Khadija Akram gave a presentation on memory and its types. Memory is defined as the internal storage of a computer and is used to store information, data, and programs. There are two main types of memory: primary memory (RAM), which is volatile and temporary; and secondary memory (ROM), which is non-volatile and stores data permanently. RAM performs both read and write operations while ROM only allows read operations. Examples of different memory types include DRAM, SRAM, ROM, PROM, EROM, and EEPROM.
Primary memory (RAM and ROM) is volatile and used for temporary storage and processing by the CPU. Secondary memory (magnetic disks and optical discs) is non-volatile and used for long-term persistent storage. RAM is integrated circuits that temporarily store programs and data being processed, while ROM permanently stores basic instructions. Secondary memory includes magnetic tapes, floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, and DVDs for large data storage.
Memory is divided into primary and secondary storage. Primary memory (RAM and ROM) is temporary and allows for quick access, while secondary memory provides permanent storage of large amounts of data even when the computer is off. Secondary storage devices include magnetic hard disks and floppy disks, as well as optical disks like CD-ROMs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs that store data using lasers.
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes volatile memory like RAM that loses data when power is removed, and non-volatile memory like ROM that retains data without power. RAM is divided into SRAM and DRAM. Storage devices include hard disks with platters that store data magnetically, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, and magnetic tapes. Each storage type has advantages for different use cases in terms of capacity, portability, write capabilities, and more.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary memory (hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and provides details on each. RAM is volatile and requires power to maintain data, while ROM is non-volatile and retains data without power. The document traces the evolution of computer memory technologies over time.
Memory refers to computer components that hold digital data and programs. There are several types of memory that differ in speed and volatility. Primary storage like RAM is directly connected to the CPU and is volatile, requiring constant power. Secondary storage like hard disks have greater capacity but are slower and non-volatile. Tertiary storage provides even larger capacity for archiving data. Memory is also characterized as volatile, like RAM, or non-volatile, like ROM.
ROM stores permanent instructions for starting up a computer system, while RAM is used as temporary memory for active programs and data. RAM is volatile and loses data when powered off, while ROM is non-volatile. Virtual memory allows a computer to temporarily store data from RAM onto disk storage when physical memory is low, making more memory available to programs than is physically installed. Cache memory holds recently used data from RAM and main memory to improve CPU performance. Flash memory is non-volatile like ROM but can be rewritten electrically like RAM.
Khadija Akram gave a presentation on memory and its types. Memory is defined as the internal storage of a computer and is used to store information, data, and programs. There are two main types of memory: primary memory (RAM), which is volatile and temporary; and secondary memory (ROM), which is non-volatile and stores data permanently. RAM performs both read and write operations while ROM only allows read operations. Examples of different memory types include DRAM, SRAM, ROM, PROM, EROM, and EEPROM.
Primary memory (RAM and ROM) is volatile and used for temporary storage and processing by the CPU. Secondary memory (magnetic disks and optical discs) is non-volatile and used for long-term persistent storage. RAM is integrated circuits that temporarily store programs and data being processed, while ROM permanently stores basic instructions. Secondary memory includes magnetic tapes, floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, and DVDs for large data storage.
Memory is divided into primary and secondary storage. Primary memory (RAM and ROM) is temporary and allows for quick access, while secondary memory provides permanent storage of large amounts of data even when the computer is off. Secondary storage devices include magnetic hard disks and floppy disks, as well as optical disks like CD-ROMs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs that store data using lasers.
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes volatile memory like RAM that loses data when power is removed, and non-volatile memory like ROM that retains data without power. RAM is divided into SRAM and DRAM. Storage devices include hard disks with platters that store data magnetically, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, and magnetic tapes. Each storage type has advantages for different use cases in terms of capacity, portability, write capabilities, and more.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary memory (hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and provides details on each. RAM is volatile and requires power to maintain data, while ROM is non-volatile and retains data without power. The document traces the evolution of computer memory technologies over time.
Memory refers to computer components that hold digital data and programs. There are several types of memory that differ in speed and volatility. Primary storage like RAM is directly connected to the CPU and is volatile, requiring constant power. Secondary storage like hard disks have greater capacity but are slower and non-volatile. Tertiary storage provides even larger capacity for archiving data. Memory is also characterized as volatile, like RAM, or non-volatile, like ROM.
ROM stores permanent instructions for starting up a computer system, while RAM is used as temporary memory for active programs and data. RAM is volatile and loses data when powered off, while ROM is non-volatile. Virtual memory allows a computer to temporarily store data from RAM onto disk storage when physical memory is low, making more memory available to programs than is physically installed. Cache memory holds recently used data from RAM and main memory to improve CPU performance. Flash memory is non-volatile like ROM but can be rewritten electrically like RAM.
The document discusses different types of computer data storage, including primary storage such as RAM and ROM, and secondary storage devices like floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, and DVDs. It describes the characteristics of each storage type including access time, storage capacity, and cost, and explains how data is represented and stored internally in a computer using bits and bytes.
Computer memory can be categorized into three types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Cache memory is very fast semiconductor memory that acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory, holding frequently used data and instructions. Main memory is the working memory that holds the data and instructions currently being processed, though it has limited capacity and is volatile. Secondary memory provides permanent storage of data on disks, CDs, DVDs, and is non-volatile but slower than main memory.
Power point presentation on memory of computerArpita Banerjee
This document provides an overview of computer memory, including definitions, history, and different types. It defines computer memory as any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. The history of computer memory is traced back to Charles Babbage's analytical engine in 1834, which used punch cards. There are different types of memory divided based on how information is stored, including volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and virtual memory. Volatile memory only maintains data while powered, while non-volatile memory can retrieve stored information after power cycling.
Primary storage, also known as internal memory, is the computer memory that is directly accessible to the central processing unit without using input/output channels. It is used to store data that is actively being used and includes processor registers for instruction information, cache memory to increase processor performance, and main memory containing currently running programs and operating data, such as random access memory.
Primary memory, also called main memory or volatile memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary memory that loses its contents when power is lost, while ROM permanently stores essential programs and instructions. Secondary memory, also called external storage, includes hard drives and solid state drives and provides significantly more storage than primary memory but is not directly accessible by the CPU. Memory is classified and its functions are explained.
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It holds the data and instructions currently being processed. Primary memory is generally made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is removed, while ROM retains its data permanently. There are different types of RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR that have evolved over time. ROM includes mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash ROM, which have different characteristics regarding read/write capabilities and whether they need power to retain data.
The document discusses different types of computer memory, including volatile memory like RAM that loses data when powered off, and non-volatile memory like ROM, focusing on different ROM types. It describes ROM as memory that can only be read from and is permanently programmed, while some ROM types like PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and NAND flash can be reprogrammed or erased in different ways. The document provides details on each ROM type's programming method and intended uses.
The document discusses different types of computer memory, including RAM which is temporary memory used for processing and storing data, and ROM which is permanent memory used to store instructions. RAM is volatile and loses data when powered off while ROM is non-volatile. The document also compares different types of RAM and ROM in terms of their characteristics, uses, and differences.
short note for basic students | Types of Memory, ram, rom and storage.
- memory types.
- types of ROMs (Read Only Memory)
- Advantages of ROM
- Ram(random access memory)
- storage device
Memory modules are used to store data in computers. There are different types of memory modules like SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs. Random access memory (RAM) is the most common type of computer memory that allows any byte to be accessed randomly without accessing preceding bytes. The two main types of RAM are DRAM and SRAM. DRAM needs to be refreshed and is more common, while SRAM is faster but more expensive. Memory slots on the motherboard determine what type of RAM can be used in the computer.
This document discusses different types of computer storage. It describes primary memory (RAM), cache memory, and secondary memory. Primary memory is volatile and holds data currently being processed, while secondary memory (hard disks, USB drives, etc.) is non-volatile and used for long-term storage. Cache memory sits between the CPU and primary memory to provide faster access to frequently used data. The document also outlines different storage devices like hard disks, optical disks, USB drives and their characteristics.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It begins by defining memory as the physical devices used to temporarily or permanently store programs and data for use in a computer. It then describes the main types of memory as main memory, which temporarily stores currently executing data and instructions (e.g. RAM), and secondary memory, which permanently stores data for later use (e.g. hard disks). The document goes on to provide details on different technologies used for RAM, ROM, cache memory, and storage devices.
This document discusses primary computer storage, including RAM and ROM. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the main memory that allows both reading and writing of data and programs. It stores temporary instructions and data for processing and uses more power. ROM (Read-Only Memory) permanently stores programs and data even when powered off, can only be written by the manufacturer, and uses less power. The document outlines the functions and differences between RAM and ROM.
Memory and storage devices can be classified in different ways. Memory refers to temporary storage locations used by the computer's processor to perform operations, while storage refers to permanent locations used to retain data even when power is removed. There are three main types of memory: primary (RAM), secondary (cache), and tertiary (ROM). RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and holds the computer's startup instructions. Common storage devices include optical discs like CDs and DVDs, magnetic hard disks and tapes, and solid state flash memory used in USB drives and SSDs. Each have their own advantages like capacity, speed or portability.
Memory and storage devices allow computers to store data and instructions. There are two main types of memory - primary and secondary. Primary memory (RAM, ROM, cache) is fast but volatile, while secondary memory (hard disks, SSDs, tapes) is slower but provides non-volatile storage. Storage technologies include magnetic, optical, and solid state, each with their own characteristics around performance, capacity, volatility, mutability and accessibility. Efficient memory management by the operating system is important to optimize system performance.
Primary Memory: RAM, ROM and their TypesHem Pokhrel
Random Access Memory and Read Only Memory along with their types:
Content includes basic introduction of SRAM, DRAM, NvRAM, Masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
This document provides an overview of computer memory. It discusses the memory hierarchy including primary memory, secondary memory, and cache. It focuses on describing the different types of primary memory including RAM, ROM, SRAM, DRAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. RAM is the main memory used by the CPU and comes in static and dynamic varieties. ROM is read-only and includes different programmable varieties like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It explains that memory can be volatile, like RAM, or non-volatile, like ROM. RAM is used for temporary storage and access by the CPU, while ROM permanently stores essential startup programs. The document outlines the main types of ROM (PROM, EPROM, EEPROM) and RAM (SDRAM, DDR RAM, DDR2 RAM). It provides details on how each type works and its applications in computer systems.
Memory is essential for computers and comes in primary and secondary forms. Primary memory, also called RAM, is volatile and directly used by the CPU. It includes DRAM and SRAM. Secondary memory is non-volatile storage like hard disks, SSDs, USB drives, and optical discs used for long-term storage. Common memory modules that plug into the motherboard include SIMMs, DIMMs, SO-DIMMs, and RIMMs which vary in size and pin count.
The document discusses various types of computer storage devices. It begins by defining storage devices and distinguishing between primary and secondary storage. Primary storage includes RAM and ROM, which allow for direct CPU access but are volatile. Secondary storage devices like hard disks and USB drives are non-volatile but have indirect CPU access. The document then covers various storage media like magnetic disks, optical discs, flash memory, and cloud storage. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding storage devices for working in corporate environments.
Computer memory can be divided into three main types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Primary memory is the working memory of the computer, usually made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. Secondary memory is for long-term storage, includes magnetic disks, optical disks like CDs/DVDs, and tapes. Memory is also divided into smaller units called cells that each have a unique address from 0 to the total memory size minus one.
The document discusses different types of computer data storage, including primary storage such as RAM and ROM, and secondary storage devices like floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, and DVDs. It describes the characteristics of each storage type including access time, storage capacity, and cost, and explains how data is represented and stored internally in a computer using bits and bytes.
Computer memory can be categorized into three types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Cache memory is very fast semiconductor memory that acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory, holding frequently used data and instructions. Main memory is the working memory that holds the data and instructions currently being processed, though it has limited capacity and is volatile. Secondary memory provides permanent storage of data on disks, CDs, DVDs, and is non-volatile but slower than main memory.
Power point presentation on memory of computerArpita Banerjee
This document provides an overview of computer memory, including definitions, history, and different types. It defines computer memory as any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. The history of computer memory is traced back to Charles Babbage's analytical engine in 1834, which used punch cards. There are different types of memory divided based on how information is stored, including volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and virtual memory. Volatile memory only maintains data while powered, while non-volatile memory can retrieve stored information after power cycling.
Primary storage, also known as internal memory, is the computer memory that is directly accessible to the central processing unit without using input/output channels. It is used to store data that is actively being used and includes processor registers for instruction information, cache memory to increase processor performance, and main memory containing currently running programs and operating data, such as random access memory.
Primary memory, also called main memory or volatile memory, is directly accessible to the CPU and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary memory that loses its contents when power is lost, while ROM permanently stores essential programs and instructions. Secondary memory, also called external storage, includes hard drives and solid state drives and provides significantly more storage than primary memory but is not directly accessible by the CPU. Memory is classified and its functions are explained.
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It holds the data and instructions currently being processed. Primary memory is generally made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is removed, while ROM retains its data permanently. There are different types of RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR that have evolved over time. ROM includes mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash ROM, which have different characteristics regarding read/write capabilities and whether they need power to retain data.
The document discusses different types of computer memory, including volatile memory like RAM that loses data when powered off, and non-volatile memory like ROM, focusing on different ROM types. It describes ROM as memory that can only be read from and is permanently programmed, while some ROM types like PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and NAND flash can be reprogrammed or erased in different ways. The document provides details on each ROM type's programming method and intended uses.
The document discusses different types of computer memory, including RAM which is temporary memory used for processing and storing data, and ROM which is permanent memory used to store instructions. RAM is volatile and loses data when powered off while ROM is non-volatile. The document also compares different types of RAM and ROM in terms of their characteristics, uses, and differences.
short note for basic students | Types of Memory, ram, rom and storage.
- memory types.
- types of ROMs (Read Only Memory)
- Advantages of ROM
- Ram(random access memory)
- storage device
Memory modules are used to store data in computers. There are different types of memory modules like SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs. Random access memory (RAM) is the most common type of computer memory that allows any byte to be accessed randomly without accessing preceding bytes. The two main types of RAM are DRAM and SRAM. DRAM needs to be refreshed and is more common, while SRAM is faster but more expensive. Memory slots on the motherboard determine what type of RAM can be used in the computer.
This document discusses different types of computer storage. It describes primary memory (RAM), cache memory, and secondary memory. Primary memory is volatile and holds data currently being processed, while secondary memory (hard disks, USB drives, etc.) is non-volatile and used for long-term storage. Cache memory sits between the CPU and primary memory to provide faster access to frequently used data. The document also outlines different storage devices like hard disks, optical disks, USB drives and their characteristics.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It begins by defining memory as the physical devices used to temporarily or permanently store programs and data for use in a computer. It then describes the main types of memory as main memory, which temporarily stores currently executing data and instructions (e.g. RAM), and secondary memory, which permanently stores data for later use (e.g. hard disks). The document goes on to provide details on different technologies used for RAM, ROM, cache memory, and storage devices.
This document discusses primary computer storage, including RAM and ROM. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the main memory that allows both reading and writing of data and programs. It stores temporary instructions and data for processing and uses more power. ROM (Read-Only Memory) permanently stores programs and data even when powered off, can only be written by the manufacturer, and uses less power. The document outlines the functions and differences between RAM and ROM.
Memory and storage devices can be classified in different ways. Memory refers to temporary storage locations used by the computer's processor to perform operations, while storage refers to permanent locations used to retain data even when power is removed. There are three main types of memory: primary (RAM), secondary (cache), and tertiary (ROM). RAM is volatile and used for active programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and holds the computer's startup instructions. Common storage devices include optical discs like CDs and DVDs, magnetic hard disks and tapes, and solid state flash memory used in USB drives and SSDs. Each have their own advantages like capacity, speed or portability.
Memory and storage devices allow computers to store data and instructions. There are two main types of memory - primary and secondary. Primary memory (RAM, ROM, cache) is fast but volatile, while secondary memory (hard disks, SSDs, tapes) is slower but provides non-volatile storage. Storage technologies include magnetic, optical, and solid state, each with their own characteristics around performance, capacity, volatility, mutability and accessibility. Efficient memory management by the operating system is important to optimize system performance.
Primary Memory: RAM, ROM and their TypesHem Pokhrel
Random Access Memory and Read Only Memory along with their types:
Content includes basic introduction of SRAM, DRAM, NvRAM, Masked ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
This document provides an overview of computer memory. It discusses the memory hierarchy including primary memory, secondary memory, and cache. It focuses on describing the different types of primary memory including RAM, ROM, SRAM, DRAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. RAM is the main memory used by the CPU and comes in static and dynamic varieties. ROM is read-only and includes different programmable varieties like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It explains that memory can be volatile, like RAM, or non-volatile, like ROM. RAM is used for temporary storage and access by the CPU, while ROM permanently stores essential startup programs. The document outlines the main types of ROM (PROM, EPROM, EEPROM) and RAM (SDRAM, DDR RAM, DDR2 RAM). It provides details on how each type works and its applications in computer systems.
Memory is essential for computers and comes in primary and secondary forms. Primary memory, also called RAM, is volatile and directly used by the CPU. It includes DRAM and SRAM. Secondary memory is non-volatile storage like hard disks, SSDs, USB drives, and optical discs used for long-term storage. Common memory modules that plug into the motherboard include SIMMs, DIMMs, SO-DIMMs, and RIMMs which vary in size and pin count.
The document discusses various types of computer storage devices. It begins by defining storage devices and distinguishing between primary and secondary storage. Primary storage includes RAM and ROM, which allow for direct CPU access but are volatile. Secondary storage devices like hard disks and USB drives are non-volatile but have indirect CPU access. The document then covers various storage media like magnetic disks, optical discs, flash memory, and cloud storage. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding storage devices for working in corporate environments.
Computer memory can be divided into three main types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Primary memory is the working memory of the computer, usually made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. Secondary memory is for long-term storage, includes magnetic disks, optical disks like CDs/DVDs, and tapes. Memory is also divided into smaller units called cells that each have a unique address from 0 to the total memory size minus one.
Introduction, Memory Hierarchy, Random Access Memory (RAM), Types of RAM, Read Only Memory (ROM), Types of ROM. Introduction, Classification of Secondary Storage Devices, Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk, Optical Disk, Magneto Optical disk.
Main memory (RAM) is faster than secondary memory as it is directly accessible by the CPU. Secondary memory (hard disk, optical disks etc.) is slower than main memory but can store data permanently even when the power is turned off. The program and data of a game are stored on the secondary memory (hard disk) and parts are copied to main memory as needed when playing the game.
This document provides information about different types of storage devices used in computers. It defines storage devices as any device used to store information that is retained even when the computer is switched off. It describes primary storage as memory directly accessible by the CPU, including RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses data on power off, while ROM is non-volatile but cannot be modified. Secondary storage devices include hard disks, flash drives, optical discs, and tape, which allow large amounts of data to be stored permanently. The document explains technologies like cache memory, floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs and different types of each that can be read-only, write-once or rewritable.
Computer memory is needed to store data and programs and retrieve them when needed. There are two main types of computer memory: primary and secondary. Primary memory, also called RAM, is used to store data currently being processed and is volatile, meaning it only retains data while powered. Secondary memory, like hard disks, is used for long-term non-volatile storage and includes various devices such as hard disks, solid state drives, USB drives, and optical disks. Memory is measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and other units with different types of RAM and storage serving different computing needs.
Computer memory can be divided into internal and external memory. Internal memory includes cache and main memory, while external memory includes magnetic disks and optical disks. Memory types include RAM, ROM, SRAM, DRAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. RAM is volatile and used for main memory, while ROM is non-volatile and used to store permanent instructions. Cache memory is very fast memory between the CPU and main memory used to store frequently accessed data and instructions from main memory. Virtual memory allows programs to exceed physical memory size by storing unused portions on external memory.
RAM is a type of volatile memory that is used for temporary storage. It allows data to be accessed randomly in any order. There are different types of RAM such as static RAM, dynamic RAM, SDRAM, and DDR SDRAM. RAM is part of a memory hierarchy that includes processor registers, cache memory levels L1-L3, main memory, and virtual memory. Future RAM technologies aim to provide memory that is smaller, faster, and cheaper than current memory chips.
Computer memory is used to store data and instructions and is essential for processing information. There are different units to measure memory size like bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, etc. Memory is classified as primary and secondary. Primary memory directly accessed by CPU, includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and temporary while ROM is non-volatile and permanent. Secondary memory like hard disks and optical disks are used to store large amounts of data for long periods even when power is off. Caches improve processing speed by temporarily storing frequently used data between CPU and primary memory.
This document provides an overview of computer memory types and how data is stored and retrieved from different memory units. It discusses three main types of memory - cache memory, primary memory (RAM and ROM), and secondary memory (hard disks, CDs, DVDs, tapes, USB drives). It describes the characteristics of each memory type including speed, capacity, volatility. Methods of data deletion, recovery and potential security issues are also summarized for some memory units.
This document summarizes different types of computer memory devices and logic families. It discusses the classifications of memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary memory. RAM is further divided into DRAM and SRAM. The key differences between various ROM types like PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory are provided. Characteristics and applications of different memory devices and logic families like TTL, CMOS are outlined.
Computers – A Gateway to Information(Memory)Tallat Satti
Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions, data, and processing results. It comes in two types - primary and secondary memory. Primary memory (RAM) is directly accessible by the CPU and is volatile, while secondary memory (hard disks, USB drives, etc.) provides non-volatile but slower storage. The memory hierarchy balances speed, space, and cost, with primary memory being faster but more expensive and limited than secondary memory.
This document discusses the different types of computer storage devices. It describes primary storage (RAM), secondary storage (hard disks), and removable storage media. RAM is volatile memory that the CPU can directly access for active data and instructions. ROM is read-only and stores permanent functions. Hard disks are magnetic devices that serve as non-volatile secondary storage and can store large amounts of data. Removable media includes USB drives, memory cards, optical discs like CDs and DVDs, magnetic tapes, and external hard disks, which allow portable transfer and storage of data.
Computer memory comes in three main types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Cache memory is the fastest type and acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory to store frequently used data and instructions. Main memory is volatile and holds the data and instructions currently being processed, while secondary memory is non-volatile storage like hard disks used to permanently store data. The different memory types vary in speed, capacity, volatility, and purpose in a computer system.
Without a significant amount of memory, a computer would merely be able to perform fixed operations and immediately output the result without storing them therefore some kind of memory is placed in the computer to store instructions for processor and data to be processed and also the output results for future use.
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is used to store data and instructions that the CPU is currently processing. It has limited capacity and is volatile, meaning data is lost when power is turned off. RAM and ROM are types of primary memory. Secondary memory is used for permanent storage and includes hard disks, CDs, DVDs. It has larger capacity but is slower to access. Memory is organized in a hierarchy with registers being fastest, then RAM, and finally secondary storage being slowest but able to store the most data.
In this presentation, we describe the computer storage.
The basic unit of data storage,
Memory hierarchy
CPU register
Cache memory
Types of storage
Primary Memory
RAM
ROM
Secondary Memory
Magnetic memory
Optical storage
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It defines primary and secondary storage. Primary storage includes RAM and ROM, which temporarily and permanently store data respectively. RAM is volatile and includes DRAM, SRAM, and RDRAM. ROM is non-volatile and includes PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory. The document provides details on each type of memory, including their characteristics and uses.
This document defines computer memory and storage and describes the different types. It explains that memory is where data is temporarily stored for quick access by the CPU, while storage is for permanent storage of data and programs. The primary types of memory are RAM and ROM, which are volatile and directly accessed by the CPU. Secondary storage includes hard disks, flash drives, and optical discs for non-volatile and permanent storage of data.
Memory is used to store data and instructions and is divided into small parts called cells. There are two types of memory: internal memory (cache and main memory) and external memory (magnetic disks, optical disks). Memory characteristics like capacity, cost, and access time change as we move from top to bottom of the memory hierarchy. RAM is the main internal memory and can be accessed randomly, but is volatile. There are two types of RAM: SRAM and DRAM. ROM is non-volatile and can only be read from. Examples are ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Cache memory is very fast memory between the CPU and main memory. Virtual memory allows programs larger than physical memory.
computer programming,Low Level Language ,Machine Language
Assembly Language
High Level Language /Procedural Languages,C++ && C#,Web Page Development,XHTML (extensible HTML),JavaScript && PHP && VBScript,Dynamic HTML Dynamic HTML (DHTML)Dynamic HTML Dynamic HTML (DHTML),Algorithm,sourc code , object code
The document summarizes the OSI reference model, which breaks down network communication tasks into seven layers. Each layer has specific responsibilities and provides services to the layer above it. When data moves from one host to another, it passes through each layer of the OSI model and is encapsulated with different headers at each level, being called a data stream, segment, frame, and finally packet at the physical layer for transmission. The model provides a standardized framework for designing, comparing, and evaluating network communication protocols.
Memory Management
Swapping
Fragmentation
Types of Fragmentation
Paging
Demand Paging
Segmentation
Virtual Memory
Von Neumann Architecture
overlay
Process and Thread
Process Synchronization
Deadlock
CPU Scheduling
process scheduling
Memory Management
Swapping
Fragmentation
Types of Fragmentation
Paging
Demand Paging
Segmentation
Virtual Memory
Von Neumann Architecture
overlay
Process and Thread
Process Synchronization
Deadlock
CPU Scheduling
process scheduling
Explain the operation of the command line interface
Execute fundamental commands from the command line interface
Manipulate files and folders from the command line
How does the Command Line Work?
The document discusses information systems and the system development life cycle (SDLC). It begins by defining an information system and its components. It then discusses different types of information systems like transaction processing systems and management information systems. It also covers the role of database management systems in information systems. The document then explains the SDLC in detail through its various phases like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation and maintenance. It notes the benefits of using the SDLC approach. Finally, it discusses the program development life cycle (PDLC) and its key steps of problem clarification, program design, coding, testing and documentation.
Ch # 10 computer security risks and safe guardsMuhammadRobeel3
IT security, hackers,IT security and risks and safe guards, password, how to create password, bio-metric authentication , virus , antivirus software ,how to safe a devices from virus.types of viruses
Ch # 08 communication devices, network typologies , network protocolMuhammadRobeel3
The document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, types, devices, and topologies. It defines a computer network as consisting of two or more connected computers that share information and resources. The main types of networks discussed are personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), campus area networks (CAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). Communication devices like modems, routers, hubs, and switches are explained. Finally, the common network topologies of bus, star, ring, and mesh are defined along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses input and output devices used in computing. It describes common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, and webcam that allow data and instructions to enter the computer. Output devices covered include the monitor for visual output, printers for hard copies, and speakers for audio output. The document provides details on how different types of printers and projectors work to display output.
computer hardware,
Internal Hardware
Processor (CPU)
Motherboard
RAM
Hard Disk Drive
Sound Card
Video Card
Network Card
Power Supply
External Hardware
Monitor or LCD
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Scanner
USB Drive
Internal Hardware
Processor (CPU)
Motherboard
RAM
Hard Disk Drive
Sound Card
Video Card
Network Card
Power Supply
External Hardware
Monitor or LCD
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Scanner
USB Drive
The document discusses different types of software. It defines software as a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do. There are two main types of software: system software and application software. System software serves as the interface between the user, application software, and computer hardware. Application software includes programs for tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases, project management, and entertainment. Examples of specific application software discussed include Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, and various personal information manager and project management programs.
internet , how to connect with internet, world wide web ,different types of websites, what is E-Commerce , how many browser , internet advantage and dis advantage , social networking
The document provides an overview of computers, including what they are, their components, and uses. It discusses how computers accept data as input, process it, and provide output. Examples are given of how data is converted into useful information. The advantages of computers like speed, accuracy, storage capacity are outlined. Potential disadvantages involving dependency, lack of feelings, and privacy and job issues are also noted. Different generations of computers and types like personal, mobile, servers and more are defined. Finally, the document discusses computer networks and the internet in detail.
The document describes the program development life cycle (PDLC), which is a six-step process for developing computer programs: 1) analyze the problem, 2) design the solution, 3) code the program, 4) test the program, 5) formalize the solution, and 6) maintain the program. The PDLC involves analyzing requirements, designing the program structure and logic, implementing the program, testing it for errors, documenting the solution, and maintaining the working program.
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions of key concepts. It discusses what a computer is, how it processes data into information, and its main functions. It also outlines some advantages like speed, accuracy, storage capacity, and consistency. Potential disadvantages are discussed as well, such as lack of intelligence, dependency on users, and privacy/safety issues. The document then covers computer generations, networks, the internet, software, and different types of computers including analog, digital, and hybrid systems.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a framework for software development projects. It describes the typical phases of an SDLC process: planning and requirements analysis, defining requirements, designing the software, building/developing the software, testing the software, and deployment and maintenance. The SDLC aims to produce high quality software that meets expectations on time and budget. Key advantages of following an SDLC include increased development speed, improved product quality, better tracking/control, improved client relations, decreased project risk, and lower project management overhead.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
4. A storage device is any computing
hardware that is used for storing,
data files and objects. It can hold
and store information both
temporarily and permanently, and
can be internal or external to a
computer.
There are two types of storage
device: primary storage device
and secondary storage device
Storage Devices
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
4
6. • Primary memory holds only those data and
instructions on which the computer is currently
working.
• It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power
is switched off. It is generally made up of
semiconductor device.
• These memories are not as fast as registers. The
data and instruction required to be processed
resides in the main memory. It is divided into two
subcategories RAM and ROM
Primary memory
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
6
7. • These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary
memory.
Characteristics of Primary Memory
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
7
8. RAM:
RAM Stand for Random Access
Memory or direct Access memory
.it is the internal memory of the
CPU for storing data, program,
and program result. It is a
read/write memory which stores
data until the machine is working.
As soon as the machine is
switched off, data is erased. Ram
plays very important role in the
processing speed of a computer.
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
8
10. Static RAM (SRAM)
The word static indicates that the memory retains
its contents as long as power is being supplied.
However, data is lost when the power gets down
due to volatile nature.
Characteristic of Static RAM
• Long life
• No need to refresh
• Faster
• Used as cache memory
• Large size
• Expensive
• High power consumption
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
10
12. DRAM stand for Dynamic Random Access memory. It
is used in most of the computers. It is the least
expensive kind of Ram.. That is why it is slow.
Characteristics of Dynamic RAM
• Short data lifetime
• Needs to be refreshed continuously
• Slower as compared to SRAM
• Used as RAM
• Smaller in size
• Less expensive
• Less power consumption
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
12
14. SDRAM (synchronous
dynamic
RAM)
This Type of RAM is SDRAM (synchronous
dynamic RAM), which is synchronized by the
system clock and is much faster than DRAM.
Often in computer ads the speed of SDRAM is
expressed in megahertz.
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
14
16. DDR-SDRAM (double-data
rate
synchronous dynamic RAM)
DDR-SDRAM: This type, DDR-SDRAM (double-data
rate synchronous dynamic RAM), is the current
standard of RAM chip in PCs used at home; the
speed is measured in megahertz. An even faster
version is DDR2 SDRAM, the most recent entry,
which is found on gaming machines and multimedia
machines, where speed is needed.
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
16
18. Read Only Memory
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The
memory from which we can only read but
cannot write on it. This type of memory is
non-volatile. The information is stored
permanently in such memories during
manufacture. A ROM stores such
instructions that are required to start a
computer.
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
18
19. The advantages of ROM are as follows −
• Non-volatile in nature
• Cannot be accidentally changed
• Cheaper than RAMs
• Easy to test
• More Reliable than RAMs
• Static and do not require refreshing
• Contents are always known and can be
verified
Advantages of ROM
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
19
21. This type of memory is also known as
external memory or non-volatile. It is slower
than the main memory. These are used for
storing data/information permanently. CPU
directly does not access these memories,
instead they are accessed via input-output
routines. The contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to the main
memory, and then the CPU can access it. For
example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, Memory Card
, USB and etc.
Secondary Memory
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
21
22. • These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is
switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Slower than primary memories.
Characteristics of Secondary Memory
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
22
23. Hard Disk Drive
The hard disk drive is the
main, and usually largest,
data storage hardware device
in a computer. The operating
system , and most other files
are stored in the hard disk
drive
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
23
24. Online storage
Online storage services, allow you to use the internet
to back up your data. Some services are free; others
charge a small fee. Examples are Google Drive,
Dropbox, Mega , one Drive , etc offers free online
storage.
25. Floppy disks
A floppy disk, often called a diskette or simply a disk, is
a removable flat piece of mylar plastic packaged in a
3.5-inch plastic case. Data and programs are stored on
the disk’s.
27. Cache Memory
• Cache memory is a very small and very fast
memory. It is designed to speed up the transfer of
data and instructions. It is located inside or close to
the CPU chip.it is faster than RAM. The data and
instructions that are most recently or most
frequently used by CPU are stored in cache.
• The data and instructions are retrieved from RAM
when CPU uses them for the first time.
• A copy of that data is stored in cache. The next time
the CPU needs that data . It first looks in cache .if
the required data is found there .it is retrieved from
cache memory instead of main memory. It speed up
3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
27
28. A computer can have several different levels of
cache memory. All level of cache memory are faster
than RAM. Different level of cache memory
Level 1 cache :
It is built directly into the processor chip.it has small
capacity from 8KB to 128 KB.
Level 2 cache:
It is slower than L1 cache. It storage capacity is more
64KB to 16 MB.
Level 3 cache: 3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
28
Cache Memory
30. virtual memory
A computer can address more memory than
the amount physically installed on the system.
This extra memory is actually called virtual
memory and it is a section of a hard disk
that's set up to emulate the computer's RAM.
Virtual memory serves two purposes. First, it
allows us to extend the use of physical
memory by using disk. Second, it allows us to
have memory protection, because each virtual
address is translated to a physical address.
35. MEASURING CAPACITY
How many representations of 0s and 1s can be
held in a computer or a storage device such as a
hard disk? Capacity is denoted by bits and bytes
and multiples there of:
Bit: In the binary system, each 0 or 1 is called a
bit, which is short for “binary digit.”
Byte: To represent letters, numbers, or special
characters (such as ! or *), bits are combined into
groups. A group of 8 bits is called a byte, and a
byte represents one character ,digit , or other
value.
36. MEASURING CAPACITY
Kilobyte: A kilobyte (K, KB) is about 1,000 bytes.
(Actually, it’s precisely 1,024 bytes,
Megabyte: A megabyte (M, MB) is about 1 million
bytes (1,048,576 bytes).24 bytes,
Gigabyte: A gigabyte (G, GB) is about 1 billion
bytes (1,073,741,824 bytes).