Ch. 18.3 Energy in Ecosystems
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Energy flows through ecosystems beginning with producers, usually plants that harness solar energy through photosynthesis. This energy is then transferred as producers are consumed by herbivores and other consumers, with less energy available at each subsequent trophic level. Scientists model this transfer of energy using food chains that show singular pathways and food webs that depict the complex network of feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
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2) Ecosystem structure includes stratification, and functions include productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling.
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1. Ecosystems are made up of interacting abiotic and biotic factors that exchange energy, nutrients, and minerals through food chains, webs, and biogeochemical cycles.
2. Energy enters from the sun and is converted to chemical energy by producers through photosynthesis, with about 10-20% transferred to secondary consumers.
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Here are the key points about how energy flows through ecosystems:
- Energy from the sun is captured by producers (plants) through photosynthesis and stored as chemical energy in glucose.
- Primary consumers (herbivores) obtain energy by eating producers. Secondary consumers (carnivores) obtain energy by eating primary consumers. Tertiary consumers obtain energy by eating secondary consumers.
- Most energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels, so the amount of available energy decreases moving up the food chain.
- Scavengers and decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead organisms, recycling nutrients back into the soil/environment where producers can use them again.
- Nutrient cycling
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Ch. 18.3 Energy in Ecosystems
- 1. Ch. 18.3: Energy in Ecosystems
- 2. 1. How does energy move in ecosystems? 2. How is the movement of energy in an ecosystem modeled? Focus Questions
- 3. • Unlike other resources, energy does not cycle through ecosystems, but flows in one direction. • In most cases, energy flow begins with the Sun and moves from one organism to another. 1. How does energy move in ecosystems?
- 4. How do the movements of matter and energy differ? The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form. 1. How does energy move in ecosystems?
- 5. How organisms get energy Producers (make their own food) Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis (Chemical energy) Consumers (get energy by consuming other living things) Carnivores Herbivores Omnivores Detritivores (& Decomposers) 1. How does energy move in ecosystems?
- 6. Photosynthesis: Light energy + CO2 + Water = Sugars (glucose) for plant’s energy & O2 into atmosphere
- 7. photosynthesis from Greek photo, meaning “light”; and synthese, meaning “synthesis” 1. How does energy move in ecosystems?
- 8. • Consumers do not produce their own energy and can be classified as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and detritivores. • Carnivores eat other animals & are usually predators. (wolf, hawk) • Herbivores eat only producers (plants). (bison, grasshoppers) 1. How does energy move in ecosystems?
- 9. • Omnivores eat both producers and other consumers. (mouse, humans) • Detritivores eat the remains of other organisms. • Decomposers (bacteria & mushrooms) feed on dead organisms & help decompose them. • They’re important because they release CO2 into the atmosphere & recycle nutrients into the soil. 1. How does energy move in ecosystems?
- 10. • Scientists use models to study the flow of energy through an ecosystem. • Food chain – model that shows how energy flows in an ecosystem through feeding relationships. • Energy decreases every time it transfers to another organism. 2. How is the movement of energy in an ecosystem modeled?
- 11. In a food chain, arrows show the transfer of energy. Most energy Least energy
- 12. What happens to the amount of available energy when it is transferred from one organism to another? A. B. C. D. 0 000 A. it increases B. it remains the same C. it decreases D. it disappears 45
- 13. • Food web – shows all the complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem. • Some organisms in a food web might be part of more than one food chain in that web. 2. How is the movement of energy in an ecosystem modeled?
- 14. Like in a food chain, arrows show how energy flows in a food web.
- 15. 1° 2° 3° 4°
- 16. Chapter 12 Standardized Test Preparation The diagram below shows a typical food chain in a grassland ecosystem. Notice that there is a missing entry in the food chain. Continued on the next slide
- 17. What description should go next to the drawing of grass to complete the food chain? A. The zebra eats grass. B. Scavengers, such as vultures, eat grass. C. Grass is decomposed by sunlight and water. D. Grass grows by absorbing nutrients from the soil. Thezebraeatsgrass. Scavengers,such asvultu... Grassisdecom posed by s... Grassgrow sbyabsorbin... 0 000 45
- 18. • Energy pyramid – shows the amount of energy available in each step of a food chain. • Steps are called trophic levels. • Producers, such as plants, make up the trophic level at the bottom of the pyramid. 2. How is the movement of energy in an ecosystem modeled?
- 19. Energy Pyramid
- 20. Draw this
- 21. Where are the producers found in the energy pyramid? A. Top level B. Middle level C. Bottom level D. They are not in the energy pyramid Top level M iddle level Bottom level Theyare notin theener.. 0 000 45
- 22. Drought kills 70 percent of the plants in an ecosystem. How might this affect other organisms in the ecosystem? A. herbivores will starve B. producers will leave the area C. decomposers will starve D. scavengers will starve herbivoresw illstarve producersw illleave the... decom posersw illstarve scavengersw illstarve 0 000 45
- 23. What model do scientists use to show the amount of energy available in each step of a food chain? A. a food chain B. a food web C. an energy pyramid D. food pyramids a food chain a food w eban energypyram id food pyram ids 0 000 45
- 24. • Energy flows in ecosystems from producers to consumers.
- 25. • Producers make their own food through the processes of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
- 26. • Food chains and food webs model how energy moves in ecosystems.