Ch 5 -lensproperties
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This document discusses the properties and behavior of convex and concave lenses. It explains that convex lenses form real, inverted images unless the object is placed between the focal point and the lens, in which case it forms a virtual, upright image. It also explains that concave lenses always form virtual, upright images that are smaller than the object. The document provides formulas for calculating the location and size of images formed by lenses and works through two example problems.
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روعه Exellent P P Reflection Of Light 2
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روعه Exellent P P Reflection Of Light 2
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LENSES POWER POINT
Lenses are used in many optical devices like microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and projectors to refract light in a way that magnifies or projects images. There are two main types of lenses - convex lenses that converge light and concave lenses that diverge light. Lenses work by refracting light as they are made of curved surfaces of glass or other transparent materials that act like segments of a sphere or combination of prisms to bend light rays.
3. Ray Diagram
A convex lens can form real or virtual images depending on the object distance. Real images are always inverted and magnified if the object is between f and 2f, inverted and the same size if at 2f, and inverted and diminished if beyond 2f. A concave lens always forms virtual, upright, and diminished images. Common applications of convex lenses include slide projectors, cameras, and magnifying glasses, while concave lenses are used in astronomical telescopes.
Best form lenses
This document discusses different types of best form lenses, which aim to minimize optical aberrations. It describes the history of efforts to improve lens design, dating back to Huygens' proposal in the 17th century. The ideal best form lens is described as being aberration-free, easy to manufacture, and inexpensive. Four main types are covered: aspheric lenses, deep meniscus lenses, lenticular lenses, and periscopic lenses. Aspheric lenses modify the lens curvature to reduce aberrations. Deep meniscus lenses have a base curve of 6.00 diopters or greater. Lenticular lenses have a smaller powered central area within a larger unpowered peripheral frame. Periscopic lenses have
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Optics lenses--image-formation-worksheet
The document describes the properties of images formed by convex and concave lenses. It explains that a real image is formed when light rays converge on the opposite side of the lens, appearing inverted. A virtual image is formed when light rays diverge on the same side of the lens, appearing upright. The document then analyzes six cases of an object at different distances from a convex lens and concave lens to determine the corresponding image properties.
P8 converging lens
This document discusses image formation using a converging lens. It defines key terms like principal axis and focal length. It presents three rules for drawing ray diagrams to determine the image location: rays parallel to the principal axis converge at the focal point on the opposite side, rays through the optical center pass straight through, and rays through the focal point are refracted parallel to the principal axis. The document explains that real images form when the object is over one focal length away, while virtual images form when the object is under one focal length away, as the refracted rays diverge in that case. No image is formed when the object is exactly at the focal length.
Convex Lens - A Complete Overview.PDF
A lens is a transparent material that concentrates or disperses light rays when it passes through them by refraction. According to the shape and purpose of the lens, they are classified into two types convex lens and concave lens. Let’s learn about convex lenses in detail in this article.
Lenses 2
1) The document discusses ray diagrams for convex lenses, including two rules - parallel rays are refracted through the principal focus, and rays passing through the lens center travel straight.
2) It provides an example ray diagram showing the image of an object placed 30cm from a lens with a 10cm focal length. The diagram illustrates the object, lens center, focal points, and ray paths.
3) Measurements from the example diagram show the image is inverted, diminished, and forms 15cm from the lens. The magnification is calculated from these measurements.
fdocuments.net_optics-lecture-2-book-chapter-3435.ppt
An image is a reproduction of an object via light that can either be real, forming on a surface, or virtual, requiring an observer. Real images are produced by concave mirrors and converging lenses, whereas virtual images are produced by flat mirrors. A real image occurs where rays converge and a virtual image where rays appear to converge. Concave mirrors form real images when the object is outside the focal point and virtual images when inside the focal point. Lenses also form real or virtual images depending on if the object is outside or inside the focal point. Diffraction occurs when light encounters an obstacle comparable in size to its wavelength, spreading the waves and creating interference patterns like Newton's rings.
Geometric optics
This document provides an overview of geometric optics, including the ray model of light, reflection, refraction, and image formation using plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, and thin lenses. Key concepts covered include the types of images that can be formed (real or virtual), sign conventions, lateral magnification, focal points and lengths, and graphical methods for solving problems involving mirrors and lenses. Sample problems are worked through as examples.
Optics
1) Real images can be formed on a screen and are produced by converging rays, while virtual images cannot be formed on a screen and appear to be produced by diverging rays.
2) The image formed by a plain mirror is virtual, upright, the same size as the object, laterally inverted, and the same distance from the mirror as the object.
3) For a concave mirror, the type of image (real or virtual) depends on the object's distance from the mirror. If the object is between the mirror and focal point, the image is virtual and upright.
Physics form 4 chapter 5
This document provides an overview of key concepts in optics, including:
1) Light reflection - The laws of reflection state that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and the reflected ray, incident ray, and normal lie in the same plane.
2) Refraction - When light travels from one medium to another of different density, it changes speed and direction according to Snell's law. This causes bending called refraction.
3) Total internal reflection - When light travels from a denser to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, it is totally internally reflected at the boundary between the media. This principle is used in optical fibers.
optics mirrors_and_lenses (1)
Mirrors and lenses reflect and refract light to form real or virtual images. Reflection off flat surfaces follows the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object. Convex lenses diverge light rays to form reduced virtual images, while concave lenses converge light to form real images that can be magnified or reduced. The eye focuses light using a convex lens, and conditions like nearsightedness and farsightedness occur when the eye is too long or short.
Light and sight
The document discusses various optical properties of light including reflection, refraction, the formation of images using mirrors and lenses, color, vision and the human eye. It explains how light travels in straight lines and is reflected or refracted when it encounters different materials and surfaces. Various optical devices like plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, thin lenses and the eye are analyzed using ray tracing techniques and equations to determine the location and characteristics of images.
ray optics.ppt
1. Mirrors and lenses bend light through reflection and refraction. Reflection follows the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, while refraction depends on the difference in refractive indices between materials.
2. Mirrors form either real or virtual images depending on whether the light rays actually converge. Lenses also form different image types based on the position of the object relative to the focal point.
3. The eye functions like a lens, and nearsightedness and farsightedness occur when the eyeball is too long or short, resulting in the image focusing in front of or behind the retina. Corrective lenses can address these issues.
0708_optics_mirrors_and_lenses (1).ppt
1. Mirrors and lenses reflect and refract light in predictable ways based on their shape and the refractive indices of materials. Flat mirrors follow the law of reflection where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
2. Mirrors can form real or virtual images depending on whether the light rays actually converge or only appear to converge. Concave mirrors can form images that are upright or inverted depending on the position of the object.
3. Lenses, both convex and concave, bring light rays together or spread them apart to form real or virtual images based on the position of the object relative to the focal point. The eye lens focuses light onto the retina to enable vision.
0708_optics_mirrors_and_lenses.ppt
This document discusses optics concepts including reflection, refraction, and mirrors and lenses. Reflection follows the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Real images are formed by converging light rays, while virtual images appear to form but the light rays do not actually converge. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images depending on the object's position. Convex lenses converge light rays to form real images, while concave lenses diverge light rays to form reduced virtual images. The eye focuses light using its refractive properties, and near- or far-sightedness can be corrected using lenses.
0708_optics_mirrors_and_lenses.ppt
This document discusses optics concepts including reflection, refraction, and mirrors and lenses. Reflection follows the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Real images are formed by converging light rays, while virtual images appear to form but rays do not actually converge. Concave mirrors can form real or virtual images depending on the object's position. Convex lenses converge light to form real images, while concave lenses diverge light to form reduced virtual images. Refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another of different density, causing the light to bend. The eye focuses light through refraction, and lenses in cameras similarly focus light onto film.
6. 10. lightreflectionandrefraction
This document provides information about light reflection and refraction. It discusses the laws of reflection and refraction, and how light behaves when interacting with spherical mirrors and lenses. Key points covered include:
- The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
- Reflection and refraction of light can be used to form real or virtual images with mirrors and lenses.
- Spherical mirrors and lenses have a focal point where light rays converge or appear to diverge, depending on whether the surface is convex or concave.
- Mirror and lens formulas relate the focal length to the object and image distances.
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Lenses in Optics
The document discusses the principles of image formation using lenses and how lenses are used in corrective lenses. It covers the basics of refraction, how converging and diverging lenses form images using ray tracing rules, and examples of how converging and diverging lenses can correct for nearsightedness and farsightedness by forming intermediate images at the appropriate focal points for the eye. Diagrams illustrate the ray tracing and image formation for different types of lenses. Exercises provide examples of using the ray tracing rules to locate images.
Light and sight
The eye accommodates by increasing its lens power to 59.6 diopters.
2. The lens power is 59.6 diopters & the focal
length is:
f = 0.25 m
3. The near point for a normal eye is 0.25 m.
4. Presbyopia occurs when the eye loses its ability
to accommodate for close objects. The near point
increases beyond 0.25 m.
So in summary, the eye changes its focal length to focus on objects at different distances by changing its lens power through accommodation.
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fdocuments.net_optics-lecture-2-book-chapter-3435.ppt
fdocuments.net_optics-lecture-2-book-chapter-3435.ppt
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Ch 20 -galaxies
The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy that is warped due to gravitational interactions with its neighboring dwarf galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It is composed of stars, gas, dust, and contains over 200 billion stars. The Milky Way is home to our solar system and planet Earth.
Ch 19 -life and death of stars
1. Stars are born through nuclear fusion and spend most of their life fusing hydrogen into helium as a main sequence star.
2. When stars exhaust their hydrogen fuel, low mass stars become red giants and high mass stars explode as supernovae.
3. The remnants of dead stars are white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes depending on the original star's mass.
Other suns
1. There are three main ways to determine the distance to stars: comparing absolute and apparent magnitude, using parallax to calculate distance, and applying the inverse square law relating luminosity and brightness to distance.
2. Key properties of stars can be determined by their spectra, luminosity, temperature, and location on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing the main sequence of star development.
3. Binary star systems provide information about stellar characteristics and evolution through their gravitational interactions, and some binaries involve mass transfer or lead to supernovae.
Ch 17 -our dynamic sun
The Sun is a dynamic object with complex internal structure and outer atmosphere. It has a core reaching temperatures over 27 million degrees Fahrenheit where nuclear fusion occurs. Energy radiates outward through the radiative zone and flows in convection currents in the convection zone before emerging in the photosphere. Above the photosphere lies the chromosphere and transition region where temperatures rise into the million degrees before reaching the super-hot corona extending far into space. The solar wind and coronal mass ejections influence space weather throughout the solar system.
Ch 16 -cometsmeteorsasteroids
Asteroids are rocky airless worlds that orbit the sun and are too small to be considered planets. They come in three main types - C, S, and M - and some are potentially hazardous if they come close to Earth. While asteroid impacts were more common in the past, Earth still suffers impacts about once every 2,000 years from asteroids the size of a football field. Comets are made of ice, dust, and rock and form tails when close to the sun as their ices sublimate. Meteors are flashes of light seen when meteorids burn up in Earth's atmosphere, meteorites are meteorids that survive entry and hit the ground.
Ch 15 -the five dwarfs
High School Informaton Power point regarding the Dwarf Planets, the Asteroid Belt and the Kuiper Belt
Ch 14 -neptune
Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in our solar system. It has a blue appearance due to methane in its atmosphere absorbing red light and reflecting blue wavelengths. Neptune has the third largest planet in the solar system, with a diameter roughly four times larger than Earth and an extremely powerful wind speeds. The planet has a prominent magnetic field and ring system composed of small, dark particles.
Ch 12 -saturn1b
Saturn is a giant planet with a diameter of over 58,000 km. It has a hydrogen and helium atmosphere and a core made of metallic hydrogen. Saturn has over 60 moons, the largest being Titan which has a thick nitrogen atmosphere and landscapes resembling those found in Tolkien's books, with rivers and lakes of methane. Another notable moon is Mimas, which resembles the Death Star from Star Wars and shakes internally in a mysterious way.
Ch 13 -uranus
Uranus has a unique axial tilt of 98 degrees, causing its poles to face the sun for 42 years before flipping to face away for the next 42 years. It is an ice giant made up of icy materials like water, methane and ammonia. Uranus has rings and 27 moons, with its largest moons being Titania and Oberon. Its blue-green color is caused by methane in its atmosphere absorbing red light.
Ch 11 -jupiter
Jupiter is the 5th planet from the Sun and over 1,300 Earths could fit inside it. It spins rapidly, completing a day in just over 10 hours, and has a year lasting over 12 Earth years. Jupiter has a solid core surrounded by liquid metallic hydrogen and molecular hydrogen. It has a thick atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium with constant storms, including the Giant Red Spot which has raged for over 150 years. Jupiter has over 67 known moons, with the four largest called the Galilean satellites - Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
Ch 10 -mars
This document provides information about the planet Mars in several paragraphs. It includes stats about Mars such as it being the fourth planet from the sun, its mass, gravity, seasons, and that it has two moons named Phobos and Deimos. Large geographical features on Mars like Olympus Mons and Valles Marineris are mentioned. The atmosphere, weather, and prospects for human colonization are also briefly discussed. Videos and links for additional information are provided throughout.
Ch 9 -venus
Venus is Earth's closest planetary neighbor with a rocky landscape and thick, toxic atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. It has no moons or rings and rotates backwards compared to Earth, resulting in sunrises in the west and sunsets in the east. The surface temperature is a scorching 900 degrees Fahrenheit due to a runaway greenhouse effect. Venus is studied through spacecraft missions as it may provide insight into climate change on Earth.
Ch 8 -mercury
Mercury is the planet closest to the sun, with an eccentric orbit that causes surface temperatures to vary widely between 700K and 100K. It has a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, resulting in a long day of 176 Earth days. Mercury likely formed from the remnants of a large collision that left it with a high iron content in its core. The MESSENGER mission provided insights into Mercury's weak magnetic field and thin exosphere composed of sodium and oxygen.
Ch 7 -moon (2)
1. The Moon has many craters and smooth areas called maria. Its gravity is 1/6 that of Earth, so it cannot retain water or atmosphere.
2. The same side of the Moon always faces Earth because it rotates at the same rate that it revolves around Earth.
3. It is widely accepted that the Moon was formed from debris left over after a large object collided with Earth when it was young. Rocks brought back from the Moon match Earth's composition.
Ch 7 -earth
The document discusses several topics related to Earth science, including:
1) The layers of Earth's interior including the crust, mantle, and core. The mantle is partially melted lower down and rigid upper mantle.
2) Plate tectonics and how the movement of tectonic plates at a rate of 3 cm per year explains continental drift and mountain range formation.
3) The atmosphere is divided into four layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - based on temperature, composition, and density.
4) The ozone layer is an atmospheric filter that protects from UV rays, and holes in the ozone are caused by interactions with pollutant gases.
Ch 5 -how do telescopes work
A simple without much math details about generalities of telescopes for a high school beginning level astronomy class.
Ch 4 -reflection, refraction and snell’s law
The document discusses the laws of reflection and refraction of light. It states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and that light bends when changing mediums due to changes in velocity. The index of refraction is a value that indicates how much a substance bends light. Snell's law states that the index of refraction of the incident medium times the sine of the angle of incidence equals the index of refraction of the refracted medium times the sine of the angle of refraction. An example calculation is shown to find the index of refraction of plexiglass using measurements and air's known index of refraction.
Ch 3 -properties of light
This document discusses various properties of light, including its behavior as both particles (photons) and waves. It describes experiments by Newton showing visible light can be separated into different colors/wavelengths. It also discusses how different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can penetrate the atmosphere, allowing astronomers to study celestial objects across the electromagnetic spectrum. Finally, it summarizes laws like the Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien's laws that describe how the radiation of a blackbody relates to its temperature.
Ch 3 -electromagnetic spectrum
This document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and its use in astronomy. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. Each type of electromagnetic wave has a different wavelength and frequency. In astronomy, different types of electromagnetic waves are used to study different phenomena in the universe. Radio, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are all emitted by stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects and can be detected to learn about their composition and structure.
Ch 2 -newton’s law of universal gravitation
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Ch 5 -lensproperties
- 1. Oh, and Math
- 2. Thicker in the middle than the edges. Rays converge to focus an image. has + focal length
- 3. 1. A ray parallel to the principal axis will refract through the focal point. 2. A ray through the focal point will refract parallel to the principal axis. 3. A ray through the center of the lens maintains its course.
- 5. Lens is thinner in the middle than the edges. Refracted rays diverge on other side of lens. has – focal length
- 6. Back trace the refracted ray Back trace the refracted ray Back trace the refracted ray virtual smaller upright
- 8. Convex Lens: Real image unless object is in front of F, then virtual image is formed. Inverted unless in front of F, then upright image is formed. Farther away object is smaller image is. Bring in closer then image is enlarged. And when object is in front of F, huge and same side as F.
- 9. Concave Lens: Image is Virtual, smaller and Upright. Also, on same side of lens as object.
- 10. Same Formula: 1 + 1 = 1 do di f m = hi = -di ho do
- 11. 1. A 18-cm tall object is placed 33 cm from a converging lens that has a focal length of 10 cm. How far from the lens will the image be formed? How tall is the image formed? Describe the image formed. 2. The same 18-cm tall object is now placed 33 cm from a diverging lens that has a focal length of -28 cm. How far from the lens will the image be formed? How Tall is the image? Describe the image.