Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted through mosquito bites. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and infects around 3.3 billion people worldwide each year. Common symptoms include fever, shaking chills, flu-like illness, and anemia. It is diagnosed through blood tests and treated with antimalarial drugs. Prevention methods focus on eliminating mosquitoes and limiting exposure through bed nets and insecticides. Despite efforts, malaria remains a significant global health problem, especially in parts of Africa, Asia, and South America.
Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is widespread in tropical regions and causes hundreds of thousands of deaths annually, mostly among African children. The parasite has complex life cycles between human and mosquito hosts. Symptoms include fever, headaches, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy or antigen/DNA tests. Treatment depends on parasite species but commonly involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention strategies target eliminating mosquitoes or using prophylaxis for travelers.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The four species that cause malaria in humans are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum, with P. falciparum being the deadliest. Symptoms include fever, chills, and headaches. Treatment involves supportive therapies along with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, mefloquine and combinations of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxin. Prevention focuses on controlling mosquito breeding and protecting against mosquito bites.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted via the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito and symptoms typically include fever and headache that can progress to coma and death in severe cases. While not directly transmissible between humans, malaria can be transmitted through blood transfusions or shared needles. Resistance and susceptibility to malaria is partly determined by certain red blood cell polymorphisms. Control methods include removing mosquito breeding grounds, insecticide spraying, and use of bed nets.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects over 300 million people annually and causes over 2 million deaths. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving liver and blood stages. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness that occurs in cyclic periods. It can range from uncomplicated to severe cases involving multiple organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy and antigen detection. Treatment depends on the parasite species but may include chloroquine, atresunate, or artemether-lumefantrine. Prevention focuses on mosquito bite avoidance and antimalarial drugs for high-risk groups.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It remains a major global health issue, infecting hundreds of millions annually and killing over 500,000. The document discusses the definition, history, epidemiology, life cycle and clinical presentation of malaria, focusing on the different Plasmodium species involved, their transmission and symptoms. It also covers treatment, prevention, and highlights those most at risk.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and causes hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths annually. The disease is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in the mosquito and asexual reproduction in human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases organ damage or death. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid antigen tests. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and use of insecticide-treated bed nets, while treatment involves antimalarial medications
Plasmodium parasites are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four species that cause malaria in humans. The parasite undergoes development stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, parasites first develop in the liver before infecting and destroying red blood cells. Symptoms usually appear 10-15 days after the infectious bite and include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria is confirmed by microscopic examination of blood films to identify the parasite. While a vaccine is still in development, current prevention strategies include antimalarial drugs for treatment, prophylaxis and rapid diagnostic tests.
Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Around 40% of the world's population, or more than 500 million people, are at risk of malaria. The most common and deadly type is Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which can cause complications like cerebral malaria. Malaria symptoms include fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, anemia, and jaundice. Laboratory diagnosis involves examination of blood smears under a microscope to look for the malaria parasites in the red blood cells. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and reducing mosquito breeding sites.
Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is widespread in tropical regions and causes hundreds of thousands of deaths annually, mostly among African children. The parasite has complex life cycles between human and mosquito hosts. Symptoms include fever, headaches, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy or antigen/DNA tests. Treatment depends on parasite species but commonly involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention strategies target eliminating mosquitoes or using prophylaxis for travelers.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The four species that cause malaria in humans are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum, with P. falciparum being the deadliest. Symptoms include fever, chills, and headaches. Treatment involves supportive therapies along with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, mefloquine and combinations of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxin. Prevention focuses on controlling mosquito breeding and protecting against mosquito bites.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted via the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito and symptoms typically include fever and headache that can progress to coma and death in severe cases. While not directly transmissible between humans, malaria can be transmitted through blood transfusions or shared needles. Resistance and susceptibility to malaria is partly determined by certain red blood cell polymorphisms. Control methods include removing mosquito breeding grounds, insecticide spraying, and use of bed nets.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects over 300 million people annually and causes over 2 million deaths. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving liver and blood stages. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness that occurs in cyclic periods. It can range from uncomplicated to severe cases involving multiple organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves blood smear microscopy and antigen detection. Treatment depends on the parasite species but may include chloroquine, atresunate, or artemether-lumefantrine. Prevention focuses on mosquito bite avoidance and antimalarial drugs for high-risk groups.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It remains a major global health issue, infecting hundreds of millions annually and killing over 500,000. The document discusses the definition, history, epidemiology, life cycle and clinical presentation of malaria, focusing on the different Plasmodium species involved, their transmission and symptoms. It also covers treatment, prevention, and highlights those most at risk.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It affects over 100 tropical and subtropical countries and causes hundreds of millions of cases and millions of deaths annually. The disease is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It has a complex life cycle involving sexual reproduction in the mosquito and asexual reproduction in human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species but can include fever, chills, flu-like illness, and in severe cases organ damage or death. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid antigen tests. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and use of insecticide-treated bed nets, while treatment involves antimalarial medications
Plasmodium parasites are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four species that cause malaria in humans. The parasite undergoes development stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, parasites first develop in the liver before infecting and destroying red blood cells. Symptoms usually appear 10-15 days after the infectious bite and include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria is confirmed by microscopic examination of blood films to identify the parasite. While a vaccine is still in development, current prevention strategies include antimalarial drugs for treatment, prophylaxis and rapid diagnostic tests.
Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Around 40% of the world's population, or more than 500 million people, are at risk of malaria. The most common and deadly type is Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which can cause complications like cerebral malaria. Malaria symptoms include fever, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, anemia, and jaundice. Laboratory diagnosis involves examination of blood smears under a microscope to look for the malaria parasites in the red blood cells. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites and reducing mosquito breeding sites.
The document provides information about malaria, including:
1. Malaria is caused by parasites that are transmitted via mosquito bites and infect red blood cells, multiplying and breaking cells open to infect more.
2. It is a major health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. The most deadly form is caused by P. falciparum.
3. Symptoms include flu-like fever, headache, vomiting, and can progress to seizures, coma, or organ failure if severe. Pregnant women and their fetuses are particularly at risk.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It is most prevalent in developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa. The most severe form is caused by P. falciparum. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Diagnosis involves microscopy of blood smears or rapid diagnostic tests to detect parasites. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and disease severity, ranging from chloroquine for non-severe P. vivax to artemisinin-based combination therapy for P. falciparum. Prevention involves mosquito control and antimalarial drugs. Malaria poses a major global health challenge but can be controlled through
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common species that cause malaria in humans are Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness that typically occur in cycles. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and is a major public health problem, with young children and pregnant women especially at risk. Management involves early diagnosis and treatment with antimalarial medications as well as mosquito control measures.
Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common symptoms are fever, chills, and sweating that occurs in intermittent periodic cycles. Left untreated, malaria can cause anemia and enlargement of the spleen. There are four types of malaria parasites that can infect humans, with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum being the most prevalent. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and is controlled through measures that eliminate the parasite reservoir in humans, interrupt mosquito-borne transmission, and protect susceptible individuals.
Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The document discusses the life cycle and species of malaria parasites, which includes P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. It then covers the pathogenesis of malaria, including the hepatic and erythrocytic phases. Finally, it outlines the clinical features of malaria like febrile paroxysms, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, and complications of P. falciparum malaria such as cerebral malaria. Diagnostic methods for malaria are also summarized, including microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the equator, including Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Malaria causes symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. It is typically diagnosed by examining blood slides under a microscope. Treatment depends on the species of Plasmodium, with drugs like chloroquine and antifolates being used. Prevention involves reducing mosquito bites through insecticides, bed nets, and protective clothing. Malaria control projects aim to study and reduce the burden of the disease.
Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2016, there were an estimated 216 million cases of malaria worldwide, with the majority occurring in Africa. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species and include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Diagnosis is typically made through blood smears, antigen testing, or PCR. Treatment involves antimalarial medications such as chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies depending on the species and severity of illness. Prevention strategies include mosquito control measures and chemoprophylaxis for travelers. Drug and insecticide resistance present ongoing challenges to malaria elimination efforts.
Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex life cycle, involving stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria remains a major global health problem and is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for diagnosis, and treatment involves antimalarial drugs.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms include periodic chills, fever, and sweating occurring every 24-48 hours. Prevention involves both social and economic measures like improving water storage, using larvicides in water sources, and educating the public, as well as biological controls like using Guppy fish or bacteria to kill mosquito larvae.
Dr. Ankit Gajjar is a critical care physician at Asutosh Hospital. The document discusses malaria, including what causes it, the species that cause malaria in humans, epidemiology in India, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment for uncomplicated and severe cases of P. falciparum and other species, treatment in specific populations, monitoring and follow up, relapse vs recrudescence, and various artemisinin-based combination therapies.
Protozoa are single-celled organisms capable of independent existence through one cell performing all necessary functions. They can be motile through pseudopodia or flagellae and form hardy cysts. Entamoeba histolytica infects the large gut in tropical areas, causing diarrhea or abscesses in other organs. Leishmaniasis is a skin or internal organ infection depending on immunity, spread by sandflies. Malaria, acquired from mosquitoes, goes to the liver and blood cells, where falciparum malaria multiplies rapidly. Pneumocystis carinii was thought to be protozoan but is now considered fungal, usually only pathogenic with immunosuppression. Toxoplasma gon
This document discusses malaria, including its history, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It notes that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. Symptoms include fever, chills, and headaches. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope. Treatment depends on the parasite species and patient factors. Prevention involves awareness of risk areas, preventing mosquito bites, and possibly taking antimalarial drugs. The document also provides details on malaria in Pakistan.
Protozoa can cause important infectious diseases like malaria. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects millions annually, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Drug resistance has emerged, necessitating new treatments. Prevention relies on chemoprophylaxis and reducing mosquito exposure.
Malaria pathogenesis and reason for drug resistantanceAbino David
This document discusses the malaria parasite life cycle and pathogenesis of malaria. It describes the four Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans, their life cycles involving both human and mosquito hosts, as well as pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of infection. It also discusses drug resistance in malaria parasites, factors contributing to resistance, and strategies to reduce the emergence of resistance.
Malaria is a common and deadly infection caused by a parasite called Plasmodium that is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is most prevalent in hot, tropical parts of the world like Africa due to suitable conditions for mosquito breeding. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, shivering and muscle pains. To prevent malaria, one should avoid mosquito bites by using nets, repellents, long clothing and staying in cool, screened areas at night when mosquitoes tend to bite. Early treatment within 24 hours of symptoms appearing is important to cure the disease.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by sand fly bites. It exists in three main forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. Cutaneous lesions cause skin sores, while mucocutaneous lesions affect mucosal tissues and can cause disfigurement. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and is the most serious form. The disease is diagnosed by microscopic examination of tissues or cultures to view the parasites. Treatment depends on the form but may include topical or systemic antimonials, amphotericin B, or miltefosine.
Malaria is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium type, which are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells. Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria most commonly occurs in subtropical and tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. While the disease can be treated with antimalarial drugs, prevention through mosquito bite avoidance and antimalarial prophylaxis is most effective.
This document discusses the classification of bacteria based on their cellular characteristics and structures. It focuses on cell shape, arrangement, and external structures. The three main shapes are cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirals. Arrangements include pairs, chains, and clusters. External structures can include capsules, flagella, fimbriae, pili, and cell walls that vary between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cell shape, structures, and wall composition are important factors in bacterial identification and differentiation.
The document provides information about malaria, including:
1. Malaria is caused by parasites that are transmitted via mosquito bites and infect red blood cells, multiplying and breaking cells open to infect more.
2. It is a major health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. The most deadly form is caused by P. falciparum.
3. Symptoms include flu-like fever, headache, vomiting, and can progress to seizures, coma, or organ failure if severe. Pregnant women and their fetuses are particularly at risk.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It is most prevalent in developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa. The most severe form is caused by P. falciparum. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Diagnosis involves microscopy of blood smears or rapid diagnostic tests to detect parasites. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and disease severity, ranging from chloroquine for non-severe P. vivax to artemisinin-based combination therapy for P. falciparum. Prevention involves mosquito control and antimalarial drugs. Malaria poses a major global health challenge but can be controlled through
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common species that cause malaria in humans are Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness that typically occur in cycles. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and is a major public health problem, with young children and pregnant women especially at risk. Management involves early diagnosis and treatment with antimalarial medications as well as mosquito control measures.
Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common symptoms are fever, chills, and sweating that occurs in intermittent periodic cycles. Left untreated, malaria can cause anemia and enlargement of the spleen. There are four types of malaria parasites that can infect humans, with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum being the most prevalent. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and is controlled through measures that eliminate the parasite reservoir in humans, interrupt mosquito-borne transmission, and protect susceptible individuals.
Malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The document discusses the life cycle and species of malaria parasites, which includes P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. It then covers the pathogenesis of malaria, including the hepatic and erythrocytic phases. Finally, it outlines the clinical features of malaria like febrile paroxysms, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, and complications of P. falciparum malaria such as cerebral malaria. Diagnostic methods for malaria are also summarized, including microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and rapid diagnostic tests.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the equator, including Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Malaria causes symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. It is typically diagnosed by examining blood slides under a microscope. Treatment depends on the species of Plasmodium, with drugs like chloroquine and antifolates being used. Prevention involves reducing mosquito bites through insecticides, bed nets, and protective clothing. Malaria control projects aim to study and reduce the burden of the disease.
Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2016, there were an estimated 216 million cases of malaria worldwide, with the majority occurring in Africa. Symptoms vary depending on the Plasmodium species and include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Diagnosis is typically made through blood smears, antigen testing, or PCR. Treatment involves antimalarial medications such as chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies depending on the species and severity of illness. Prevention strategies include mosquito control measures and chemoprophylaxis for travelers. Drug and insecticide resistance present ongoing challenges to malaria elimination efforts.
Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. The parasite has a complex life cycle, involving stages in both the human and mosquito hosts. In humans, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria remains a major global health problem and is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for diagnosis, and treatment involves antimalarial drugs.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms include periodic chills, fever, and sweating occurring every 24-48 hours. Prevention involves both social and economic measures like improving water storage, using larvicides in water sources, and educating the public, as well as biological controls like using Guppy fish or bacteria to kill mosquito larvae.
Dr. Ankit Gajjar is a critical care physician at Asutosh Hospital. The document discusses malaria, including what causes it, the species that cause malaria in humans, epidemiology in India, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment for uncomplicated and severe cases of P. falciparum and other species, treatment in specific populations, monitoring and follow up, relapse vs recrudescence, and various artemisinin-based combination therapies.
Protozoa are single-celled organisms capable of independent existence through one cell performing all necessary functions. They can be motile through pseudopodia or flagellae and form hardy cysts. Entamoeba histolytica infects the large gut in tropical areas, causing diarrhea or abscesses in other organs. Leishmaniasis is a skin or internal organ infection depending on immunity, spread by sandflies. Malaria, acquired from mosquitoes, goes to the liver and blood cells, where falciparum malaria multiplies rapidly. Pneumocystis carinii was thought to be protozoan but is now considered fungal, usually only pathogenic with immunosuppression. Toxoplasma gon
This document discusses malaria, including its history, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It notes that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. Symptoms include fever, chills, and headaches. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope. Treatment depends on the parasite species and patient factors. Prevention involves awareness of risk areas, preventing mosquito bites, and possibly taking antimalarial drugs. The document also provides details on malaria in Pakistan.
Protozoa can cause important infectious diseases like malaria. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects millions annually, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Drug resistance has emerged, necessitating new treatments. Prevention relies on chemoprophylaxis and reducing mosquito exposure.
Malaria pathogenesis and reason for drug resistantanceAbino David
This document discusses the malaria parasite life cycle and pathogenesis of malaria. It describes the four Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans, their life cycles involving both human and mosquito hosts, as well as pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of infection. It also discusses drug resistance in malaria parasites, factors contributing to resistance, and strategies to reduce the emergence of resistance.
Malaria is a common and deadly infection caused by a parasite called Plasmodium that is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is most prevalent in hot, tropical parts of the world like Africa due to suitable conditions for mosquito breeding. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, shivering and muscle pains. To prevent malaria, one should avoid mosquito bites by using nets, repellents, long clothing and staying in cool, screened areas at night when mosquitoes tend to bite. Early treatment within 24 hours of symptoms appearing is important to cure the disease.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by sand fly bites. It exists in three main forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. Cutaneous lesions cause skin sores, while mucocutaneous lesions affect mucosal tissues and can cause disfigurement. Visceral leishmaniasis affects internal organs and is the most serious form. The disease is diagnosed by microscopic examination of tissues or cultures to view the parasites. Treatment depends on the form but may include topical or systemic antimonials, amphotericin B, or miltefosine.
Malaria is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium type, which are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells. Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria most commonly occurs in subtropical and tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. While the disease can be treated with antimalarial drugs, prevention through mosquito bite avoidance and antimalarial prophylaxis is most effective.
This document discusses the classification of bacteria based on their cellular characteristics and structures. It focuses on cell shape, arrangement, and external structures. The three main shapes are cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirals. Arrangements include pairs, chains, and clusters. External structures can include capsules, flagella, fimbriae, pili, and cell walls that vary between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cell shape, structures, and wall composition are important factors in bacterial identification and differentiation.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles. They reproduce through binary fission and have a cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Bacteria come in various shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirals) and sizes from 0.5-5.0 μm. Structures include flagella, pili, spores and inclusions. Bacteria can be helpful in digestion and decomposition or harmful as pathogens. Overall, bacteria are simple prokaryotic cells that are found nearly everywhere and impact many life processes.
Flagella are thin, thread-like appendages that protrude from bacterial cells and enable locomotion. They vary in number, arrangement, and length depending on the bacterial species. A flagellum is composed of three main parts - a long, helical filament; a basal body that anchors the flagellum and acts as a motor; and a short, curved hook that connects the filament to the basal body. Flagella rotate like propellers via a motor system that uses proton gradients to drive the rotation of the basal body and propel the bacterium forward.
Zewdu assefa edea presented on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The presentation provided an overview of NTDs, their epidemiology and economic burden. It described public health strategies to address NTDs including preventive chemotherapy, intensified case management, vector control and improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene. Achievements in controlling various NTDs were highlighted as well as ongoing challenges. Ethiopia's national NTD control program aims to strengthen government ownership and partnerships to scale up access to integrated NTD interventions by 2015.
This document describes different shapes that bacteria can take based on how they divide and group together after cell division. It discusses several types of cocci (spherical bacteria) that can remain in pairs, chains, tetrads, cube-like groups, or grape-like clusters after dividing. It also mentions bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria) that typically remain as single rods or pairs, and describes some spiral-shaped bacteria like vibrios, spirilla, and spirochetes. It notes that some bacteria have unusual shapes like star-shaped or rectangular.
Complicated malaria refers to any clinical presentation requiring parenteral treatment, including severe malaria which meets strict WHO criteria. Of falciparum malaria cases, around 10% are severe, with a mortality of 10% without treatment but up to 50% for those meeting the severe criteria. Pathophysiology of severe manifestations includes sequestration of infected red blood cells in organs, hypoglycemia, acidosis, anemia, acute renal failure, and shock. Diagnosis involves blood smears to identify Plasmodium species and quantify parasitemia level.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on the functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It compares and contrasts the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, focusing on key differences like prokaryotes lacking a nucleus and organelles. The presentation also examines the structures of bacterial cells in more detail, including cell shape, flagella, pili, the cell wall, and plasma membrane. It describes the different types of cell walls found in bacteria and their functions.
The document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbiology. It covers several key topics:
- Microbes affect our lives in both beneficial and harmful ways, such as decomposing waste, producing foods and chemicals, and causing disease.
- Scientific naming of microbes uses binomial nomenclature with the genus and specific epithet. Major groups of microbes include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses.
- Landmark discoveries in microbiology included Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek's early observations of cells and microorganisms under microscopes. Pasteur and Koch helped establish the germ theory of disease and methods to prove microbe-disease connections. Jen
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbial growth. It discusses the physical, chemical, and environmental requirements for microbial growth, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, nutrients, and oxygen levels. It also covers topics like biofilm formation, culture media, obtaining pure cultures, and preserving bacterial cultures. The key growth phases of bacteria, including binary fission, are explained. Methods for isolating and culturing microbes under different conditions are presented.
This document contains a PowerPoint presentation on viruses, viroids, and prions. It discusses the general characteristics of viruses, including that they are obligate intracellular parasites that require a living host cell to multiply. It also covers viral structure, taxonomy, isolation/cultivation methods, and viral multiplication cycles. Specifically, it describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages, as well as the replication cycles of DNA and RNA containing animal viruses. Key aspects of viral structure and replication are illustrated with diagrams.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites that are transmitted through mosquito bites. The parasites, belonging to the genus Plasmodium, infect red blood cells and cause symptoms such as fevers and chills. Malaria prevalence is highest in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Prevention efforts focus on reducing mosquito habitats and bites through insecticides, bed nets, and antimalarial drugs. While challenging, global programs aim to continue reducing the malaria burden through strategies like early detection, treatment, and strengthening local control measures.
Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, infects over 120 million people worldwide. It is caused by parasitic filarial worms transmitted through mosquitos that live in the lymphatic system for 6-8 years. Symptoms include swelling of the limbs and genitals. Treatment involves single doses of albendazole with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine along with mosquito control.
This document provides an overview of radiographic techniques and interpretations in endodontic diagnosis. It discusses the history of dental radiography and various radiographic techniques including intraoral periapical, bitewing, occlusal, tomography, computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, scanography, stereography, magnetic resonance imaging, digital subtraction radiography and direct digital radiography. It also covers interpreting dental caries, trauma, pulpal and periapical lesions, restorations and dental materials, and root canal anatomy on radiographs. The document emphasizes that cone beam computed tomography is more accurate than conventional radiography for detecting vertical root fractures in teeth with metallic posts.
Neglected tropical diseases are a group of infections that are endemic in developing regions and cause significant disease burden. They include roundworm, hookworm, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, sleeping sickness, and others. These diseases primarily affect poor populations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Integrated control programs involving mass drug administration, vaccination, sanitation efforts, and public-private partnerships can help eliminate neglected tropical diseases.
This document discusses obturation, which is the final step in root canal treatment aimed at preventing reinfection of the root canal. It involves using filling materials and techniques to densely fill the entire root canal system and provide a seal from the apex to the cavity surface. Successful obturation requires clean and proper shaping of the root canal as well as placement of a good coronal restoration. The document describes various materials and techniques used for obturation, including gutta-percha, resilon, sealers, and techniques like lateral compaction, vertical compaction, warm lateral compaction, and injection. It stresses the importance of filling the entire root canal system and providing a fluid-tight seal to prevent reinfection.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses how microorganisms enter the host through various portals of entry like mucous membranes or skin. It defines terms like infectious dose 50 (ID50) and lethal dose 50 (LD50). It also explains how microbes adhere to host cells using adhesins and how they penetrate host defenses using things like capsules, cell wall components, and enzymes. Finally, it covers how pathogens damage host cells through production of exotoxins and endotoxins, and use of toxins, siderophores, and direct damage of host cells.
Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cellShahan Rahman
- Bacteria come in a variety of shapes, including spherical, straight rods, and helically curved, which is determined by their rigid cell wall. Their small size and high surface area to volume ratio allows for efficient nutrient absorption and waste removal.
- Structures external to the cell wall include flagella for motility, pili for attachment, and capsules for protection. The cell wall provides structure and is composed mainly of peptidoglycan. The cytoplasmic membrane internal to the cell wall regulates passage of molecules and contains enzymes.
Flagella are whip-like appendages that protrude from the cell body of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Their main function is locomotion, but they also serve as sensory organelles. Bacteria use flagella for motility and movement. They can move towards or away from chemicals, light, and other stimuli in processes called chemotaxis and phototaxis. Bacterial flagella vary in their arrangement on cells and are classified as atrichous, monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous. Each type is exemplified by certain bacterial species. The structure of prokaryotic flagella consists of a basal body, hook,
Root canal treatment involves removing infected or inflamed pulp from the inside of a tooth. The dentist drills into the tooth to access the pulp chamber and root canals. They then clean out the pulp, bacteria, and debris. Finally, the dentist fills and seals the inside of the tooth to prevent future infection. Root canal treatment saves a tooth that would otherwise require extraction due to infection or damage to the pulp.
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2. • Malaria is a life threatening
disease which is transmitted
to humans through the bites
of infected female
Anopheles mosquitoes.
• About 3.3 billion people –
half of the world's
population – are at risk of
malaria.
What is malaria?
Image: Hugh Sturrock, Wellcome Images
3. • Malaria is caused by a
single celled parasite
called Plasmodium.
• There are four types of
Plasmodium that infect
humans:
– Plasmodium falciparum
– Plasmodium vivax
– Plasmodium malariae
– Plasmodium ovale
What causes malaria?
Image: CDC/Steven Glenn, Laboratory & Consultation Division
5. • 225 million cases of malaria
worldwide and 781,000 deaths
every year.
• A child dies of malaria every
30 seconds.
• Over 90% of malaria deaths
are in Africa.
• 200,000 newborns die each
year as a result of malaria.
Incidence facts
Image: Bonnie Gillespie, Voices for a malaria free futureStatistics: 2010 WHO Malaria Report and Malaria No More
UK
6. Who are affected?
Images: Bonnie Gillespie, Voices for a malaria free future, Courtney Dudley, JHU/ Voices for a Malaria Free Future, Cape Union Mart
7. Where is malaria a problem?
Image licensed to the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP; www.map.ox.ac.uk) by Hay, S.I. et al. (2009). A
world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Medicine 6(3): e1000048.
8. Why these areas?
Images: Manfred Werner, Courtney Dudley, JHU/Voices for a Malaria Free Future, Muhammad Mahdi Karim micro2macro.net, Julian Rayner
9. • Malaria has a significant economic
impact on countries with high levels
of malaria transmission.
• In affected countries the disease
accounts for:
– 40% of public health drug expenditure
– 30-50% of in patient hospital admissions
– up to 60% of outpatient health clinic
visits
Why is malaria a problem?
Statistics: 2010 WHO Malaria Report Image: Bonnie Gillespie, Voices for a Malaria Free Future
10. • Malaria can be diagnosed by
microscopy and rapid diagnostic
tests (RDTs).
• Microscopy uses a blood smear to
identify whether parasites are
present in the patient.
• RDTs are quick tests that use a
drop of blood from the finger tip
to identify whether parasites are
present in the patient.
How do you diagnose malaria?
Images: Bonnie Gillespie and Jen Warren, Voices for a Malaria Free Future
11. • Malaria can be treated with
anti-malarial drugs.
– WHO recommends
artemisinin combination
therapies (ACTs) to treat
Plasmodium falciparum
infections.
– Drugs such as chloroquine
and primaquine are
recommended for
Plasmodium vivax malaria.
How do you treat malaria?
Image: Bonnie Gillespie, Voices for a malaria free future
12. • Key methods to prevent malaria
transmission are:
– Long lasting insecticide
impregnated nets (LLINs)
– Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs)
– Indoor residual spraying
– Mosquito repellents
– Preventative drug treatments
How do you prevent malaria?
Image: p_skov_vestergaard_frandsen
14. • In your groups discuss the
stage of the life cycle
you’ve been allocated and
the interventions that
target it.
• Form “expert” groups to
discuss the best methods
to eradicate malaria.
• Feedback your thoughts to
the class.
Activity 1: The big debate
Can malaria be eliminated?
Research groups
Expert groups
15. Activity 2: Funding decisions
• Your charity has raised £20 million to fund
malaria programmes around the world.
• In your groups discuss each of the funding
proposals and decide which of these should
receive funding.
• Complete your group worksheets and feed
back your decisions to the class.
Who and what should get funding?
16. Activity 3: Malaria management
• In groups discuss the best strategy for reducing
malaria transmission for your allocated scenario:
– Cambodia
– Uganda
– Tanzania
– Brazil
• Complete your group’s worksheet and present
your strategy to the class.
• Remember: only three initiatives per strategy are
allowed so identify your main priorities.
17. Discussion guidelines
• Speak for yourself and not for others.
• Allow others to finish before you speak. Listen
well.
• Ask questions as well as making statements.
• Explain what you think and feel.
• Respect differences in opinion – the world would
be a boring place if everyone thought the same.
• Share your life experiences and knowledge – they
are valuable.
Editor's Notes
Malaria is an infectious disease that is spread by mosquitoes, in particular female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is a disease that is found in hundreds of different countries around the world and over 3 billion people are at risk from the disease.
Note this slide is animated
Malaria is caused by a eukaryotic protist, a single celled organism. The parasite belongs to a genus known as Plasmodium. The image shows a false coloured micrograph showing one of the life stages of the parasite (shown in blue) inside human red blood cells.
Four species of Plasmodium infect humans:
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale
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Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the parasites that cause the most cases of malaria worldwide. (Other two species are greyed out.)
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Plasmodium falciparum can cause serious complications and can be fatal if untreated. It is responsible for the most deaths due to malaria. (Plasmodium vivax is greyed out)
Note this slide is animated
Plasmodium has a complex life cycle. Part of it takes place inside a human host and part of it takes places inside a mosquito vector.
There are essentially five key stages to the Plasmodium life cycle:
The Anopheles mosquito bites a human injecting the Plasmodium parasite which enters the humans blood. At this stage the parasite is in a form known as a sporozoite, which is long and thin and is capable of moving in between and within cells.
The parasite travels in the blood until it reaches the liver. At this point the parasite recognises and invades liver cells where it remains for around 10 days. In the liver it undergoes a transformation into thousands of new parasites known as a merozoites. These newly formed merozoites are released into the bloodstream.
The merozoites invade red blood cells and then reproduce. Each merozoite enters a red blood cell and once inside it grows and divides asexually to form up to 20 new merozoites. These burst out of the cell and invade neighbouring red blood cells. This whole process takes approximately 48 hours.
Some parasites do not form merozoites but develop into a sexual stage of the lifecycle called gametocytes. These are taken up by a mosquito when they feed on an infected human.
Once inside the mosquito gut the gametocytes change into mature gametes (eggs and sperm) which fuse and develop into an ookinete. The ookinete burrows through the lining of the mosquito’s gut wall where it forms an oocyst in which tens of thousands of sporozoites are formed. They burst out of the oocyst and travel to the salivary gland of the mosquito where the cycles begins again.
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Stage 1 : Transmission to human
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Stage 2: Liver stage
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Stage 3: Red blood cell stage
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Stage 4: Transmission to mosquito
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Stage 5: Mosquito stages
According to the World Health Organization, there were 225 million cases of malaria worldwide and 781,000 deaths in 2009. Although this is a lot, these numbers have decreased from 233 million cases and nearly 1 million deaths in 2000.
The majority of malaria deaths are due to the Plasmodium falciparum parasite and are in children under the age of five in Africa.
Pregnant woman are also vulnerable to malaria as they have lower natural immunity to the disease. If they are infected with malaria when pregnant this can have a serious impact on their unborn child. Pregnant women with malaria are susceptible to:
placental infections (a build up of parasites in the placenta) that can lead to miscarriage
death of newborns due to premature birth or low birth weight.
Pregnant women and children under the age of five are most vulnerable to malaria infections. This is because they have a lower natural immunity to the disease compared to others in the community.
Adults can also be affected by malaria, however if they have lived in the same area for a long period of time they are likely to build up some immunity to the parasite. This does not mean that they are not infected but may mean they have less severe symptoms.
People who travel from malaria free areas to malaria endemic areas are also at risk of contracting the disease. Holiday makers and immigrant workers can be vulnerable to infections as they have no immunity to the disease. Drugs are available that can be given to these people to kill the parasite if they become infected.
This map shows areas where Plasmodium falciparum is endemic around the world. You can see that the highest levels of malaria are between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
Malaria is a disease of the developing world affecting people in some of the poorest countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. It is considered a disease of poverty but is also a major cause of poverty .
These are images from four regions where malaria is found: Cambodia in South East Asia (top left), Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Africa (top right) Shanty town in India, (bottom left), a remote rural village in Peru, South America (bottom right).
Question to the students: Why do you think these areas have high levels of malaria? What do they have in common?
Warm climate (over 19-20 °C) and heavy rainfall. Long rainy seasons can form areas of standing water which are ideal mosquito breeding grounds.
Poor housing and sanitation facilities. The houses in these areas don’t always have windows or mesh screens to prevent mosquitoes and other biting insects entering the house.
Some are in rural areas, in close proximity to forest (except Dar es Salaam in Tanzania) which provides ideal habitats for some mosquito species.
Malaria causes significant economic losses, and can decrease gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 1.3% in countries with high levels of transmission. It is estimated that malaria-related health expenditure and lost productivity costs Africa’s economy over $8 billion per year. It also deters foreign investment, tourism and trade. These sustained annual economic losses have resulted in substantial differences in GDP between countries with and without malaria, particularly in Africa.
Malaria disproportionately affects poor people who cannot afford treatment or have limited access to health care. This traps families and communities in a vicious cycle of poverty and disease which they are unable to break away from.
Note this slide is animated
Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease and prevents deaths. It also contributes to reducing malaria transmission. There are two ways malaria can be diagnosed: Microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs).
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Microscopy - a blood sample is taken from the patient and is looked at under the microscope. If parasites are visible within the blood smear they are diagnosed as having malaria.
Question to the students: What are the limitations of microscopy?
The key limitation is that this method of diagnosis can only be used in laboratories where there is electricity and trained medical staff.
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The second method of diagnosis is RDTs.
RDTs are quick tests that use a drop of blood from the finger tip to identify if the patient has malaria. The tests are sensitive to antigens (proteins that are produced by the parasite) that bind with a dye to form a coloured strip (a bit like a pregnancy test) to indicate whether there are parasites in the blood. The image shows a test and you can see two strips, one is the control strip and the other indicates a positive result.
An RDT takes just 15 minutes and can be used in rural communities by trained community workers, making this a valuable and life saving diagnostic tool.
Anti-malarial drugs kill the parasite but do not prevent the patient from being re-infected. Early and effective treatment of malaria with anti-malarial drugs can shorten the duration of the infection and prevent further complications which could be fatal.
In many countries, anti-malarial drugs can be purchased over the counter without prescription from doctors or medical practioners. This can lead to inappropriate use of the drugs, for example, if someone has a fever they may take anti-malarial drugs when malaria is not the cause of the fever. This uncontrolled use of single drug therapies, such as chloroquine, in the past has led to parasites developing drug resistance. This causes great problems as the drugs available to patients are ineffective and cannot be prescribed to treat the disease.
A new compound known as artemisinin was found to be effective against malaria in the 1990s. It is now used in combination with other drugs particularly to deal with Plasmodium falciparum infections. Artemisinin is recommended as first line treatment for malaria by the World Health Organization.
Protection against mosquito bites and controlling vector populations are effective methods of preventing malaria transmission. Vector control in particular works to reduce malaria transmission at a community level and can significantly reduce transmission from very high levels to close to zero. For individuals, personal protection against mosquito bites through the use of bed nets and insect repellents is the first line of defense to prevent malaria.
Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and long lasting insecticide impregnated nets (LLINs) offer both a physical and chemical barrier to mosquitoes.
LLINs are the preferred form of insecticide treated nets for public health distribution programmes and recommended by the World Health Organization as they can be effective for 3-5 years.
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides is an extremely effective way to rapidly reduce malaria transmission. It can be effective for 3-6 months, depending on the insecticide used and the type of surface on which it is sprayed. DDT can be effective for 9-12 months in some cases.
Drugs can also be used to prevent malaria. For travellers, malaria can be prevented through chemoprophylaxis, taking drugs that suppress the blood stage of malaria infections, thereby preventing malaria disease.
Pregnant women are also offered anti-malarial drugs during their pregnancy. This is known as Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). This practice aims to reduce the possible complications during pregnancy such as severe anaemia and placental infections which can threaten the life of the mother and child.
The Malaria Challenge is a multimedia resource which can provide you with information on the lifecycle of the malaria parasite and how the disease can be treated and prevented. It includes videos, animations and interviews with malaria researchers to give an insight into the many different issues surrounding this topic. This information can be used to find out more about malaria and enable students to take part in a discussion based activity.
Use the following slide(s) to introduce the discussion activity you have decided to run.
Hide the two slides that are not relevant to the activity that you decide to run, e.g. if you are running the Big Debate, hide slides 15 and 16.
Note this slide is animated
In this activity each group will randomly select a stage of the malaria life cycle.
All members of the group must research the particular lifecycle stage they have been allocated using the Malaria Challenge resource. You should identify the stage’s relevance in the disease lifecycle and the prevention interventions that specifically target it.
Then as a group discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the prevention interventions and how effective they could be at eradicating malaria.
By the end of this discussion each member of the group should be clear on the issues surrounding the malaria stage and its prevention interventions. They are now “experts” and should have each completed a worksheet with key points from the group discussions.
The next stage is to form new groups with an “expert” from each malaria stage. In these newly formed groups each person will take it in turns to put forward their thoughts and findings on their particular stage of the malaria lifecycle. After this, as a group, put together an argument for the three best methods or techniques to eradicate malaria which the spokesperson(s) will present to the rest of the class.
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Form “expert” groups to discuss the best methods to eradicate malaria.
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Feedback your thoughts to the class.
Before starting the discussion the group should nominate the following roles:
Spokesperson(s): the person or persons who will speak on behalf of the group during the feedback session
Scribe: the person responsible for taking notes on all the discussion and completing the group worksheet
Financier: the person responsible for doing the calculations and ensuring that the available funds are correctly allocated and the group doesn’t overspend!
The first stage of the discussion process is to consider funding principles, a set of considerations or guidelines to help the group in their decision making. Ideas for funding principles include:
Should you only fund projects in malaria endemic countries?
Should the project have to use innovative technology?
Will the project have a large scale impact?
Should a project you fund further advances in the understanding of malaria?
Should a project you fund further advances in the treatment of malaria?
As a group discuss each of the funding applications in turn, discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Once a decision has been made place the card in a yes, no or maybe pile. The scribe should complete the group worksheet with the assistance of the financier.
Note: They do not have to spend all of the money. If they do not think all of the projects should receive funding, then they can leave surplus funds.
Once they have completed their worksheet, the spokesperson should prepare to feed back their decisions to the rest of the class with explanations as to why they chose those particular projects.
In this activity the students will be playing the role of malaria programme managers for a community in a malaria endemic area. These regions are Cambodia, Uganda, Tanzania and Brazil.
In groups they must assess the situation facing their allocated community and propose a strategy that will work towards eliminating malaria from the region.
The groups must present their proposal to the rest of the class and summarise their reasons for suggesting this strategy.
These discussion guidelines apply to all of the activities, make sure these guidelines are followed during the activity. Everyone should contribute to the discussion and no one should be excluded.