BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L15. Fungi

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014
Lecture 15
!
Lecture 15
!
Fungi
!
!
BIS 002C
Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2014
!
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
1

Where we are going and where we have been
• Previous Lecture:
!14: Fungi and Symbioses
• Current Lecture:
!15: Fungi and humans
• Next Lecture:
!16: Plant Introduction
2

Mean and Median Totals
3
Whole Class
Mean: 85.66
Median: 88
!
Section A
Mean: 85.94
Median: 88
!
Section B
Mean: 85.42
Median: 88

Distribution of Scores
4

Question by Question Scores
5
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0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Average
Top 1/4
Bottom 1/4

Can Mushrooms Save the Planet?
6

Fungi
• Fungal mutualisms
!Lichens
!Mycorrhizae
!Fungal farming by ants
• Fungi in the human microbiome
• Fungi and food
• Fungi and pharmaceuticals
• Fungi and industry
• Fungi and ecology
7

Mutualisms
8

Key Concepts: Mutualisms
• Mutualisms (symbioses where both partners benefit) are
pervasive
• Determining what the partners provide for each other can
reveal insights into ecosystems and each organism
9

Figure 30.7 Lichen Body Forms
10

Lichens
Lichens: fungus + photosynthetic
microorganism
Together they can survive some of the
harshest environments on Earth, such as
Antarctica.
About 30,000 “species” are named for the
fungal component.
11

Figure 30.8 Lichen Anatomy
12

Science Friday on Lichens
13

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 14

Lichens for dyes
15
Human uses of lichens: dyes

Mycorrhizae and Plant Mutualisms
16

Mycorrhiza - a fungal root?
Plant
Fungus
In Greek,
Myko = fungus
Rhiz = root
Mycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhizae—
fungus wraps around
the plant roots but does
not penetrate cell walls.
Web of hyphae
penetrates soil around
roots, increasing
surface area for water
and mineral absorption.
18

Ectomycorrhizae – Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
19

Ectomycorrhizae
20
Eucalyptus
Betula
Pinus
Pseudotsuga
Quercus
• ~ 3-5 % of plants are ectomycorrhizal
• Most are woody plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Arbuscular
mycorrhizae:
hyphae enter root
and penetrate cell
walls but not the
plasma membrane.
As in
ectomycorrhizae, the
fungus forms a vast
web of hyphae in the
surrounding soil and
increases surface
area for water and
mineral uptake. 21

Fungal farming by animals
23

Fungi Gardening Ants are Monophyletic
25
Schultz and Brady. 2008. PNAS 105: 5435.
Fungus gardening
ants are a
monophyletic group

Fungal farming by leaf cutter ants
26
Fungal cultivation by animals Termites
Leaf cutter ants
Snails
Ambrosia beetles

Fungi in the Human Microbiome
27

Key Concepts: Ignored Fungi
• Fungi are much more prevalent and diverse than may be
appreciated
28

Great Plate Count Anomaly
29
<<<<
Culturing Microscopy
CountCount
DNA

Fungal Microbiome
31

Cryptomycota
33

Fungi in Our Homes
34

Fungi and Food
35

Penicillium
• Ascomycota.
• Ubiquitous in soil.
• Many different species with
diverse functions.
36

Photo 30.10 Penicillium digitatum growing on an orange.
37

Penicillium camemberti
• Penicillium camemberti
• Used in production of
Brie and Camembert
cheeses
38

Penicillium roqueforti
• Penicillium roqueforti
• Used in production of blue
cheeses
39

The brown mold Aspergillus:
• Aspergillus tamarii acts on
soybeans to make soy sauce;
A. oryzae is used to brew sake
• Other Aspergillus species
grow on grains and nuts and
produce extremely
carcinogenic aflatoxins
• Aspergillus fumigatus was
cause of the primary case in
the steroid-injection outbreak
40

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Ascomycota
• Grows naturally on many
fruits (e.g., grapes)
• Also known as Brewer’s
yeast and budding yeast
• Fermentation
!Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde
+ CO2 --> Ethanol
!Ethanol at high levels
kills inhibits the growth of
the yeast
41

Other fungi used in food/ food production?
42

Figure 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible
43

Fungi and Pharmaceuticals
44

Secondary Metabolites
• Secondary metabolites are those that are not essential for
growth in pure culture.
• Believed to play an important role in competition among
saprobes — invading or protecting substrates.
45

Penicillium
• Ascomycota
• Ubiquitous in soil
46

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
47
Staphylococcus “lawn”

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
48
Vacation Time: took off August 1928

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
49
with mold growing on it.
!
Bacteria around mold
dead.
Returned to lab September 3, 1928

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
50
Penicillium notatum

Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
51
Mould juice
aka
Penicillin

Penicillium griseofulvum: Griseofulvin
53

Acremonium strictum: Cephalosporin
54

Antibiotics
FUNGAL COLONY
INHIBITION ZONE
BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Metabolites that are toxic to other microbes
55

Fungi and traditional medicine
56

Fungi and Industry
57

Composting
58

Biopulping
60

Biofuels
61

http://www.international.inra.fr/research/
“mold” fungus
Cellulose and hemicellulose
hydrolysis by Trichoderma
reseii
Wood decay fungus
Break down of lignin by
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus
Straw
Wood
Yeast
Sugar
fermentation
ETHANOL
Biofuel production chain
62

Industrial Mycology- enzymes, alcohol, citric acid
63

UC Davis Phaff Yeast Collection
64
Kyria Boundy-Mills

Novozymes in Davis
65

Fungi and Ecosystems / Ecology
66

Fungi Tolerance
• Many fungi can tolerate hypertonic
environments (e.g., molds can grow on jelly
in the refrigerator).
• Many fungi tolerate temperature extremes,
as low as –6°C, and some tolerate
temperatures above 50°C.
67

Organic matter decay
• Fungi are very important for maintaining
Earth’s ecosystems.
• Saprobic fungi (along with bacteria) are the
major decomposers, contributing to decay
of organic matter and recycling of the
elements.
• Fungi are the principal decomposers of
cellulose, lignin, and keratin.
• Without fungal decomposers, Earth’s
carbon cycle would fail; carbon would be
buried. 68

Fungi and Earth History
• During the Carboniferous period, saprobic
fungi declined due to peat formation and
acidification of swamps. Peat was
eventually transformed into coal.
• At the end of the Permian, continents came
together and volcanic eruptions triggered a
mass extinction, but the fungi flourished.
69

Figure 30.6 Fungus as Predator
73

30.2 How Do Fungi Interact with Other Organisms?
Predatory fungi trap microscopic protists
and animals.
Many secrete sticky substances so that
passing organisms stick tightly to them.
The hyphae then quickly invade the prey.
Some soil fungi make a constricting ring
that can trap nematodes.
74

BIS2C. Biodiversity and the Tree of Life. 2014. L15. Fungi

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