Ch 7 -earth
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The document discusses several topics related to Earth science, including: 1) The layers of Earth's interior including the crust, mantle, and core. The mantle is partially melted lower down and rigid upper mantle. 2) Plate tectonics and how the movement of tectonic plates at a rate of 3 cm per year explains continental drift and mountain range formation. 3) The atmosphere is divided into four layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - based on temperature, composition, and density. 4) The ozone layer is an atmospheric filter that protects from UV rays, and holes in the ozone are caused by interactions with pollutant gases.
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Ch 7 -moon (2)
1. The Moon has many craters and smooth areas called maria. Its gravity is 1/6 that of Earth, so it cannot retain water or atmosphere.
2. The same side of the Moon always faces Earth because it rotates at the same rate that it revolves around Earth.
3. It is widely accepted that the Moon was formed from debris left over after a large object collided with Earth when it was young. Rocks brought back from the Moon match Earth's composition.
Earths Moon
The document summarizes key facts about the Moon learned from Apollo missions between 1969-1972. It describes the Moon's density and lack of an atmosphere. Craters are common due to meteorite impacts, while erosion has erased most craters on Earth. Craters form when meteoroids compress surface material, some of which is ejected to form crater rims. The Moon also features highlands and dark maria (plural of mare) formed by ancient lava flows. The lunar surface is covered by a regolith layer composed of debris from meteorite bombardment.
Earth
Earth began forming over 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust that also formed the Sun and other planets. As the solar system developed, small objects called planetesimals collided and stuck together, eventually forming Earth. When Earth first formed, it was a hot molten planet bombarded by asteroids and comets. As it cooled over millions of years, the first life forms of bacteria emerged and the oceans and atmosphere developed. Today, Earth is a complex system made up of interacting spheres including the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere that sustain life.
introduction of Earth
The document discusses several theories of the origin of Earth:
- The Nebular Hypothesis proposed that Earth formed from a nebula of gas and dust along with the Sun. However, it does not explain the Sun's low angular momentum.
- The Planetesimal Hypothesis proposed that small planetesimals collided to form planets, but does not explain how they formed one planet.
- The Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis proposed tidal forces from a passing star detached gas from the Sun to form planets, but the theory cannot provide the proper angular momentum.
- The Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis suggests planets evolved from a cold gas and dust cloud around the Sun, and explains some observed phenomena of
Our planet EARTH
Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago and is the only known planet that supports life. It has three main layers - a crust, mantle, and core. The crust ranges from 5-70 km deep and has both continental and oceanic parts. Below the crust is the thickest layer, the mantle, which extends to a depth of 2,890 km and is composed of silicate rocks. The innermost layer is the core, with a solid inner core of iron and nickel around 1,220 km wide and a liquid outer core that creates Earth's magnetic field.
Lesson 1.3
1. Over 4.5 billion years ago, a large cloud of gas and dust collapsed under gravity to form the solar nebula from which the Sun and planets eventually formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, the solar nebula flattened into a disk with the young Sun at the center, and the planets coalesced from clumps of dust and gas within this disk.
3. Earth formed from metallic and rocky fragments approximately 4.5 billion years ago and has since developed distinct geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere systems that interact with one another.
The solar system - Phoenix University Guide
The document summarizes key information about the formation of the solar system and properties of planets in our solar system. It explains that the solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under gravity around 4.6 billion years ago. It also provides details about the terrestrial planets like Earth, Mars, and Mercury including their geological features and atmospheric compositions. Visual aids like images and diagrams are included to supplement the textual information.
Formation ofthe solar system notes
The formation of the solar system began from a large cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula. As the nebula collapsed due to gravity, it formed a disc with the sun at the center. Planetesimals within the disc collided and accreted to form the planets. The nebular theory explained many characteristics of the solar system but did not account for all observations. The modern condensation theory expanded on this model and better explained features such as the asteroid belt and comets through processes like condensation and fractionation within the early solar system.
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Ch 7 -moon (2)
1. The Moon has many craters and smooth areas called maria. Its gravity is 1/6 that of Earth, so it cannot retain water or atmosphere.
2. The same side of the Moon always faces Earth because it rotates at the same rate that it revolves around Earth.
3. It is widely accepted that the Moon was formed from debris left over after a large object collided with Earth when it was young. Rocks brought back from the Moon match Earth's composition.
Earths Moon
The document summarizes key facts about the Moon learned from Apollo missions between 1969-1972. It describes the Moon's density and lack of an atmosphere. Craters are common due to meteorite impacts, while erosion has erased most craters on Earth. Craters form when meteoroids compress surface material, some of which is ejected to form crater rims. The Moon also features highlands and dark maria (plural of mare) formed by ancient lava flows. The lunar surface is covered by a regolith layer composed of debris from meteorite bombardment.
Earth
Earth began forming over 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust that also formed the Sun and other planets. As the solar system developed, small objects called planetesimals collided and stuck together, eventually forming Earth. When Earth first formed, it was a hot molten planet bombarded by asteroids and comets. As it cooled over millions of years, the first life forms of bacteria emerged and the oceans and atmosphere developed. Today, Earth is a complex system made up of interacting spheres including the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere that sustain life.
introduction of Earth
The document discusses several theories of the origin of Earth:
- The Nebular Hypothesis proposed that Earth formed from a nebula of gas and dust along with the Sun. However, it does not explain the Sun's low angular momentum.
- The Planetesimal Hypothesis proposed that small planetesimals collided to form planets, but does not explain how they formed one planet.
- The Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis proposed tidal forces from a passing star detached gas from the Sun to form planets, but the theory cannot provide the proper angular momentum.
- The Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis suggests planets evolved from a cold gas and dust cloud around the Sun, and explains some observed phenomena of
Our planet EARTH
Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago and is the only known planet that supports life. It has three main layers - a crust, mantle, and core. The crust ranges from 5-70 km deep and has both continental and oceanic parts. Below the crust is the thickest layer, the mantle, which extends to a depth of 2,890 km and is composed of silicate rocks. The innermost layer is the core, with a solid inner core of iron and nickel around 1,220 km wide and a liquid outer core that creates Earth's magnetic field.
Lesson 1.3
1. Over 4.5 billion years ago, a large cloud of gas and dust collapsed under gravity to form the solar nebula from which the Sun and planets eventually formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, the solar nebula flattened into a disk with the young Sun at the center, and the planets coalesced from clumps of dust and gas within this disk.
3. Earth formed from metallic and rocky fragments approximately 4.5 billion years ago and has since developed distinct geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere systems that interact with one another.
The solar system - Phoenix University Guide
The document summarizes key information about the formation of the solar system and properties of planets in our solar system. It explains that the solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under gravity around 4.6 billion years ago. It also provides details about the terrestrial planets like Earth, Mars, and Mercury including their geological features and atmospheric compositions. Visual aids like images and diagrams are included to supplement the textual information.
Formation ofthe solar system notes
The formation of the solar system began from a large cloud of gas and dust called the solar nebula. As the nebula collapsed due to gravity, it formed a disc with the sun at the center. Planetesimals within the disc collided and accreted to form the planets. The nebular theory explained many characteristics of the solar system but did not account for all observations. The modern condensation theory expanded on this model and better explained features such as the asteroid belt and comets through processes like condensation and fractionation within the early solar system.
Our planet, the earth
The Earth has several key features that support life, including an atmosphere containing oxygen, average temperatures of 15°C, and a water cycle. It rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night, and revolves around the sun over the course of 365 days, causing the seasons. The moon orbits the Earth every 28 days and causes ocean tides. The Earth also has a molten iron core that generates a magnetic field protecting it from solar radiation.
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Origins of Our Solar System
The solar system formed from a giant cloud of dust and gas called a nebula approximately 5 billion years ago. As the nebula collapsed due to gravity, the densest parts compressed at its center to form the proto-Sun, while the remaining material flattened into a disk that would eventually form the planets. Over millions of years, dust particles in the disk collided and stuck together, growing into ever larger bodies including planets that began to orbit the newborn Sun. The inner terrestrial planets closest to the Sun include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, while the outer gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. In a few billion years, the Sun will grow hotter and expand, likely consuming the inner planets
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Chapter 24 section 2 notes
Chapter 24
Section 2: The Inner Planets
Minersville Area School District
8th Grade General Science
Mr. Motuk
Introduction to Earth
Earth is composed of four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of either continental or oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, upper mantle, and lower mantle. The outer core is a liquid layer made of nickel and iron that generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is made of solid iron deep within Earth. Overall, Earth's composition is approximately 34.6% iron, 29.5% oxygen, and 15.2% silicon.
THE EARTH
The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago. It is the third planet from the sun and the only known planet capable of sustaining life. The Earth has a molten iron core, a solid silicate mantle, and a crust consisting of tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over millions of years. The Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere support around 8.7 million known species of life. Humans depend on the biosphere and minerals of the Earth, though pollution poses threats to both the environment and human health.
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- The interior structure of Earth, including the crust, mantle (with upper, lower, and outer layers), liquid outer core, and solid inner core.
- Theories for the origin of Earth, including the nebular hypothesis of Kant and Laplace where Earth formed from a contracting gas cloud/nebula around the sun.
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Module 1 origin and systems of earth
1. James Hutton established the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological forces shaping Earth today are the same as in the past. He is considered the founder of modern geology.
2. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which explained how species change over time in response to their environment.
3. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity or "Moho".
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Grade 11 Earth & Life Science (Earth System & Subsystems)
1. The Earth can be understood as a system consisting of interconnected subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
2. The geosphere includes the solid Earth from the crust to the core. The hydrosphere is the dynamic mass of water on Earth. The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer surrounding the planet. The biosphere includes all ecosystems and life forms on Earth.
3. These subsystems interact through material cycles like the carbon, water, and rock cycles. They exchange heat and energy. Together they comprise the closed Earth system, which receives energy from the sun.
Chapter 23.1
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2. The expansion of the universe is occurring at the scale of galaxies and galaxy clusters - it does not affect smaller scales like the Earth-Sun distance. Gravity between the Earth and Sun is strong enough to overcome any tiny effects from the universe's expansion. So the increasing distance between galaxies will not directly
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• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
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The solar system formed from a giant cloud of dust and gas called a nebula approximately 5 billion years ago. As the nebula collapsed due to gravity, the densest parts compressed at its center to form the proto-Sun, while the remaining material flattened into a disk that would eventually form the planets. Over millions of years, dust particles in the disk collided and stuck together, growing into ever larger bodies including planets that began to orbit the newborn Sun. The inner terrestrial planets closest to the Sun include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, while the outer gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. In a few billion years, the Sun will grow hotter and expand, likely consuming the inner planets
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Chapter 24 section 2 notes
Chapter 24
Section 2: The Inner Planets
Minersville Area School District
8th Grade General Science
Mr. Motuk
Introduction to Earth
Earth is composed of four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of either continental or oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, upper mantle, and lower mantle. The outer core is a liquid layer made of nickel and iron that generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is made of solid iron deep within Earth. Overall, Earth's composition is approximately 34.6% iron, 29.5% oxygen, and 15.2% silicon.
THE EARTH
The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago. It is the third planet from the sun and the only known planet capable of sustaining life. The Earth has a molten iron core, a solid silicate mantle, and a crust consisting of tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over millions of years. The Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere support around 8.7 million known species of life. Humans depend on the biosphere and minerals of the Earth, though pollution poses threats to both the environment and human health.
Origin and interiors of the earth LECTURE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING
This document provides an overview of engineering geology and the interior structure of Earth. It discusses:
- Engineering geology as the application of geology to civil engineering projects.
- The interior structure of Earth, including the crust, mantle (with upper, lower, and outer layers), liquid outer core, and solid inner core.
- Theories for the origin of Earth, including the nebular hypothesis of Kant and Laplace where Earth formed from a contracting gas cloud/nebula around the sun.
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The document provides information about planet Earth. It discusses that Earth is the third planet from the sun, the largest of the inner planets, and is known by names like the Blue Planet. It formed 4.6 billion years ago from a solar nebula and molten material that collided to form the planet. Early Earth had extreme conditions that changed over time as the atmosphere stabilized and continents formed, allowing life to emerge in the oceans. The document details Earth's structure, composition, atmosphere, seasons, and key facts about its orbit, rotation, and relationship to the moon.
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Module 1 origin and systems of earth
1. James Hutton established the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological forces shaping Earth today are the same as in the past. He is considered the founder of modern geology.
2. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which explained how species change over time in response to their environment.
3. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity or "Moho".
4. Beno Gutenberg studied earthquakes and discovered that their waves can be used to investigate Earth's internal structure
Earth's formation ppt
This document summarizes the formation of the solar system according to the core accretion model. It explains that the solar system began as a solar nebula that collapsed under gravity to form the sun. Heavier elements near the sun merged to form terrestrial planets, while lighter elements further from the sun formed gas giants. The earliest Earth had a hot molten surface and atmosphere of gases like hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Over time, the Earth cooled and developed layers, water was introduced via asteroids, and a water cycle, plate tectonics, and life emerged.
Grade 11 Earth & Life Science (Earth System & Subsystems)
1. The Earth can be understood as a system consisting of interconnected subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
2. The geosphere includes the solid Earth from the crust to the core. The hydrosphere is the dynamic mass of water on Earth. The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer surrounding the planet. The biosphere includes all ecosystems and life forms on Earth.
3. These subsystems interact through material cycles like the carbon, water, and rock cycles. They exchange heat and energy. Together they comprise the closed Earth system, which receives energy from the sun.
Chapter 23.1
Our solar system consists of 8 planets that orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits. The planets can be divided into two categories: terrestrial and Jovian. Terrestrial planets like Earth are small and rocky, while Jovian planets like Jupiter are huge gas giants. Differences between the planets include size, density, chemical composition, and rotation rates. The interiors of planets contain gases, rocks, and ice. Thicker atmospheres are found on the Jovian planets. According to the nebular theory, the Sun and planets formed from a rotating disk of dust and gases that condensed and collided to form planetesimals and planets.
Universe and Solar System
Here are my thoughts on your questions:
1. It seems highly probable that there are other life forms exploring the universe besides humans. The universe is immense, with billions of galaxies and trillions of planets. Given these vast numbers, it would be surprising if life did not arise elsewhere. However, the distances involved are also immense, so contact with other civilizations may not occur for a very long time, if ever.
2. The expansion of the universe is occurring at the scale of galaxies and galaxy clusters - it does not affect smaller scales like the Earth-Sun distance. Gravity between the Earth and Sun is strong enough to overcome any tiny effects from the universe's expansion. So the increasing distance between galaxies will not directly
Earth science pptx
This document provides an overview of Earth science and the solar system. It describes the four branches of Earth science: geology, meteorology, astronomy, and oceanography. It then explains the importance of studying Earth science, including understanding natural resources and hazards. The document continues by defining the solar system and describing how it formed based on the planetesimal and nebular theories. It outlines the layers of the Sun and solar activities like sunspots and solar flares. Finally, it characterizes the eight major planets, grouping the inner terrestrial planets and outer gas giants, and provides key details about each planetary body.
I.A Universe and Solar system
The document summarizes the origin and structure of the Earth and solar system. It describes theories for the formation of the universe like the Big Bang theory and theories for the formation of the solar system. It then describes the structure and components of the solar system including the inner terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars, outer gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, and other minor objects like asteroids, comets, and meteorites. It provides details on the composition, atmospheres, moons, and other features of each planet and minor solar system member.
Res525 origin of earth and earth atmosphere
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
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This report initiates coverage on Apple (AAPL) stock with a buy rating and $153.62 price target, representing 21.3% upside. Key points of the investment thesis include: 1) Estimating $20B in additional revenue from Apple Watch sales by 2017; 2) Data showing the iPhone recovering lost market share; 3) Potential for Apple to increase its $50-70B share repurchase program in 2015 through leverage or tax reform. Risks include iPhone losing market share, Apple Watch failure, and economic slowdown hurting sales. Analyst interviews suggest Apple Watch estimates are conservative and upside is not priced into the stock.
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Understanding the role of a professional consultant in the branding of companies
The term brand management is much more than the marketing of a business. The brand management is a broader term and is very crucial for the successful and proficient business operation of any company. There are several activities involved in brand management.
Ch 1 - intro
This document summarizes the history and key figures in astronomy from Ptolemy to Newton. It discusses their major contributions, including: Ptolemy's geocentric model of epicycles; Aristotle's observations supporting a spherical Earth; Copernicus' proposal of a heliocentric model; Brahe's observations of supernovae; Galileo's discoveries with telescopes that supported heliocentrism and got him in trouble with the church; Kepler's laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's data; and Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation, building on prior work.
Agile DC 2015: Be More Than a Proxy
This document summarizes a presentation about how business analysts and product owners can help agile teams by going beyond just acting as proxies and providing requirements. It discusses how they can help with facilitation, feedback, story mapping, and writing requirements as acceptance tests in a collaborative way. It also provides an example of writing acceptance criteria together for a user story about searching for tweets from a conference.
Humphries imkt120 unit2
Social media provides opportunities for corporations to increase their brand popularity, improve communication, and potentially increase sales. It allows companies to share information and provide social support to customers. However, companies must also consider the decisions and challenges that adopting social media entails.
Research Data Drives Profit
The document discusses a disconnect between IT executives and staff on data strategy and management. While executives understand data's strategic importance, staff who manage data day-to-day have less business focus. This disconnect can hamper an organization's ability to effectively use data. The document also notes business users are taking more control of data initiatives, potentially sidelining IT. Both executives and staff need better communication to align on strategic and operational data issues.
De Stressing at Work Place
The document discusses ways for organizations to de-stress the workplace. It notes that the demands of the conceptual age put pressure on employees. Traditional office spaces are changing, with a reduction in available space and more practical designs like activity-based working and collaborative zones. Organizations are de-stressing employees through activities like sports, holiday contests, walking challenges, and team outings to encourage bonding. Flexible work schedules and a pleasant work environment also help reduce stress by allowing a better work-life balance and listening to employee needs. Case studies show that practices like monthly team lunches, on-the-spot awards, open communication, and a community club help foster collaboration, flexibility, and community.
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Intro to Meteorology: Our Atmosphere
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2) Fahrenheit measures temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F. Celsius measures temperature in degrees Celsius (°C). Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. Kelvin measures temperature in kelvins (K) using the same increments as Celsius but water freezes at 273.15 K and boils at 373.15 K.
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The Planet Earth
The document provides information about the key characteristics of planet Earth. It discusses that Earth is the third planet from the sun, has an atmosphere with oxygen and liquid water, and is the only known planet capable of supporting life. It also describes Earth's size, composition, layers of the atmosphere, formation, rotation, seasons, and climate.
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The document summarizes the evolution of the Earth and solar system. It describes how the universe began with the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. Over time, gas and dust coalesced to form stars and planets, including our sun and solar system approximately 4.5 billion years ago. As the early Earth formed and cooled, differentiation occurred with iron sinking to form the core and lighter elements floating upward. The atmosphere gradually evolved from a primitive mix including hydrogen and helium to today's nitrogen and oxygen-rich atmosphere through volcanic outgassing and the rise of oxygen-producing life.
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The document summarizes the formation and evolution of the Earth. It describes how the Earth formed from a large gas cloud following the Big Bang around 14 billion years ago. As the cloud contracted under gravity, it began to rotate and the planets of the solar system formed, including the Earth. The Earth developed layers, including a molten core and crust, around 4.5 billion years ago. By 3.5 billion years ago, the Earth had oceans and the first life emerged. Plate tectonics and the formation of continents began around 2.5 billion years ago.
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The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's habitability. It describes Earth's early history and formation, its interior structure including the solid mantle and liquid outer core that generates the magnetic field. It discusses the atmosphere, originating from outgassing and comet impacts, and how human activities like greenhouse gas emissions and CFCs are altering the atmosphere and climate.
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Iya ini ni Manay Mir. Isa ka maayo nga tinuga sang CHMSU. Mabout gd siya nga bata. She is the one that got near.
Earth subsystems
1. The Earth can be understood as a complex system consisting of interacting subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
2. These subsystems constantly exchange energy and matter through biogeochemical cycles like the carbon, water, and rock cycles. The sun is the main external source powering these cycles.
3. Together, the subsystems have coevolved over billions of years through processes operating across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from microns to thousands of kilometers and milliseconds to millions of years.
Natural Disasters Topic 6 (Hydrologic System)
The hydrologic system involves the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, driven by solar energy. It includes atmospheric moisture, precipitation, surface water in rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, and oceans. The hydrologic system shapes landscapes through weathering and erosion and transports sediment. It also influences climate patterns and regulates heat distribution around the planet through processes like the greenhouse effect.
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Ch 20 -galaxies
The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy that is warped due to gravitational interactions with its neighboring dwarf galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. It is composed of stars, gas, dust, and contains over 200 billion stars. The Milky Way is home to our solar system and planet Earth.
Ch 19 -life and death of stars
1. Stars are born through nuclear fusion and spend most of their life fusing hydrogen into helium as a main sequence star.
2. When stars exhaust their hydrogen fuel, low mass stars become red giants and high mass stars explode as supernovae.
3. The remnants of dead stars are white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes depending on the original star's mass.
Other suns
1. There are three main ways to determine the distance to stars: comparing absolute and apparent magnitude, using parallax to calculate distance, and applying the inverse square law relating luminosity and brightness to distance.
2. Key properties of stars can be determined by their spectra, luminosity, temperature, and location on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing the main sequence of star development.
3. Binary star systems provide information about stellar characteristics and evolution through their gravitational interactions, and some binaries involve mass transfer or lead to supernovae.
Ch 17 -our dynamic sun
The Sun is a dynamic object with complex internal structure and outer atmosphere. It has a core reaching temperatures over 27 million degrees Fahrenheit where nuclear fusion occurs. Energy radiates outward through the radiative zone and flows in convection currents in the convection zone before emerging in the photosphere. Above the photosphere lies the chromosphere and transition region where temperatures rise into the million degrees before reaching the super-hot corona extending far into space. The solar wind and coronal mass ejections influence space weather throughout the solar system.
Ch 16 -cometsmeteorsasteroids
Asteroids are rocky airless worlds that orbit the sun and are too small to be considered planets. They come in three main types - C, S, and M - and some are potentially hazardous if they come close to Earth. While asteroid impacts were more common in the past, Earth still suffers impacts about once every 2,000 years from asteroids the size of a football field. Comets are made of ice, dust, and rock and form tails when close to the sun as their ices sublimate. Meteors are flashes of light seen when meteorids burn up in Earth's atmosphere, meteorites are meteorids that survive entry and hit the ground.
Ch 15 -the five dwarfs
High School Informaton Power point regarding the Dwarf Planets, the Asteroid Belt and the Kuiper Belt
Ch 14 -neptune
Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in our solar system. It has a blue appearance due to methane in its atmosphere absorbing red light and reflecting blue wavelengths. Neptune has the third largest planet in the solar system, with a diameter roughly four times larger than Earth and an extremely powerful wind speeds. The planet has a prominent magnetic field and ring system composed of small, dark particles.
Ch 12 -saturn1b
Saturn is a giant planet with a diameter of over 58,000 km. It has a hydrogen and helium atmosphere and a core made of metallic hydrogen. Saturn has over 60 moons, the largest being Titan which has a thick nitrogen atmosphere and landscapes resembling those found in Tolkien's books, with rivers and lakes of methane. Another notable moon is Mimas, which resembles the Death Star from Star Wars and shakes internally in a mysterious way.
Ch 13 -uranus
Uranus has a unique axial tilt of 98 degrees, causing its poles to face the sun for 42 years before flipping to face away for the next 42 years. It is an ice giant made up of icy materials like water, methane and ammonia. Uranus has rings and 27 moons, with its largest moons being Titania and Oberon. Its blue-green color is caused by methane in its atmosphere absorbing red light.
Ch 11 -jupiter
Jupiter is the 5th planet from the Sun and over 1,300 Earths could fit inside it. It spins rapidly, completing a day in just over 10 hours, and has a year lasting over 12 Earth years. Jupiter has a solid core surrounded by liquid metallic hydrogen and molecular hydrogen. It has a thick atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium with constant storms, including the Giant Red Spot which has raged for over 150 years. Jupiter has over 67 known moons, with the four largest called the Galilean satellites - Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
Ch 10 -mars
This document provides information about the planet Mars in several paragraphs. It includes stats about Mars such as it being the fourth planet from the sun, its mass, gravity, seasons, and that it has two moons named Phobos and Deimos. Large geographical features on Mars like Olympus Mons and Valles Marineris are mentioned. The atmosphere, weather, and prospects for human colonization are also briefly discussed. Videos and links for additional information are provided throughout.
Ch 9 -venus
Venus is Earth's closest planetary neighbor with a rocky landscape and thick, toxic atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. It has no moons or rings and rotates backwards compared to Earth, resulting in sunrises in the west and sunsets in the east. The surface temperature is a scorching 900 degrees Fahrenheit due to a runaway greenhouse effect. Venus is studied through spacecraft missions as it may provide insight into climate change on Earth.
Ch 8 -mercury
Mercury is the planet closest to the sun, with an eccentric orbit that causes surface temperatures to vary widely between 700K and 100K. It has a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, resulting in a long day of 176 Earth days. Mercury likely formed from the remnants of a large collision that left it with a high iron content in its core. The MESSENGER mission provided insights into Mercury's weak magnetic field and thin exosphere composed of sodium and oxygen.
Ch 5 -how do telescopes work
A simple without much math details about generalities of telescopes for a high school beginning level astronomy class.
Ch 4 -reflection, refraction and snell’s law
The document discusses the laws of reflection and refraction of light. It states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and that light bends when changing mediums due to changes in velocity. The index of refraction is a value that indicates how much a substance bends light. Snell's law states that the index of refraction of the incident medium times the sine of the angle of incidence equals the index of refraction of the refracted medium times the sine of the angle of refraction. An example calculation is shown to find the index of refraction of plexiglass using measurements and air's known index of refraction.
Ch 5 -lensproperties
This document discusses the properties and behavior of convex and concave lenses. It explains that convex lenses form real, inverted images unless the object is placed between the focal point and the lens, in which case it forms a virtual, upright image. It also explains that concave lenses always form virtual, upright images that are smaller than the object. The document provides formulas for calculating the location and size of images formed by lenses and works through two example problems.
Ch 5 - mirrors geometric optics
The document discusses geometric optics and mirrors. It explains that near a light source waves are spherical, but far away they are planar and can be represented by rays. Reflection occurs when waves bounce off a surface, following the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Flat mirrors form virtual images that appear upright and the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front. Spherical mirrors can be convex or concave, with the focal point located half the radius from the center of curvature. Concave mirrors form real, upright, magnified images, while convex mirrors form virtual, inverted, minified images. The magnification and mirror equations relate the size and location of the image to the object distance and focal length
Ch 3 -properties of light
This document discusses various properties of light, including its behavior as both particles (photons) and waves. It describes experiments by Newton showing visible light can be separated into different colors/wavelengths. It also discusses how different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can penetrate the atmosphere, allowing astronomers to study celestial objects across the electromagnetic spectrum. Finally, it summarizes laws like the Stefan-Boltzmann and Wien's laws that describe how the radiation of a blackbody relates to its temperature.
Ch 3 -electromagnetic spectrum
This document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and its use in astronomy. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic waves ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. Each type of electromagnetic wave has a different wavelength and frequency. In astronomy, different types of electromagnetic waves are used to study different phenomena in the universe. Radio, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are all emitted by stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects and can be detected to learn about their composition and structure.
Ch 2 -newton’s law of universal gravitation
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Ch 7 -earth
- 1. There’s no place like home.
- 2. Crust Core Mantle Lithosphere Lithosphere: Upper mantle and crust Core: Solid inner, liquid outer, hot, made of iron and nickel Mantle: lower is partially melted, upper is rigid Crust: Rigid with lots of silicates
- 3. Plate Tetonics: explains continental drift. These plates drift about 3 cm per year. Explains how mountain ranges form as one plate is shoved under another.
- 4. Plaque on Lageos I and Lageos II satellites from Italy. Early earth (270 millions years ago) Present day 8 million years in the future.
- 5. Tides: Moon is mostly responsible. High tides and low tides depend on the distance away the moon is.
- 6. C B A Water at point A is pulled toward the moon. Earth at point C is pulled away from the water. So water collects at A and C (high tides) Water is depleted at B (low tides)
- 7. The envelope of gas surrounding the Earth is divided into four distinct layers by thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density. The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends to about 15 kilometers (9 miles) high. The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. The mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers (53 miles) high. The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers (375 miles) high.
- 8. Troposphere: Closest to surface. About 9 miles high; made mostly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide Stratosphere: Above Troposphere, about 31 miles high; made of the Ozone layer Mesosphere: Just above stratosphere, about 53 miles high; Made of OH, Oxygen, and Nitrate. Thermosphere: Just above mesosphere, about 373 miles high. Made pretty much of Oxygen atoms.
- 9. A note about OZONE (O3) Ozone is an atomospheric filter. It protects us from harmful UV rays. Holes in the ozone are caused by sunlight interacting with pollutant gases. Antarctica hole has somewhat stabilized. But the Arctic is still a worry.
- 11. Greenhouse effect: Not to be confused with the holes in the Ozone. The greenhouse effect is caused by CO2 trapping sunlight and causing a warming effect. But, global warming causes more storms which causes more water in the atmosphere which leads to more reactions that destroy the Ozone.
- 12. Van Allen Belts: Not a new fashion designer In 1958 the first American satellite was launched and it detected a region filled with charged particles having high energies. Two of these surround the earth like doughnuts. They are called Van Allen Belts after the scientist directing the project. They are kept there because of the earth’s magnetic field.
- 13. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04 /15/iceland-northern-lights-w_ n_5146263.html http://vimeo.com/90707024 Any planet with a magnetic field will have regions of charged particles.