The document discusses photographic principles, including the evolution of cameras from pinhole cameras to modern digital SLRs. It covers key camera components like lenses, shutters, and sensors. Exposure is controlled through the aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. Lenses use different focal lengths to capture different angles of view. Autofocus works by comparing the contrast between adjacent pixels to achieve focus. Image stabilization compensates for angular and shift camera shake. Intelligent recognition allows cameras to detect faces and scenes. A variety of equipment is needed for taking, processing, and developing photos.

1. Photographic Principles
Photography for Multimedia
B.Sc. (Hons) Multimedia Computing Media Technologies

2. Agenda
 Photography Evolution
 Camera Types
 Lens Principles
 Exposure Control
 Lenses
B.Sc. (Hons) Multimedia Computing Media Technologies

3. The first photograph (Niepce, 1816)

4. Early photograph (Daguerre, 1830’s)

5. 35mm:Nikon F2AS (Film)

6. 35mm : Nikon F6 (Film)

7. 35mm:Nikon DX2s Digital (12MP)

8. Medium Format: Film 6 x 6 cm

9. Medium Format: Digital 39MP

10. Large Format Film:5x4 & 10x8

11. Large Format Digital

12. Premise
Even the World’s most sophisticated camera
is in essence just a light-tight box

13. Fundamentals
Expose the light sensitive material with a
quantity of light for a given time
Film, or… Digital – it’s the same concept

14. Camera Principles
Light-tight
enclosure
light
Light sensitive material

15. Camera Obscura

16. The Pinhole Camera

17. Camera Principles
Scene Image
Resulting image is
mirrored and inverted
Small aperture results in
very long exposures
Light Rays
Pinhole
Camera

18. Camera Principles
Scene Image
Increasing the pinhole
size provides more light to
shorten exposure times
but introduces distortion of
light rays resulting in poor
Light Rays
Pinhole image quality
Camera

19. Lens Principles
Scene Image
Simple lens refracts light
to reduce distortions
Light Rays
Simple Lens

20. Lens Principles
Scene Image
Compound lens
designed to control
variety of lens
aberrations which
Light Rays affect both image
Compound Lens sharpness and colour

21. Camera Elements
 Lens
 Shutter
 Viewfinder system
 Focusing mechanism
 Transport
 Light Meter

22. Basic Elements of a Camera
viewfinder
transport
shutter aperture
lens
light
sensitive
medium
focusing mechanism

23. Camera Types
 Rangefinders
 Single Lens Reflex (SLR)
 Twin Lens Reflex (TLR)
 Monorail

24. Rangefinder

25. Single Lens Reflex

26. Twin Lens Reflex (Medium Format)
Viewing Lens
Taking Lens

27. Monorail: 5 x 4 & 10 x 8

28. 35mm v Medium Format

29. Exposure Control
 Aperture value controls amount of light
 Shutter speed controls duration exposure of time
 Combination of aperture and shutter speed gives
correct exposure - for a particular light sensitivity
 Combination defined as an exposure value (EV)
 Standard light sensitivity is 100 ISO (ASA)
 Higher light sensitivity provide faster exposure times
 Lower light sensitivity provide slower exposure times
 Fast film has a more grainy structure than slow film

30. Exposure Control: Aperture
 Aperture controls amount of light via lens iris
 Iris adjusted by changing aperture value on lens
 Large f number = smaller iris size = less light
 Small f number = larger iris size = more light

31. Aperture Control

32. Exposure Control: Shutter
 Shutter controls time light exposed to medium
 Typical ranges 1 second - 1/2000th sec
 Shorter (faster) shutter speeds = less time
 Longer (slower) shutter speeds = more time
 Shutter positioned at the focal plane or between the
lens (medium format)
 Focal plane shutters can be horizontal run or vertical
run

33. Exposure Balance
f stop shutter speed
Sensitivity of film
f 5.6 1 / 500th
100 ISO

34. Exposure Balance
f8 1 / 250th
f 11 100 ISO 1 / 250th
f8 200 ISO 1 / 500th
200 ISO

35. Exposure Balance: Three-Way
 Exposure balanced between medium sensitivity
aperture value and shutter speed
 Double or half the sensitivity = one ‘stop’
 Double or half the shutter speed = one stop
 Aperture values change by a factor of 1.4 = one stop

36. Exposure Modes
 Manual - you set aperture and shutter speed based
on light reading
 Aperture Priority - you set aperture and camera
calculates and sets the shutter speed based on light
reading
 Shutter Priority - you set the shutter speed and
camera calculates and selects aperture based on
light reading
 Fully Programmed - Camera selects both aperture
and shutter speed based on light reading

37. Lenses
 Lenses interchangeable on SLR cameras
 Lens bayonet - mounts to camera body
 Each manufacture’s lens mount is unique
 Lenses available from independent lens
manufactures and for several different lens mount
 Lenses provided by independent manufactures are
generally less expensive than camera’s own brand
 May not be as good optically or have same build
quality as cameras own brand lenses

38. Standard Lenses (35mm)
50mm f1.8 50mm f1.4 50mm f1.2

39. Wide Angle Lenses
28mm F 2.8 20mm F 3.5 15mm F 3.5

40. Telephoto
85 mm F 2 85 mm F 1.4 300 mm F4.5

41. Lens Features: Angle of View

42. Angle of View for 35mm
50mm provides
natural perspective
Shorter focal length lenses have angle of view which gives for the 35mm
format
steeper perspective
Longer focal length lenses have narrow angle of view which
gives flatter perspective

43. Advanced features
 Autofocus
 Image stabilisation
 Intelligent recognition of faces and
scenes

44. Autofocus (1) – Blurred image

45. Autofocus (2) – sharp image

46. Autofocus (3)
 The microprocessor in the camera looks at the strip of pixels and looks
at the difference in intensity among the adjacent pixels. If the scene is
out of focus, adjacent pixels have very similar intensities. The
microprocessor moves the lens, looks at the CCD's pixels again and
sees if the difference in intensity between adjacent pixels improved or
got worse. The microprocessor then searches for the point where there
is maximum intensity difference between adjacent pixels -- that's
the point of best focus. Look at the difference in the pixels in the two
red boxes above: In the upper box, the difference in intensity between
adjacent pixels is very slight, while in the bottom box it is much
greater. That is what the microprocessor is looking for as it drives the
lens back and forth.

47. Autofocus (4)
 Passive autofocus must have light and image contrast in order to do
its job. The image needs to have some detail in it that provides
contrast. If you try to take a picture of a blank wall or a large object of
uniform color, the camera cannot compare adjacent pixels so it cannot
focus.
 There is no distance-to-subject limitation with passive autofocus like
there is with the infrared beam of an active autofocus system. Passive
autofocus also works fine through a window, since the system "sees"
the subject through the window just like you do.
(Courtesy How Stuff Works)

48. Image stabilisation
 Canon’s newly developed Hybrid IS technology optimally compensates
for angular camera shake (rotational) and shift camera shake (linear).
Sudden changes in camera angle can cause significant blur in images
taken during standard shooting, whereas blur caused by shift-based
shaking, when a camera moves parallel to the subject, is more
pronounced in macro and other close-up photography.

49. IS: How is it done?
 The new Hybrid IS technology incorporates an angular velocity sensor
that detects the extent of angular camera shake which is found in all
previous optical Image Stabilizer mechanisms, as well as a new
acceleration sensor that determines the amount of shift-based camera
shake.
 Hybrid IS also employs a newly developed algorithm that combines the
output of the two sensors and moves the lens elements to compensate
for both types of movement. Hybrid IS dramatically enhances the
effects of Image Stabilizer especially during macro shooting, which is
difficult for conventional image stabilisation technologies.

50. Intelligent recognition

51. Equipment
 Taking pictures
 Cameras (bodies)
 Lenses: fix focal and zoom lenses
 Lightmeters
 Flashguns
 Motordrives
 Gadgets (tripods, filters, bags, close-up equipment
 Developing pictures
 Darkroom ( dry and wet equipment)
 Developing tanks, spools
 Enlargers ( lenses)

52. References
 Digital Multimedia 3rd Edition
Chapman N. Chapman J. Wiley. 2004
 http://www.nikon.com
 http://www.olympus..com
 http://www.pentax.com
 http://www.minolta.com
 http://www.canon.com
B.Sc. (Hons) Multimedia Computing Media Technologies