This module introduces concepts related to file and database organization. It describes how data is organized in a hierarchy from characters to fields, records, files, and databases. It then discusses different database organization methods like hierarchical, network, and relational models. It also describes what a database management system is and why it is needed to create and manage databases. The key aspects covered are data modeling and organization, database components, and the role of a DBMS.
A field is a category of information in a table represented by a column. A record consists of related fields arranged in a row. A file is a named collection of data organized into tables, queries, forms and reports that together form a database.
The document discusses database concepts and components. It lists the group members working on the project as Raja Muhammad noman, Muhammad aqib, Haider abbas, and Farhad abbas. It then covers topics such as the hierarchy of data, maintaining data through adding, changing and deleting records, and validating data. It also compares file processing and database approaches. The roles of database analysts and administrators in managing the database are also summarized.
Whenever you make a list of anything – list of groceries to buy, books to borrow from the library, list of classmates, list of relatives or friends, list of phone numbers and so o – you are actually creating a database.
An example of a business manual database may consist of written records on a paper and stored in a filing cabinet. The documents usually organized in chronological order, alphabetical order and so on, for easier access, retrieval and use.
Computer database are those data or information stored in the computer. To arrange and organize records, computer databases rely on database software
Microsoft Access is an example of database software.
1. A database is a collection of related data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data. A database management system (DBMS) is software that manages databases and provides an interface between users and applications.
2. File systems store data in separate files for each department, while database systems allow many programs and users to share integrated data.
3. Advantages of databases include data sharing, easier access, reduced redundancy, improved security, and higher integrity; disadvantages include complex design, training needs, costs, and potential vulnerabilities.
The document provides an introduction to databases. It defines key database concepts including database, database management system (DBMS), table, record, and field. It explains that a database contains organized data stored in tables which contain records made up of related fields. An example is provided of a school database containing data about students, instructors, classes, and student schedules. Advantages of databases include data sharing, improved security and integrity, and reduced redundancy. Disadvantages include complex design, costs, and training needs. Primary keys uniquely identify each record in a table while foreign keys in one table match the primary key of another table to link the tables.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how databases evolved from file systems to address flaws in data management. It describes what a DBMS is and its functions in managing the database structure and controlling data access. The document also summarizes different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
This document discusses concepts related to data processing and databases. It begins with definitions of data processing and how it converts raw data into usable information. It then discusses the differences between data and information. The rest of the document covers database concepts like file processing, database management systems, database design principles like normalization, and different database models.
This module introduces concepts related to file and database organization. It describes how data is organized in a hierarchy from characters to fields, records, files, and databases. It then discusses different database organization methods like hierarchical, network, and relational models. It also describes what a database management system is and why it is needed to create and manage databases. The key aspects covered are data modeling and organization, database components, and the role of a DBMS.
A field is a category of information in a table represented by a column. A record consists of related fields arranged in a row. A file is a named collection of data organized into tables, queries, forms and reports that together form a database.
The document discusses database concepts and components. It lists the group members working on the project as Raja Muhammad noman, Muhammad aqib, Haider abbas, and Farhad abbas. It then covers topics such as the hierarchy of data, maintaining data through adding, changing and deleting records, and validating data. It also compares file processing and database approaches. The roles of database analysts and administrators in managing the database are also summarized.
Whenever you make a list of anything – list of groceries to buy, books to borrow from the library, list of classmates, list of relatives or friends, list of phone numbers and so o – you are actually creating a database.
An example of a business manual database may consist of written records on a paper and stored in a filing cabinet. The documents usually organized in chronological order, alphabetical order and so on, for easier access, retrieval and use.
Computer database are those data or information stored in the computer. To arrange and organize records, computer databases rely on database software
Microsoft Access is an example of database software.
1. A database is a collection of related data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data. A database management system (DBMS) is software that manages databases and provides an interface between users and applications.
2. File systems store data in separate files for each department, while database systems allow many programs and users to share integrated data.
3. Advantages of databases include data sharing, easier access, reduced redundancy, improved security, and higher integrity; disadvantages include complex design, training needs, costs, and potential vulnerabilities.
The document provides an introduction to databases. It defines key database concepts including database, database management system (DBMS), table, record, and field. It explains that a database contains organized data stored in tables which contain records made up of related fields. An example is provided of a school database containing data about students, instructors, classes, and student schedules. Advantages of databases include data sharing, improved security and integrity, and reduced redundancy. Disadvantages include complex design, costs, and training needs. Primary keys uniquely identify each record in a table while foreign keys in one table match the primary key of another table to link the tables.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how databases evolved from file systems to address flaws in data management. It describes what a DBMS is and its functions in managing the database structure and controlling data access. The document also summarizes different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
This document discusses concepts related to data processing and databases. It begins with definitions of data processing and how it converts raw data into usable information. It then discusses the differences between data and information. The rest of the document covers database concepts like file processing, database management systems, database design principles like normalization, and different database models.
Database management systems (DBMS) help organize data across departments to provide timely, accurate information for better decision-making. A DBMS includes database software, users, and practitioners who design database structures and applications. It defines data through a data dictionary for clear understanding and prevents errors. A DBMS also secures data and maintains integrity through backup and recovery.
Computer science 2nd year short questions notes (1)umarsajjad18
This document contains 25 short questions and answers related to computer science and database concepts. It covers topics such as data vs information, data processing, file organization, database components, entity relationship modeling, database normalization, and database integrity constraints. The questions are multiple choice or short answer designed to test fundamental database and computer science knowledge.
Companies and institutions use database software to organize and integrate their data in a centralized location. A database allows different departments and users to efficiently access and share common information. Key benefits of a database approach include reducing data redundancy, avoiding inconsistencies, enabling data sharing, enforcing standards, applying security restrictions, and maintaining data integrity.
The document provides an overview of electronic databases available through the Williamson County Public Library. It defines databases and distinguishes them from internet searches. The benefits of databases include quick and reliable access to peer-reviewed information from a variety of sources. The document outlines how to search databases, including using basic and advanced search features, boolean operators, keywords, subject headings, and truncation. It also discusses accessing databases remotely from home or onsite at the library.
This document discusses key concepts related to database management. It defines a database as a collection of organized data that allows access and retrieval. It describes how databases store data and generate information. It discusses database management systems, data integrity, qualities of valuable information, and the hierarchy of data including characters, fields, records and files. It differentiates between file processing and database approaches and describes common database functions like data dictionaries, queries, security, backups and recovery.
The document provides an overview of database concepts including:
- A database contains files which contain records made up of fields that store data. Maintaining accurate data involves adding, changing, and deleting records while validating entries.
- Databases improve on file processing systems by reducing redundant data and allowing easier sharing of data across departments and users.
- A database management system (DBMS) allows users to create, access, and manage a database.
- Popular database models include relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional. Relational databases store data in tables while object-oriented databases store data in objects.
Detailed slides of data resource management. The relationships among the many individual data elements stored in databases are based on one of several logical data structures, or models.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
DBMS stands for Database Management System. A DBMS allows for the storage and management of data in an organized manner. It uses tables to store data with rows and columns, where each row represents a record or tuple of data. Entities, attributes, keys, and relationships help define the structure and integrity of data within the database. The three schema architecture separates the physical storage, logical design, and external user views to provide data independence and abstraction between different levels.
1. The document discusses best practices for managing research data over the data life cycle, from collection through sharing and archiving. It provides tips for organizing, documenting, and storing data in sustainable file formats and naming conventions. Following best practices helps ensure usability, reproducibility, and long-term access to research data.
2. Specific best practices covered include using consistent organization, standardized naming and formats, descriptive filenames, quality assurance, scripting for processing, documenting file contents, and choosing open file formats. The document also addresses data security, backup, and storage considerations.
3. Managing data properly is important for reuse and sharing data with others now or in the future. Scripting helps capture data workflows for reproducibility.
This document provides an introduction to database concepts. It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, including data redundancy, lack of data sharing, and inconsistent data updates across programs. These issues are addressed by the database approach, which involves centralized data storage and a database management system (DBMS) to control access. Key advantages of the database approach include data independence, reduced redundancy, improved integrity and security. The document also outlines the typical components and roles involved in a DBMS environment.
Databases have become important for organizing data in modern organizations. A database contains tables with records and fields to store related data. Database management systems allow users to create, access, and modify this data. Emerging trends include client/server systems that split databases onto servers and client computers, object-oriented databases that treat database components as reusable objects, data mining that analyzes stored data to understand customers and business, and linking web applications to organizational databases.
This document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It discusses what a database is, common database uses, advantages of database systems over file-based systems, database management systems, data definition and manipulation languages, database architecture levels, relational database principles including entities, relationships, keys and normalization. It also covers database design processes such as requirements analysis, logical and conceptual data modeling, and entity-relationship modeling.
This document outlines key concepts related to data processing including:
- Data refers to facts and observations represented by symbols. Data processing manipulates data to transform it into useful information.
- Data processing activities include tools to convert data into information, from manual to electronic tools.
- The data processing cycle includes input, processing, output, and storage steps.
- Data hierarchy shows the arrangement of data from fields to records to files to databases.
The document discusses big data analytics and related topics. It covers the evolution of technology, an overview of big data analytics including the 5 V's (volume, variety, velocity, value, and veracity). It also discusses research topics in big data, tools and software, literature surveys on various big data studies, identified research gaps, and a proposed activity chart and bibliography. The document provides a comprehensive overview of big data analytics, key concepts, potential research areas, and literature in the field.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database and DBMS are, and explains that a DBMS allows users to define, create, and manipulate databases for applications. It also discusses some key components of a DBMS environment, including software, hardware, data, procedures, and database access languages like SQL. The document compares traditional file-based data storage with DBMS approaches and outlines some benefits DBMS provide like reduced redundancy, improved data integrity and sharing, and increased accessibility.
Database management systems (DBMS) help organize data across departments to provide timely, accurate information for better decision-making. A DBMS includes database software, users, and practitioners who design database structures and applications. It defines data through a data dictionary for clear understanding and prevents errors. A DBMS also secures data and maintains integrity through backup and recovery.
Computer science 2nd year short questions notes (1)umarsajjad18
This document contains 25 short questions and answers related to computer science and database concepts. It covers topics such as data vs information, data processing, file organization, database components, entity relationship modeling, database normalization, and database integrity constraints. The questions are multiple choice or short answer designed to test fundamental database and computer science knowledge.
Companies and institutions use database software to organize and integrate their data in a centralized location. A database allows different departments and users to efficiently access and share common information. Key benefits of a database approach include reducing data redundancy, avoiding inconsistencies, enabling data sharing, enforcing standards, applying security restrictions, and maintaining data integrity.
The document provides an overview of electronic databases available through the Williamson County Public Library. It defines databases and distinguishes them from internet searches. The benefits of databases include quick and reliable access to peer-reviewed information from a variety of sources. The document outlines how to search databases, including using basic and advanced search features, boolean operators, keywords, subject headings, and truncation. It also discusses accessing databases remotely from home or onsite at the library.
This document discusses key concepts related to database management. It defines a database as a collection of organized data that allows access and retrieval. It describes how databases store data and generate information. It discusses database management systems, data integrity, qualities of valuable information, and the hierarchy of data including characters, fields, records and files. It differentiates between file processing and database approaches and describes common database functions like data dictionaries, queries, security, backups and recovery.
The document provides an overview of database concepts including:
- A database contains files which contain records made up of fields that store data. Maintaining accurate data involves adding, changing, and deleting records while validating entries.
- Databases improve on file processing systems by reducing redundant data and allowing easier sharing of data across departments and users.
- A database management system (DBMS) allows users to create, access, and manage a database.
- Popular database models include relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional. Relational databases store data in tables while object-oriented databases store data in objects.
Detailed slides of data resource management. The relationships among the many individual data elements stored in databases are based on one of several logical data structures, or models.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
DBMS stands for Database Management System. A DBMS allows for the storage and management of data in an organized manner. It uses tables to store data with rows and columns, where each row represents a record or tuple of data. Entities, attributes, keys, and relationships help define the structure and integrity of data within the database. The three schema architecture separates the physical storage, logical design, and external user views to provide data independence and abstraction between different levels.
1. The document discusses best practices for managing research data over the data life cycle, from collection through sharing and archiving. It provides tips for organizing, documenting, and storing data in sustainable file formats and naming conventions. Following best practices helps ensure usability, reproducibility, and long-term access to research data.
2. Specific best practices covered include using consistent organization, standardized naming and formats, descriptive filenames, quality assurance, scripting for processing, documenting file contents, and choosing open file formats. The document also addresses data security, backup, and storage considerations.
3. Managing data properly is important for reuse and sharing data with others now or in the future. Scripting helps capture data workflows for reproducibility.
This document provides an introduction to database concepts. It discusses the limitations of file-based systems, including data redundancy, lack of data sharing, and inconsistent data updates across programs. These issues are addressed by the database approach, which involves centralized data storage and a database management system (DBMS) to control access. Key advantages of the database approach include data independence, reduced redundancy, improved integrity and security. The document also outlines the typical components and roles involved in a DBMS environment.
Databases have become important for organizing data in modern organizations. A database contains tables with records and fields to store related data. Database management systems allow users to create, access, and modify this data. Emerging trends include client/server systems that split databases onto servers and client computers, object-oriented databases that treat database components as reusable objects, data mining that analyzes stored data to understand customers and business, and linking web applications to organizational databases.
This document provides an overview of database systems and concepts. It discusses what a database is, common database uses, advantages of database systems over file-based systems, database management systems, data definition and manipulation languages, database architecture levels, relational database principles including entities, relationships, keys and normalization. It also covers database design processes such as requirements analysis, logical and conceptual data modeling, and entity-relationship modeling.
This document outlines key concepts related to data processing including:
- Data refers to facts and observations represented by symbols. Data processing manipulates data to transform it into useful information.
- Data processing activities include tools to convert data into information, from manual to electronic tools.
- The data processing cycle includes input, processing, output, and storage steps.
- Data hierarchy shows the arrangement of data from fields to records to files to databases.
The document discusses big data analytics and related topics. It covers the evolution of technology, an overview of big data analytics including the 5 V's (volume, variety, velocity, value, and veracity). It also discusses research topics in big data, tools and software, literature surveys on various big data studies, identified research gaps, and a proposed activity chart and bibliography. The document provides a comprehensive overview of big data analytics, key concepts, potential research areas, and literature in the field.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database and DBMS are, and explains that a DBMS allows users to define, create, and manipulate databases for applications. It also discusses some key components of a DBMS environment, including software, hardware, data, procedures, and database access languages like SQL. The document compares traditional file-based data storage with DBMS approaches and outlines some benefits DBMS provide like reduced redundancy, improved data integrity and sharing, and increased accessibility.
What is data and information? What is data base? What is data base management system? What are various data base models??? Components of data base function of data base. Advantages of data base. And what is system language query???
Basic Data Management Concept
Organizing Data in a Database
Database Management Systems
A database is an organized collection of related data stored electronically to be easily accessed, managed, and updated. It consists of collections of records about various entities that are related to each other through fields. A database management system (DBMS) is a software program that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. Compared to traditional file processing systems, DBMS reduces data redundancy and inconsistency, and allows for more efficient sharing of data across multiple users and applications.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and the normalization process. It begins with definitions of data hierarchy and traditional file processing approaches. It then describes the benefits of a database approach using a DBMS, including features like querying, backup/replication, and security. Components of a DBMS are explained, including data definition languages, data manipulation languages, and the data dictionary. Common data models like hierarchical, network, relational, and object models are also summarized. The document concludes by defining key concepts in normalization like functional dependencies and normal forms, and providing an overview of the normalization process.
Database Management Systems - Management Information SystemNijaz N
A DBMS is software that:Acts as an interface between application programs and the data files.Helps to reduce data redundancy and eliminate data inconsistency by allowing a central, shared data source
This document provides an overview of database management systems and related concepts. It discusses data hierarchy, traditional file processing, the database approach to data management, features and capabilities of database management systems, database schemas, components of database management systems, common data models including hierarchical, network, and relational models, and the process of data normalization.
Database management system by Gursharan singhGursharan Singh
Database Management System (DBMS) organizes data into a database and provides tools to store, access, and analyze the data. It offers several advantages over traditional file-based data storage, including reduced data redundancy, improved data consistency, data sharing across users, and enhanced security. A typical DBMS uses a 3-tier architecture separating the user interface, application logic, and data storage tiers. It also employs standard data models like the entity-relationship and relational models to structure the database content.
A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that is used to create and manage databases. It allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. There are four main types of DBMS: hierarchical, network, relational and object-oriented. A DBMS provides advantages like improved data sharing, security and integration. It also enables better access to data and decision making. However, DBMS also have disadvantages such as increased costs, management complexity and the need to constantly maintain and upgrade the system.
R.D. Sivakumar is an assistant professor of computer science and head of the department of M.Com.(CA) at Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College in Sivakasi, India. He provides his contact information and a brief introduction to databases, including that a database contains related data organized into tables with records and fields. Databases can be manipulated through searching, sorting, merging, calculations, filtering, editing, and report generation. The main types of databases are flat-file, relational, hierarchical, network, and object-oriented.
The document provides an introduction to basic database terminology and concepts. It defines key terms like data, data item, entity, entity set, record, file, key, and information. It then discusses common data organization issues such as data redundancy, inconsistency, difficulty accessing data, isolation, integrity problems, and security issues that databases aim to address. It provides an overview of the difference between file systems and database management systems (DBMS), and how DBMS solutions are better suited to organizing large amounts of structured data for efficient querying and sharing across users.
Mca ii-dbms- u-i-introductory concepts of dbmsRai University
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database and DBMS are, and describes some key characteristics like controlling redundancy, supporting multiple views, and allowing data sharing. Examples of database applications are provided, ranging from small lists to large systems like Amazon and the IRS. The roles of different actors who interact with the database, like administrators, designers, and end users, are outlined. Finally, some advantages of using a DBMS over file processing are discussed, such as restricting unauthorized access and providing storage structures for efficient querying.
This document provides information about Sayed Ahmed and his company Justetc Technologies. It also shares learning objectives and free training resources on various topics related to databases and database management systems (DBMS) such as the concept of databases, relational databases, data security, encryption, and SQL. Contact information and references for further study are provided at the end.
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computer programming,Low Level Language ,Machine Language
Assembly Language
High Level Language /Procedural Languages,C++ && C#,Web Page Development,XHTML (extensible HTML),JavaScript && PHP && VBScript,Dynamic HTML Dynamic HTML (DHTML)Dynamic HTML Dynamic HTML (DHTML),Algorithm,sourc code , object code
The document summarizes the OSI reference model, which breaks down network communication tasks into seven layers. Each layer has specific responsibilities and provides services to the layer above it. When data moves from one host to another, it passes through each layer of the OSI model and is encapsulated with different headers at each level, being called a data stream, segment, frame, and finally packet at the physical layer for transmission. The model provides a standardized framework for designing, comparing, and evaluating network communication protocols.
Memory Management
Swapping
Fragmentation
Types of Fragmentation
Paging
Demand Paging
Segmentation
Virtual Memory
Von Neumann Architecture
overlay
Process and Thread
Process Synchronization
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process scheduling
Memory Management
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Paging
Demand Paging
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Explain the operation of the command line interface
Execute fundamental commands from the command line interface
Manipulate files and folders from the command line
How does the Command Line Work?
The document discusses information systems and the system development life cycle (SDLC). It begins by defining an information system and its components. It then discusses different types of information systems like transaction processing systems and management information systems. It also covers the role of database management systems in information systems. The document then explains the SDLC in detail through its various phases like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation and maintenance. It notes the benefits of using the SDLC approach. Finally, it discusses the program development life cycle (PDLC) and its key steps of problem clarification, program design, coding, testing and documentation.
Ch # 10 computer security risks and safe guardsMuhammadRobeel3
IT security, hackers,IT security and risks and safe guards, password, how to create password, bio-metric authentication , virus , antivirus software ,how to safe a devices from virus.types of viruses
Ch # 08 communication devices, network typologies , network protocolMuhammadRobeel3
The document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, types, devices, and topologies. It defines a computer network as consisting of two or more connected computers that share information and resources. The main types of networks discussed are personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), campus area networks (CAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). Communication devices like modems, routers, hubs, and switches are explained. Finally, the common network topologies of bus, star, ring, and mesh are defined along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses input and output devices used in computing. It describes common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, and webcam that allow data and instructions to enter the computer. Output devices covered include the monitor for visual output, printers for hard copies, and speakers for audio output. The document provides details on how different types of printers and projectors work to display output.
computer hardware,
Internal Hardware
Processor (CPU)
Motherboard
RAM
Hard Disk Drive
Sound Card
Video Card
Network Card
Power Supply
External Hardware
Monitor or LCD
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Scanner
USB Drive
Internal Hardware
Processor (CPU)
Motherboard
RAM
Hard Disk Drive
Sound Card
Video Card
Network Card
Power Supply
External Hardware
Monitor or LCD
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Scanner
USB Drive
The document discusses different types of software. It defines software as a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do. There are two main types of software: system software and application software. System software serves as the interface between the user, application software, and computer hardware. Application software includes programs for tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases, project management, and entertainment. Examples of specific application software discussed include Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, and various personal information manager and project management programs.
internet , how to connect with internet, world wide web ,different types of websites, what is E-Commerce , how many browser , internet advantage and dis advantage , social networking
The document provides an overview of computers, including what they are, their components, and uses. It discusses how computers accept data as input, process it, and provide output. Examples are given of how data is converted into useful information. The advantages of computers like speed, accuracy, storage capacity are outlined. Potential disadvantages involving dependency, lack of feelings, and privacy and job issues are also noted. Different generations of computers and types like personal, mobile, servers and more are defined. Finally, the document discusses computer networks and the internet in detail.
The document describes the program development life cycle (PDLC), which is a six-step process for developing computer programs: 1) analyze the problem, 2) design the solution, 3) code the program, 4) test the program, 5) formalize the solution, and 6) maintain the program. The PDLC involves analyzing requirements, designing the program structure and logic, implementing the program, testing it for errors, documenting the solution, and maintaining the working program.
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions of key concepts. It discusses what a computer is, how it processes data into information, and its main functions. It also outlines some advantages like speed, accuracy, storage capacity, and consistency. Potential disadvantages are discussed as well, such as lack of intelligence, dependency on users, and privacy/safety issues. The document then covers computer generations, networks, the internet, software, and different types of computers including analog, digital, and hybrid systems.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a framework for software development projects. It describes the typical phases of an SDLC process: planning and requirements analysis, defining requirements, designing the software, building/developing the software, testing the software, and deployment and maintenance. The SDLC aims to produce high quality software that meets expectations on time and budget. Key advantages of following an SDLC include increased development speed, improved product quality, better tracking/control, improved client relations, decreased project risk, and lower project management overhead.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
3. Data and Information
Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which
can include text, numbers, images, audio, and
video. Information conveys meaning and is useful
to people.
for example, computers process several data items
to print information in the form of a cash register
receipt.
Computers process data into information.
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
3
6. Database
Database is an organized collection of related
data. The word organized means that data is store
in such a way that user can store, manipulate and
retrieve data easily. The word related means that
database is normally created to store data about a
particular topic. For example , if you create a
database for students, it will contain the data about
students such as Roll No, name, address and other
information about the students
8. database management
system (DBMS)
With database software, often called a database
management system (DBMS), users create a
computerized database; add, modify, and delete data
in the database; sort and retrieve data from the
database; and create forms and reports from the data
in the database.
9. Data Integrity
Most organizations realize that data is one of their
more valuable assets — because data is used to
generate information. Many business transactions
take less time when employees have instant access
to information. To ensure that data is accessible on
demand, an organization must manage and protect
its data just as it would any other resource. Thus, it
is vital that the data has integrity and is kept secure.
10. The Hierarchy of Data
Data is organized in layers. In the computer
profession, data is classified in a hierarchy. Each
higher level of data consists of one or more items
from the lower level. For example, a student has an
address, and an address consists of letters and
numbers. Depending on the application and the user,
different terms describe the various levels of the
hierarchy.
12. Fields
A field name uniquely identifies each field. When
searching for data in a database, you often specify
the field name. Field names for the data in the
Instructor file are Instructor ID, First Name, Last
Name, Extension, Office, and Web Address.
a field
13. Records
A record is a group of related fields. For example, a
student record includes a set of fields about one
student.
a record
14. primary key
A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each
record in a file. The data in a primary key is unique
to a specific record. For example, the Customer ID
field uniquely identifies each Customer because no
two Customer can have the same Customer ID.
primary key field
15. Files
A data file is a collection of related records stored on
a storage medium such as a hard disk or optical
disc. A Student file at a school might consist of
thousands of individual student records. Each
student record in the file contains the same fields.
Each field, however, contains different data.
16. Table
“A table is the primary unit of physical storage for
data in a database.”1 Usually a database contains
more than one table.
17. A Database with Multiple
Tables
Publishers Books Customers
Authors Inventory Orders
18. Maintaining Data
File maintenance refers to the procedures that keep
data current. File maintenance procedures include
adding records to, modifying records in, and deleting
records from a file.
19. CRUD
Create new tables and records
Retrieve record from tables
Update table definition and record
data
Delete existing tables and record
26. File Processing
In the past, many organizations exclusively used
file processing systems to store and manage data.
In a typical file processing system, each
department or area within an organization has its
own set of files. The records in one file may not
relate to the records in any other file.
27. Disadvantages
Data Redundancy
Data Inconsistency
Difficult in accessing Data
Data Security
Privacy
Sharing of Data
Backup and Recovery
28. Data Redundancy
Data Redundancy — Each department or area in an
organization has its own files in a file processing
system. Thus, the same fields are stored in multiple
files. If a file processing system is used at a school,
for example, the Student file and the Student
Schedule file both might store the same students’
names and addresses. Duplicating data in this
manner wastes resources such as storage space and
people’s time. When new students are added or
student data is modified, file maintenance tasks
consume additional time because people must
29. Difficult in accessing Data
Often it is difficult to access data stored in separate
files in different departments. Sharing data from
multiple, separate files is a complicated procedure
and usually requires the experience of a computer
programmer.
30. Data inconsistency
Data inconsistency is a condition that occurs
between files when similar data is kept in different
formats in two different files. As a result of the
data inconsistency, these files duplicate some
data such as addresses and names,
compromising data integrity.
31. Data Security, Privacy,
Sharing of Data
Data Security
is another issue of file systems that create problems
to secure Data.
Privacy
Privacy is another issue of file systems that create
problems to protect Data from unauthorized access.
Sharing of Data
in file system sharing of data is not easy because
multiples files have duplicate data and some file have
different data.
32. Backup and Recovery
Backup and recovery is also difficult in file system
because Multiples file have same data.
33. Database Advantages
Reduced Data Redundancy — Most data items are
stored in only one file, which greatly reduces
duplicate data. demonstrates the differences
between how a file processing application and a
database application might store data.
Improved Data Integrity — When users modify
data in the database, they make changes to one file
instead of multiple files. Thus, the database
approach increases the data’s integrity by reducing
the possibility of introducing inconsistencies.
35. Database Advantages
Shared Data — The data in a database environment
belongs to and is shared, usually over a network, by
the entire organization. Organizations that use
databases typically have security settings to define
who can access, add, modify, and delete the data in
a database.
Easier Access — The database approach allows
nontechnical users to access and maintain data,
providing they have the necessary privileges.
Reduced Development Time — It often is easier
and faster to develop programs that use the
36. Data Dictionary
A data dictionary contains data about each file in
the database and each field within those files. For
each file, it stores details such as the file name,
description, the file’s relationship to other files, and
the number of records in the file.
38. Database models
A data model consists of rules and standards that
define how the database organizes data. A data
model defines how users view the organization of
the data. It does not define how the operating
system actually arranges the data on the disk. Three
popular data models in use today are relational,
object-oriented, and multidimensional.
39. Relational Databases Model
Data are organized into two dimensional tables.
Tables are related to each other.
It is the most common model being used today.
40. Object-Oriented Database
(OODB) Model
An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data
in objects. An object is an item that contains data,
as well as the actions that read or process the data.
A Student object, for example, might contain data
about a student such as Student ID, First Name,
Last Name, Address, and so on. It also could contain
instructions about how to print a student transcript or
the formula required to calculate a student’s grade
point average. Object-oriented databases have
several advantages compared with relational
databases: they can store more types of data,
41. Multidimensional Databases
A multidimensional database stores data in
dimensions. Whereas a relational database is a two-
dimensional table, a multidimensional database can
store more than two dimensions of data. These
multiple dimensions allow users to access and
analyze any view of the database data.