This document contains a PowerPoint presentation on viruses, viroids, and prions. It discusses the general characteristics of viruses, including that they are obligate intracellular parasites that require a living host cell to multiply. It also covers viral structure, taxonomy, isolation/cultivation methods, and viral multiplication cycles. Specifically, it describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages, as well as the replication cycles of DNA and RNA containing animal viruses. Key aspects of viral structure and replication are illustrated with diagrams.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbial growth. It discusses the physical, chemical, and environmental requirements for microbial growth, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, nutrients, and oxygen levels. It also covers topics like biofilm formation, culture media, obtaining pure cultures, and preserving bacterial cultures. The key growth phases of bacteria, including binary fission, are explained. Methods for isolating and culturing microbes under different conditions are presented.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses various physical and chemical methods for controlling microbial growth in the environment. It covers topics like heat-related methods including boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, and ultrahigh-temperature sterilization. It also discusses refrigeration, freezing, desiccation, filtration, radiation, and chemical disinfectants/antiseptics. Bacillus endospores are used as sterility indicators because they are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals and can survive sterilization processes, allowing verification of complete sterilization if no endospore growth is observed.
The document describes characteristics of prokaryotic organisms. It discusses that prokaryotes are the most numerous and diverse group of microbes, and reproduce asexually through various methods like binary fission. It also describes endospores produced by Bacillus and Clostridium bacteria that allow survival under harsh conditions. The document contains diagrams of binary fission and other forms of prokaryotic reproduction.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbiology. It covers several key topics:
- Microbes affect our lives in both beneficial and harmful ways, such as decomposing waste, producing foods and chemicals, and causing disease.
- Scientific naming of microbes uses binomial nomenclature with the genus and specific epithet. Major groups of microbes include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses.
- Landmark discoveries in microbiology included Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek's early observations of cells and microorganisms under microscopes. Pasteur and Koch helped establish the germ theory of disease and methods to prove microbe-disease connections. Jen
The document discusses the characteristics of eukaryotic organisms, focusing on protozoa and fungi. It describes their modes of reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. Nuclear division in eukaryotes can occur through mitosis, which maintains ploidy, or meiosis, which reduces ploidy and produces haploid gametes. The classification of protozoa has changed over time based on new genetic evidence, and they are now grouped into six major clades. Fungi acquire nutrients through absorption and many form mutualistic relationships with plants.
The document discusses the history and mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents. It describes how early scientists like Paul Ehrlich and Alexander Fleming discovered antimicrobial compounds. It then covers the main mechanisms by which antimicrobial drugs work, including inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and metabolic pathways. The document explains how some drugs can disrupt cytoplasmic membranes or inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. While effective against microbes, some antimicrobial mechanisms can also harm humans if they affect similar host cell processes.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on cell structure and function. It begins by defining the basic processes of life in cells, including growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and metabolism. It then distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have these structures. The presentation goes on to describe the various external structures of bacterial cells, including glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, and pili. It also explains bacterial cell walls, membranes, and cytoplasmic structures. In addition, it covers similar structures in archaea like glycocalyces and flagella.
The document discusses symbiotic relationships between microbes and their hosts. It describes different types of symbiosis like mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It also discusses normal microbiota that colonize the body without causing disease, including resident and transient microbiota. Resident microbiota are established throughout life and are mostly commensal, while transient microbiota only remain in the body for short periods. The document outlines how normal microbiota can sometimes become opportunistic pathogens under certain conditions in the body.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbial growth. It discusses the physical, chemical, and environmental requirements for microbial growth, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, nutrients, and oxygen levels. It also covers topics like biofilm formation, culture media, obtaining pure cultures, and preserving bacterial cultures. The key growth phases of bacteria, including binary fission, are explained. Methods for isolating and culturing microbes under different conditions are presented.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses various physical and chemical methods for controlling microbial growth in the environment. It covers topics like heat-related methods including boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, and ultrahigh-temperature sterilization. It also discusses refrigeration, freezing, desiccation, filtration, radiation, and chemical disinfectants/antiseptics. Bacillus endospores are used as sterility indicators because they are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals and can survive sterilization processes, allowing verification of complete sterilization if no endospore growth is observed.
The document describes characteristics of prokaryotic organisms. It discusses that prokaryotes are the most numerous and diverse group of microbes, and reproduce asexually through various methods like binary fission. It also describes endospores produced by Bacillus and Clostridium bacteria that allow survival under harsh conditions. The document contains diagrams of binary fission and other forms of prokaryotic reproduction.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbiology. It covers several key topics:
- Microbes affect our lives in both beneficial and harmful ways, such as decomposing waste, producing foods and chemicals, and causing disease.
- Scientific naming of microbes uses binomial nomenclature with the genus and specific epithet. Major groups of microbes include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses.
- Landmark discoveries in microbiology included Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek's early observations of cells and microorganisms under microscopes. Pasteur and Koch helped establish the germ theory of disease and methods to prove microbe-disease connections. Jen
The document discusses the characteristics of eukaryotic organisms, focusing on protozoa and fungi. It describes their modes of reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. Nuclear division in eukaryotes can occur through mitosis, which maintains ploidy, or meiosis, which reduces ploidy and produces haploid gametes. The classification of protozoa has changed over time based on new genetic evidence, and they are now grouped into six major clades. Fungi acquire nutrients through absorption and many form mutualistic relationships with plants.
The document discusses the history and mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents. It describes how early scientists like Paul Ehrlich and Alexander Fleming discovered antimicrobial compounds. It then covers the main mechanisms by which antimicrobial drugs work, including inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and metabolic pathways. The document explains how some drugs can disrupt cytoplasmic membranes or inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. While effective against microbes, some antimicrobial mechanisms can also harm humans if they affect similar host cell processes.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on cell structure and function. It begins by defining the basic processes of life in cells, including growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and metabolism. It then distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes have these structures. The presentation goes on to describe the various external structures of bacterial cells, including glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, and pili. It also explains bacterial cell walls, membranes, and cytoplasmic structures. In addition, it covers similar structures in archaea like glycocalyces and flagella.
The document discusses symbiotic relationships between microbes and their hosts. It describes different types of symbiosis like mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It also discusses normal microbiota that colonize the body without causing disease, including resident and transient microbiota. Resident microbiota are established throughout life and are mostly commensal, while transient microbiota only remain in the body for short periods. The document outlines how normal microbiota can sometimes become opportunistic pathogens under certain conditions in the body.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on the functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It compares and contrasts the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, focusing on key differences like prokaryotes lacking a nucleus and organelles. The presentation also examines the structures of bacterial cells in more detail, including cell shape, flagella, pili, the cell wall, and plasma membrane. It describes the different types of cell walls found in bacteria and their functions.
This document describes characteristics of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA and require host cells to replicate.
- They have an extracellular state as a virion containing a protein capsid and nucleic acid, and an intracellular state after entry into a host cell.
- Viruses infect a wide range of organisms from humans to plants to bacteria. They cause many common diseases.
- Viruses replicate by either a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome remains dormant in the host.
This document summarizes the structure and replication of genomes. It discusses the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, including bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, and eukaryotic nuclear and extranuclear DNA. It also describes DNA replication as semiconservative and requiring triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides. Key steps in DNA replication include initiation at the origin, replication by DNA polymerase in the 5' to 3' direction, and discontinuous lagging strand synthesis using Okazaki fragments.
Recombinant DNA technology involves intentionally modifying the genomes of organisms for practical purposes such as eliminating undesirable traits, combining beneficial traits from different organisms, and creating organisms that synthesize useful products. It utilizes tools such as restriction enzymes, vectors, gene libraries, PCR, gel electrophoresis and Southern blots. Applications include genetic mapping, environmental studies, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and more. However, long-term effects are unknown and there are safety concerns about natural gene transfers and unintended consequences.
This document provides an overview of microscopy, staining techniques, and the classification and identification of microorganisms. It discusses the basic principles of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and probe microscopy. It describes various staining methods used to increase contrast and resolution, including simple stains, differential stains like Gram staining, and stains used for electron microscopy. It also outlines the current taxonomic system and levels, from domains to species, and characteristics used to classify and identify microorganisms, such as physical appearance, biochemical tests, serological tests, phage typing, and nucleic acid analysis.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses how microorganisms enter the host through various portals of entry like mucous membranes or skin. It defines terms like infectious dose 50 (ID50) and lethal dose 50 (LD50). It also explains how microbes adhere to host cells using adhesins and how they penetrate host defenses using things like capsules, cell wall components, and enzymes. Finally, it covers how pathogens damage host cells through production of exotoxins and endotoxins, and use of toxins, siderophores, and direct damage of host cells.
The document provides an overview of the body's defenses against pathogens. It discusses three main lines of defense: physical barriers as the first line, components in the blood as the second line, and adaptive immunity as the third line. The second line of defense in the blood includes phagocytic cells, chemicals, and processes. Phagocytic cells such as neutrophils and macrophages ingest and destroy pathogens. The complement system and interferons are chemical defenses that help eliminate pathogens. Together, these layered defenses provide innate immunity to protect the body from infection.
The document discusses microbial growth requirements and culturing techniques. It explains that microbes require nutrients, including sources of carbon, energy, and electrons, as well as physical factors like temperature, pH, water activity, and oxygen levels. Microbes are classified based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources. The document also describes how biofilms form and their importance. Finally, it outlines methods for obtaining pure cultures, including streak plating and pour plating, and discusses common culture media used to grow microorganisms.
The document summarizes the early history and development of microbiology. It discusses key figures like Antoni van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microorganisms under a microscope. Later scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch helped establish germ theory and methods of scientific investigation. Their work answered questions about spontaneous generation and the role of microbes in fermentation and disease. Modern microbiology applies genetic and molecular techniques to study microbial functions, interactions, and applications in areas like biotechnology and medicine.
Metabolism involves catabolic reactions that break down molecules and anabolic reactions that build them up. Catabolic pathways are exergonic and release energy, while anabolic pathways are endergonic and require energy. Central metabolic pathways include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. In cellular respiration, pyruvate is further oxidized through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to fully oxidize nutrients and facilitate ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions and are regulated by factors like substrate concentration, temperature, and inhibitors.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that can only multiply within host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA, and have a protein coat called a capsid that may be surrounded by an envelope. To replicate, a virus must invade a host cell, take over its machinery, and use it to produce new viral particles, which then go on to infect more cells. While viruses use living cells to multiply, they are not themselves considered living things.
The document provides an overview of adaptive immunity and its key components. It discusses:
1) The two main types of lymphocytes (B and T cells) that are central to adaptive immunity. T cells mature in the thymus and B cells mature in the bone marrow.
2) The two main types of adaptive immune responses - cell-mediated and antibody responses. Cell-mediated responses involve T cells attacking infected or abnormal body cells, while antibody responses involve B cells producing antibodies.
3) The specificity of B and T cell receptors that allow them to recognize distinct pathogens and epitopes. B cells produce antibodies with the same specificity as their cell surface receptors.
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
This PowerPoint presentation covers the history and mechanisms of antimicrobial drugs. It discusses:
1) The contributions of Paul Ehrlich and Alexander Fleming to chemotherapy through the discovery of selective toxicity and penicillin.
2) The major classes of antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and their mechanisms of action including inhibiting cell wall, protein, and nucleic acid synthesis.
3) Specific drugs for bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and helminths from each class and their targets in the microbe.
4) Issues with developing drugs given differences between microbial and human cells, and the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance.
Presentation comprises of introductory information on virus, related terminology, its composition and structure, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy for under graduate students.
The document provides information about the lymphatic system and immune system. It discusses the organs and tissues that are part of the lymphatic system, including the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. It describes the barrier defenses of the skin, mucous membranes, and other internal defenses like interferon and phagocytes. It also discusses lymphocytes and the specific immune response involving B cells, T cells, antigens, antibodies, and memory cells. It provides information on immunity and how it can be acquired naturally or artificially through vaccination.
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and DiseaseMELVIN FAILAGAO
Chapter 12 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease
subtopics:
1. The progress of an infection
2. Epidemiology: The study of disease in Populations
3. Non specific host defenses
4. Defense mechanisms of the host in perspective
Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than bacteria. They cannot replicate without a host cell and are considered non-living. A virus infects a host cell by attaching to receptors on its surface, and then either injects its nucleic acid inside or fuses with the host cell's membrane. Once inside, the virus takes over the cell's machinery to replicate itself through one of two cycles - lytic kills the host cell, while lysogenic integrates viral DNA into the host genome without immediately killing the cell. Retroviruses like HIV are unique as they use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA before integrating into the host cell's chromosome.
Viruses can interact with host cells and organisms at the cellular, individual, and community levels. At the cellular level, viruses may cause a variety of effects from no effect to cell death. Some viruses like poliovirus cause cell lysis, while others cause cellular proliferation or malignant transformation. Host injury at the cellular level can be caused by viral proteins, accumulation of viral macromolecules, altered plasma membrane permeability, damage to chromosomes, and formation of inclusion bodies within cells. The host response is a complex interplay between the host and virus.
This document contains a quiz on viruses, viroids, and prions from a textbook chapter. It consists of multiple choice questions divided into topics including viral characteristics, cultivation, infections, relationships to cancer, and properties of prions and viroids. For each question, the multiple choices are listed and the correct answer identified when the user selects their choice. The quiz covers details about viral structure, life cycles, diseases caused, and molecular mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis.
The document provides a quiz on anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive systems. It contains questions in multiple choice format across various categories including male anatomy, male physiology, female anatomy, female physiology, and a final round. The questions cover topics like male reproductive organs, sperm production and storage, female reproductive organs, ovulation and menstruation cycle, and homologous structures between male and female.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on the functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It compares and contrasts the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, focusing on key differences like prokaryotes lacking a nucleus and organelles. The presentation also examines the structures of bacterial cells in more detail, including cell shape, flagella, pili, the cell wall, and plasma membrane. It describes the different types of cell walls found in bacteria and their functions.
This document describes characteristics of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA and require host cells to replicate.
- They have an extracellular state as a virion containing a protein capsid and nucleic acid, and an intracellular state after entry into a host cell.
- Viruses infect a wide range of organisms from humans to plants to bacteria. They cause many common diseases.
- Viruses replicate by either a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome remains dormant in the host.
This document summarizes the structure and replication of genomes. It discusses the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, including bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, and eukaryotic nuclear and extranuclear DNA. It also describes DNA replication as semiconservative and requiring triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides. Key steps in DNA replication include initiation at the origin, replication by DNA polymerase in the 5' to 3' direction, and discontinuous lagging strand synthesis using Okazaki fragments.
Recombinant DNA technology involves intentionally modifying the genomes of organisms for practical purposes such as eliminating undesirable traits, combining beneficial traits from different organisms, and creating organisms that synthesize useful products. It utilizes tools such as restriction enzymes, vectors, gene libraries, PCR, gel electrophoresis and Southern blots. Applications include genetic mapping, environmental studies, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and more. However, long-term effects are unknown and there are safety concerns about natural gene transfers and unintended consequences.
This document provides an overview of microscopy, staining techniques, and the classification and identification of microorganisms. It discusses the basic principles of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and probe microscopy. It describes various staining methods used to increase contrast and resolution, including simple stains, differential stains like Gram staining, and stains used for electron microscopy. It also outlines the current taxonomic system and levels, from domains to species, and characteristics used to classify and identify microorganisms, such as physical appearance, biochemical tests, serological tests, phage typing, and nucleic acid analysis.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses how microorganisms enter the host through various portals of entry like mucous membranes or skin. It defines terms like infectious dose 50 (ID50) and lethal dose 50 (LD50). It also explains how microbes adhere to host cells using adhesins and how they penetrate host defenses using things like capsules, cell wall components, and enzymes. Finally, it covers how pathogens damage host cells through production of exotoxins and endotoxins, and use of toxins, siderophores, and direct damage of host cells.
The document provides an overview of the body's defenses against pathogens. It discusses three main lines of defense: physical barriers as the first line, components in the blood as the second line, and adaptive immunity as the third line. The second line of defense in the blood includes phagocytic cells, chemicals, and processes. Phagocytic cells such as neutrophils and macrophages ingest and destroy pathogens. The complement system and interferons are chemical defenses that help eliminate pathogens. Together, these layered defenses provide innate immunity to protect the body from infection.
The document discusses microbial growth requirements and culturing techniques. It explains that microbes require nutrients, including sources of carbon, energy, and electrons, as well as physical factors like temperature, pH, water activity, and oxygen levels. Microbes are classified based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources. The document also describes how biofilms form and their importance. Finally, it outlines methods for obtaining pure cultures, including streak plating and pour plating, and discusses common culture media used to grow microorganisms.
The document summarizes the early history and development of microbiology. It discusses key figures like Antoni van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microorganisms under a microscope. Later scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch helped establish germ theory and methods of scientific investigation. Their work answered questions about spontaneous generation and the role of microbes in fermentation and disease. Modern microbiology applies genetic and molecular techniques to study microbial functions, interactions, and applications in areas like biotechnology and medicine.
Metabolism involves catabolic reactions that break down molecules and anabolic reactions that build them up. Catabolic pathways are exergonic and release energy, while anabolic pathways are endergonic and require energy. Central metabolic pathways include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. In cellular respiration, pyruvate is further oxidized through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to fully oxidize nutrients and facilitate ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions and are regulated by factors like substrate concentration, temperature, and inhibitors.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that can only multiply within host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA, and have a protein coat called a capsid that may be surrounded by an envelope. To replicate, a virus must invade a host cell, take over its machinery, and use it to produce new viral particles, which then go on to infect more cells. While viruses use living cells to multiply, they are not themselves considered living things.
The document provides an overview of adaptive immunity and its key components. It discusses:
1) The two main types of lymphocytes (B and T cells) that are central to adaptive immunity. T cells mature in the thymus and B cells mature in the bone marrow.
2) The two main types of adaptive immune responses - cell-mediated and antibody responses. Cell-mediated responses involve T cells attacking infected or abnormal body cells, while antibody responses involve B cells producing antibodies.
3) The specificity of B and T cell receptors that allow them to recognize distinct pathogens and epitopes. B cells produce antibodies with the same specificity as their cell surface receptors.
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
This PowerPoint presentation covers the history and mechanisms of antimicrobial drugs. It discusses:
1) The contributions of Paul Ehrlich and Alexander Fleming to chemotherapy through the discovery of selective toxicity and penicillin.
2) The major classes of antimicrobial drugs like antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and their mechanisms of action including inhibiting cell wall, protein, and nucleic acid synthesis.
3) Specific drugs for bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and helminths from each class and their targets in the microbe.
4) Issues with developing drugs given differences between microbial and human cells, and the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance.
Presentation comprises of introductory information on virus, related terminology, its composition and structure, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy for under graduate students.
The document provides information about the lymphatic system and immune system. It discusses the organs and tissues that are part of the lymphatic system, including the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. It describes the barrier defenses of the skin, mucous membranes, and other internal defenses like interferon and phagocytes. It also discusses lymphocytes and the specific immune response involving B cells, T cells, antigens, antibodies, and memory cells. It provides information on immunity and how it can be acquired naturally or artificially through vaccination.
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and DiseaseMELVIN FAILAGAO
Chapter 12 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease
subtopics:
1. The progress of an infection
2. Epidemiology: The study of disease in Populations
3. Non specific host defenses
4. Defense mechanisms of the host in perspective
Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than bacteria. They cannot replicate without a host cell and are considered non-living. A virus infects a host cell by attaching to receptors on its surface, and then either injects its nucleic acid inside or fuses with the host cell's membrane. Once inside, the virus takes over the cell's machinery to replicate itself through one of two cycles - lytic kills the host cell, while lysogenic integrates viral DNA into the host genome without immediately killing the cell. Retroviruses like HIV are unique as they use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA before integrating into the host cell's chromosome.
Viruses can interact with host cells and organisms at the cellular, individual, and community levels. At the cellular level, viruses may cause a variety of effects from no effect to cell death. Some viruses like poliovirus cause cell lysis, while others cause cellular proliferation or malignant transformation. Host injury at the cellular level can be caused by viral proteins, accumulation of viral macromolecules, altered plasma membrane permeability, damage to chromosomes, and formation of inclusion bodies within cells. The host response is a complex interplay between the host and virus.
This document contains a quiz on viruses, viroids, and prions from a textbook chapter. It consists of multiple choice questions divided into topics including viral characteristics, cultivation, infections, relationships to cancer, and properties of prions and viroids. For each question, the multiple choices are listed and the correct answer identified when the user selects their choice. The quiz covers details about viral structure, life cycles, diseases caused, and molecular mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis.
The document provides a quiz on anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive systems. It contains questions in multiple choice format across various categories including male anatomy, male physiology, female anatomy, female physiology, and a final round. The questions cover topics like male reproductive organs, sperm production and storage, female reproductive organs, ovulation and menstruation cycle, and homologous structures between male and female.
This document contains a quiz on microbial pathogenesis covering topics of portals of entry, bacterial pathogens, viral pathogens, and eukaryotic pathogens. It consists of multiple choice questions with answers on these topics, worth $100 to $500 per question. The quiz is designed to test knowledge of microbial disease mechanisms like toxins, biofilms, antigenic variation, and more.
The document discusses different types of viruses including their structure, replication cycles, and effects. It provides details on viral taxonomy, identification, and growth. Viruses can cause disease in humans such as cancers, respiratory infections, and neurological diseases. They include DNA and RNA viruses that infect cells through various life cycles and can establish latent, lytic, or lysogenic infections.
Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells. They hijack the host cell's synthetic machinery to produce new viral components. The viral replication cycle involves 5 main steps: [1] Adsorption where the virus attaches to the host cell, [2] Penetration where the viral genome enters the host cell, [3] Synthesis of new viral components using the host cell, [4] Assembly of new viral particles, and [5] Release of progeny virus from the host cell. Bacteriophages infect bacteria and have a similar replication cycle except they can directly inject their genome into bacteria without uncoating.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses microbial diseases of the skin and eyes. It begins by describing the structure and function of skin, including the epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, and sweat and oil glands. It then discusses the normal microbiota of skin, which includes staphylococci and propionibacteria. The presentation goes on to describe various bacterial, viral, and fungal diseases that can infect the skin, such as impetigo, folliculitis, herpes, chickenpox, and ringworm. It provides details on the causative agents, symptoms, and treatment of many common and important skin diseases.
This document discusses microbial control terminology and methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and introduces the concept of the microbial death curve. It then describes various physical and chemical methods to control microbial growth, including heat, filtration, radiation, and disinfecting agents like phenol, alcohol, and halogens. It explains how microbial characteristics like being gram-positive or having endospores affect their resistance to these control methods.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbial diseases of the respiratory system. It covers the structure and function of the respiratory system, normal microbiota, and various bacterial and viral diseases that can infect the upper and lower respiratory tract. Key points include how the respiratory system prevents microbe entry, common upper respiratory infections like strep throat, sinusitis and whooping cough, and lower respiratory infections including pneumonia and tuberculosis.
The document provides an overview of microbiology and microorganisms. It discusses that microorganisms are too small to be seen with the naked eye and includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. It also outlines several fields of microbiology like bacteriology, mycology, and virology. The document discusses the roles microorganisms play in various industries like food production and describes how microscopy advanced the study of microbes.
This document discusses the classification of bacteria based on their cellular characteristics and structures. It focuses on cell shape, arrangement, and external structures. The three main shapes are cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirals. Arrangements include pairs, chains, and clusters. External structures can include capsules, flagella, fimbriae, pili, and cell walls that vary between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cell shape, structures, and wall composition are important factors in bacterial identification and differentiation.
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L15. FungiJonathan Eisen
This document contains slides from a lecture about fungi. It discusses fungi's role in mutualistic relationships like lichens and mycorrhizae. It also covers fungi's importance in areas like food production, medicine, industry, and ecosystems. Fungi play key roles in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and as a source of antibiotics. The lecture provides examples of many fungi and their functions, highlighting the diversity and impacts of fungi.
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L13. FungiJonathan Eisen
This document contains lecture slides about fungi. It begins with an outline of the lecture topics, which are an introduction to fungi, their diversity of forms, phylogenetic diversity, and symbioses. The slides then cover the defining characteristics of fungi, examples of fungal diversity including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, fungal reproduction through spores and sexual reproduction, the phylogeny of fungi, and a classification table of major fungal groups. Practice exam questions are also included about topics covered in previous lectures.
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L12. Symbioses and the Human ...Jonathan Eisen
This document contains lecture slides about symbiosis and the human microbiome. It discusses the evolution of the human microbiome and how history is important for understanding ecosystems. It also summarizes some of the key functions of the microbiome, including digestion, immune system management, and vitamin production. Finally, it outlines different types of symbiotic relationships and provides examples of pathogenic bacteria and eukaryotes.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles. They reproduce through binary fission and have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Bacteria come in various shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirals) and sizes from 0.5-5.0 μm. Structures include flagella, pili, spores and inclusions. Bacteria can be helpful in digestion and decomposition or harmful as pathogens. Overall, bacteria are simple prokaryotic cells that are found nearly everywhere and impact many life processes.
Viruses can only replicate inside living cells by going through a viral multiplication cycle. This cycle includes adsorption to the host cell, entry/penetration either through fusion with the plasma membrane or via endosomes, uncoating to release the viral genome, production of viral components in the nucleus or cytoplasm, assembly of new viral particles, and final release through cell lysis or budding through the plasma membrane. The specific steps may vary depending on if the virus has an envelope and what type of genome it contains.
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L8. Intro to Microbial Divers...Jonathan Eisen
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life.
At UC Davis Spring 2014.
Lecture 8.
Introduction to Microbial Diversity, part 2.
Slides for Lectures by Jonathan Eisen
Flagella are thin, thread-like appendages that protrude from bacterial cells and enable locomotion. They vary in number, arrangement, and length depending on the bacterial species. A flagellum is composed of three main parts - a long, helical filament; a basal body that anchors the flagellum and acts as a motor; and a short, curved hook that connects the filament to the basal body. Flagella rotate like propellers via a motor system that uses proton gradients to drive the rotation of the basal body and propel the bacterium forward.
BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L14. FungiJonathan Eisen
The document is a set of lecture slides about fungi. It discusses several types of fungi, including microsporidia, chytrids, zygospore fungi, glomeromycota, and dikarya. It provides details on the characteristics, life cycles, and evolution of these groups. It specifically examines the life cycles of sac fungi, noting they have a haploid stage, form a dikaryotic mycelium through plasmogamy, undergo karyogamy and meiosis within ascocarps to produce haploid ascospores.
This document describes characteristics of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents that contain either DNA or RNA and require host cells to replicate.
- They have an extracellular state as a virion containing a protein capsid and nucleic acid, and an intracellular state after entry into a host cell.
- Viruses infect a wide range of organisms from humans to plants to bacteria. They cause many common diseases.
- Viruses replicate through either a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral genome remains dormant in the host.
This document describes characteristics and replication of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents with DNA or RNA that infect humans, animals and plants. They cannot reproduce independently.
- Viruses have an extracellular state as a virion with a protein capsid and sometimes envelope, and an intracellular state as nucleic acid.
- Viruses replicate by recruiting host cell machinery to produce more viruses, usually through a lytic cycle of attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly and release. Some viruses can also establish lysogenic or latent infections.
This document describes characteristics and replication of viruses. Key points include:
- Viruses are acellular infectious agents with DNA or RNA that infect humans, animals and plants. They cannot reproduce independently.
- Viruses have an extracellular state as a virion with a protein capsid and sometimes envelope, and an intracellular state as nucleic acid.
- Viruses replicate by recruiting host cell machinery to produce more virions, which are then released to infect other cells through lytic or lysogenic cycles.
Viruses consist of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside of host cells by using the host's cellular machinery. Viruses have a variety of structures depending on whether they have an envelope and the arrangement of their protein coats. They use different replication cycles like the lytic cycle which destroys the host cell or the lysogenic cycle which allows the viral DNA to lie dormant within the host's DNA. Retroviruses like HIV replicate through reverse transcribing their RNA into DNA which then integrates into the host genome.
Viruses consist of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside of host cells by using the host's cellular machinery. Viruses have a variety of structures depending on whether they have an envelope derived from the host cell membrane and the structure of their protein coat. They use different replication cycles like the lytic cycle which destroys the host cell or the lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. Retroviruses like HIV replicate through reverse transcribing their RNA into DNA which then integrates into the host cell genome.
This document provides an overview of viruses. It defines viruses as infectious particles consisting of genes surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses can have DNA or RNA genomes and some have envelopes. Viruses can only replicate inside host cells and use the host's cellular machinery to produce new viral particles. The document describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages and replicative cycles of animal viruses. It explains that viruses cause important diseases in animals, plants, and humans. Emerging viruses are discussed as a threat.
Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. They can only replicate inside host cells by using the host's cellular machinery. There are two main cycles by which viruses replicate - the lytic cycle which results in host cell death and release of new virus particles, and the lysogenic cycle where the viral genome integrates into the host genome and is copied along with it until induced to enter the lytic cycle. Retroviruses like HIV are unique in that they reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA which then integrates into the host cell genome.
Viruses can exist in two different life cycles when infecting bacteria. The lysogenic cycle allows viral DNA to integrate into the host bacterial chromosome where it is replicated alongside host DNA and passed onto daughter cells. The lytic cycle results in host cell lysis and death as new viruses are produced and released. Temperate phages like lambda can alternate between the lysogenic and lytic cycles, existing harmlessly as prophages until induced to switch to the lytic cycle.
The document discusses viruses, including their structure, classification, and life cycles. It describes how viruses are ultramicroscopic and contain nucleic acids enclosed in protein coats. Viruses lack their own metabolism and must infect host cells to replicate. It summarizes the lytic and lysogenic life cycles of bacteriophages, and how viruses are cultivated using embryonated eggs, laboratory animals, and tissue culture techniques.
Viruses are small infectious particles that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, and some have an outer envelope. Viruses infect a limited range of host cells and use the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles, which are then released to infect other cells. Viruses that infect bacteria can undergo a lytic cycle that destroys the host cell or a lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage. Retroviruses like HIV contain RNA and use reverse transcriptase to insert viral DNA into the host genome as a permanent provirus. While viruses cause many diseases, vaccines can help stimulate immunity to prevent infection
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. They multiply by using the host cell's machinery to produce more virus particles. Viruses range greatly in size and structure, and are classified based on their nucleic acid, replication method, and morphology. Viruses must infect living host cells to replicate, and the process involves attachment, entry, hijacking the cell to produce new viral components, and eventual cell lysis or budding of new viral particles.
This document discusses the morphology, classification, and cultivation of viruses. It begins by defining viruses as obligate intracellular parasites containing either RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. It then describes how viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition (DNA or RNA), structure/symmetry (complex, radial, cubic/icosahedral, rod/spiral), and host (animal, plant, bacteriophage). The replication cycle of viruses is also summarized in six stages: attachment, entry/penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis/replication, assembly, and release. The document provides details on each stage of the viral replication cycle within host cells.
Viruses contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an outer envelope as well. Viruses infect host cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate their nucleic acid and proteins, eventually causing the cell to burst and release new virus particles. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid, replication strategy, and morphology. Common virus families include Herpesviridae, Retroviridae, and Adenoviridae. Viruses can cause disease through lytic infection cycles or establish latent or persistent infections. Some viruses are also associated with cancer development in hosts.
This document discusses a chapter about the genetics of viruses and bacteria. It begins by introducing bacteriophages and their ability to infect bacteria like E. coli. It then discusses the structure and life cycles of viruses, including how they reproduce within host cells. It describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages and the reproductive cycles of animal viruses. The document also covers genetic variation in bacteria through rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination.
This document provides an overview of viruses and bacteria as microbial model systems. It discusses key aspects of viral structure, including that viruses have a genome but can only reproduce within a host cell. The document outlines the reproductive cycles of bacteriophages, including the lytic and lysogenic cycles. It also summarizes the reproductive cycles of animal viruses and how their genomes, being RNA or DNA, determine their cycles. Retroviruses are noted as copying their RNA genome into DNA using reverse transcriptase.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect all living organisms. They possess either DNA or RNA and lack organelles like cell membranes and ribosomes. Viruses come in a variety of shapes and sizes, with the smallest being 20nm and largest 400nm. They enter host cells and hijack the cell's machinery to replicate their genome and proteins. Viruses can undergo lytic or lysogenic replication cycles. Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections involves direct visualization of viruses, detection of antigens and antibodies, and molecular methods like PCR to detect viral genes.
This document provides an overview of viruses and bacteria as microbial model systems. It discusses key aspects of viral and bacterial structure, reproduction, and genetics. Viruses are the smallest infectious particles and can only reproduce inside host cells. They have either DNA or RNA genomes and use host cell machinery to replicate. Bacteriophages infect bacteria and can undergo lytic or lysogenic replication cycles. Animal viruses have diverse genome types and envelopes, and their replication depends on these features. Retroviruses like HIV copy their RNA into DNA. Viruses and bacteria continue evolving novel genetic mechanisms.
This document provides an overview of viruses, including:
- The history of virus discovery from Iwanowski's experiments in 1892 showing that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease was able to pass through filters that removed bacteria.
- Characteristics of viruses that distinguish them from living cells, including being acellular and only able to reproduce within host cells.
- The components of viruses, which include nucleic acids and protein capsids, with some viruses also having envelopes.
- The replication cycles of bacteriophages and how they can either undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles, and the replication processes of enveloped DNA, RNA, and retroviruses within host cells.
- Emerging viruses
Viruses are parasites that can only replicate inside living host cells. They are made up of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and have no cell structure of their own. Viruses come in many shapes and sizes but are typically 20-400 nanometers. They infect bacteria, plants, and animals. A virus replicates by entering a host cell, releasing its genetic material, and hijacking the cell's machinery to produce new virus particles that eventually cause the cell to burst and release new viruses. Viruses can have DNA or RNA as their genetic material and replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle.
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) as their genome and do not have cells or metabolic machinery. Viruses come in a wide range of sizes and shapes. They enter host cells and use the host's cellular machinery to produce new viral components and assemble new virus particles. The replication cycle involves adsorption, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis of viral components, assembly, and release of new virus particles. Viruses can be cultivated using animal inoculation, embryonated eggs, or tissue culture methods.
This document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the major sense organs - the eye, ear, taste and smell. It contains multiple choice questions about eye anatomy including the structures of the eye like the cornea, muscles and blood vessels. Questions also cover eye physiology topics such as accommodation, myopia and the role of the lens. The sections about ear anatomy and physiology discuss the structures of the inner, middle and outer ear as well as functions like hearing and balance. Taste and smell receptors are described as are the cranial nerves involved in taste.
This document provides an overview of the human sensory systems. It begins by defining sensory receptors and describing their general properties and types. It then discusses the general senses of touch, pain, taste, and smell. For each sense, it describes the sensory receptors, how stimuli are transduced and encoded, and the neural pathways from the receptors to the brain. Touch is mediated by various unencapsulated and encapsulated receptors in the skin. Pain signals travel through the spinal cord or cranial nerves and project to multiple areas in the brainstem and cortex. Taste and smell rely on receptor cells in the tongue and nose that bind to chemicals and project signals through cranial nerves to regions like the thalamus and cortex.
Chapter 26 review - Infections of skin and eyeskevperrino
This chapter review focuses on infections of the skin and eyes, including characteristics, symptoms, and treatment of impetigo, rubella, acne, erysipelas, cutaneous anthrax, varicella-zoster, measles, smallpox, and shingles. It also discusses necrotizing fasciitis, sweat glands and bacteria, folliculitis, blackheads, staphylococcal abscesses, anthropods, trachoma, the differences between cutaneous and inhalation anthrax, candidiasis, and HSV-1.
This chapter review covers several topics related to antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs including how antibiotics work by disrupting protein synthesis, how sulfa drugs function, the mechanisms of various antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporins, how different drugs treat bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan infections, the development of antibiotic resistance, and semi-synthetic antibiotics. The review provides an overview of key areas to focus on for the chapter but notes that students are responsible for all reading material.
The document provides an overview of key areas to focus on in reviewing Chapter 25 of the textbook on the digestive system. These include: 1) the anatomy and functions of the tooth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas and intestines; 2) digestive processes like plaquing, digestion by enzymes, and absorption of nutrients and vitamins; and 3) concepts like the enterogastic reflex, Peyer's patches, and histology of the intestinal sections. The review covers anatomical structures and physiological functions throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract.
The document provides a review of key areas to focus on for Chapter 23 which covers the urinary system. It lists topics such as the anatomy of the kidney and nephron, renal blood supply, control of urination, contents and osmolarity of urine, anatomy of the urinary system for both males and females, and functions of structures like the glomerulus, bladder and sphincters. Other areas highlighted include hypertonic vs hypotonic urine, glycosuria, renin, uric acid, aldosterone, and kidney damage.
The document summarizes key topics covered in Chapter 22 of the respiratory system review, including tracing airflow through the nasal passages into the alveoli, identifying the structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract, describing the function of pulmonary surfactant and gas transport, explaining the neural control of breathing and gas laws, and calculating pulmonary volumes and capacities. It also lists disorders of the respiratory system, structures of the lungs such as the bronchial system, muscles of respiration, and the role of atmospheric pressures and the pleural cavity in breathing.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and infectious diseases. It discusses what microbiology is, why it is important, and how microbes can cause infectious diseases. It also covers epidemiology, pathogenesis, host defenses, treatment of infections, and the importance of prevention through public health measures and immunization.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine and regulate electrolyte and fluid levels. Each kidney contains nephrons, the functional filtering units, composed of a glomerulus and renal tubule. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption of useful substances, and tubular secretion of wastes. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored and then expelled through the urethra.
The document summarizes key aspects of the digestive system, including its main divisions and functions. The digestive system breaks down food mechanically and chemically. Mechanical digestion increases surface area through processes like chewing, while chemical digestion involves enzymes that break molecules into simpler compounds. Digestion occurs along the alimentary tube from the mouth to anus, aided by accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The end products of digestion, like carbohydrates, proteins and fats, are absorbed and used by cells.
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The lungs are the site of gas exchange between inhaled air and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The respiratory centers in the medulla and pons control breathing and respond to changes in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Diseases can disrupt lung function and acid-base balance.
Ch14 - Lymphatic System - Franklin Universitykevperrino
The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system and immunity from Chapter 14 of Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. It describes the functions of the lymphatic system as returning tissue fluid to maintain blood volume and protecting the body against pathogens. The lymphatic system includes lymph and lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues like lymph nodes and the spleen, and organs like the thymus gland. Both innate and adaptive immunity provide protection, with innate immunity providing nonspecific defenses and adaptive immunity providing specific defenses like antibody production that can improve with exposure.
Ch13 - Vascular System - Franklin Universitykevperrino
This document summarizes key aspects of the vascular system, including the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. It describes the pathways of circulation (pulmonary, systemic, and hepatic portal), as well as factors that regulate and maintain blood pressure. Key terms are defined, such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and intrinsic vs. nervous mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. Fetal circulation is also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and physiology from the textbook "Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology". It describes the heart's location in the mediastinum surrounded by the lungs and ribs. It also explains the heart's role in pumping blood throughout the body via the cardiovascular system and regulating blood pressure. The summary highlights the heart's four chambers, cardiac cycle, and nervous system regulation of heart rate.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood, including its components and functions. It describes the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen, white blood cells help fight infection, and platelets assist in clotting. The document also outlines the clotting process and blood types.
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system from Chapter 10 of Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. It describes the major endocrine glands, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. It also explains the basic function and regulation of hormones through negative feedback mechanisms. The passage provides details on specific hormones such as insulin, glucagon, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, and how they affect processes like glucose regulation, bone growth, and sexual development.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, describing the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, upper and lower limbs, and their key features. It discusses the 206 bones in the adult skeleton, their classification into the axial and appendicular skeleton, and surface markings. Specific bones of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and upper and lower limbs are then described in detail.
Ch. 21 Infections of the Respiratory System Quiz Showkevperrino
This document contains a series of questions and answers about infections of the respiratory system. It is broken into topics covering the upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, bacteria, viruses, and fungi that can cause respiratory infections. For each topic there are 20 multiple choice questions with dollar amounts from $100 to $500. The answers are revealed after the user submits their choice.
Ch. 21 Infections of the Respiratory Systemkevperrino
This document discusses infections of the respiratory system. It begins by explaining that the respiratory system is highly susceptible to infection due to its constant exposure to pathogens from breathing. The respiratory system is divided into the upper and lower tract, with the upper tract more prone to minor irritations and the lower tract housing more dangerous infections. A variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause respiratory infections that are easily transmitted between people. Common sites of respiratory infection include the ears, sinuses, throat, and lungs. While defenses like mucus and coughing help clear pathogens, under the right conditions microbes can overcome these defenses and cause illness. The document goes on to provide details on specific respiratory infections like strep throat, scarlet fever,
Ch. 24 quiz-show Infections of Nervous Systemkevperrino
This document appears to be a transcript of questions and answers from a quiz about infections of the nervous system. It includes questions about topics like the nervous system, bacterial diseases, fungal/protozoan diseases, prion diseases, and viral diseases. The questions test knowledge of specific infectious agents, symptoms, transmission methods, and other key details about various neurological infections.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!