinement of the GUI in Windows-based and
Mac OS systems
• Early operating systems tended to be single-tasking, but modern systems
are largely multitasking
• A true multiuser system is one in which multiple users access and run a
single application on a single computer at the same time
• Currently popular OSs are the topic of this book and include Windows XP,
Vista, 7, Server 2003/R2, Server 2008/R2, UNIX/Linux, and Mac OS X
Leopard and Snow Leopard
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 44