Building a-database
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This document discusses different types of databases. It describes manual databases as lists created on paper that are stored in filing cabinets, while computerized databases store data using computers. The key differences are that manual databases are time-consuming to access and update, while computerized databases allow fast access and linking of files. Computerized databases have parts including files that contain records made of different fields. The two main types are flat file databases that store all data in one file, and relational databases that separate data into different tables that can be linked.
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Chapter 3
This document introduces databases and their benefits over manual systems. It describes how databases organize data into tables of records and fields for easy access and management. Drawbacks of manual databases include being time-consuming, tedious, and error-prone, while inherent database benefits are having information available in one centralized location, accurate and prompt processing, and elimination of errors. The document also outlines the key components and functions of database management systems (DBMS) for organizing, controlling, modifying, and securing database data.
Database - R.D.Sivakumar
R.D. Sivakumar is an assistant professor of computer science and head of the department of M.Com.(CA) at Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College in Sivakasi, India. He provides his contact information and a brief introduction to databases, including that a database contains related data organized into tables with records and fields. Databases can be manipulated through searching, sorting, merging, calculations, filtering, editing, and report generation. The main types of databases are flat-file, relational, hierarchical, network, and object-oriented.
Database Analysis
At the analysis stage of database design, end user requirements and functional requirements must be identified. End user requirements involve the tasks users expect to perform with the database. Functional requirements specify the processes, activities, and information the database needs to carry out tasks. For example, a school moving from paper registers to a database would need tables to store basic pupil information linked to a table with subjects, classes, and teachers.
Database analysis
To analyze database requirements, we must identify the end users' needs and tasks, as well as the functional processes and activities the database will perform. For example, a school moving from paper to digital registration identified key requirements - a pupil table storing name, date of birth and address, linked to a class table with subjects and teachers to more efficiently manage an increasing student population.
Database structure
A database organizes and stores data in files containing records made of fields. A flat-file database uses a single table which becomes inefficient as data grows. Relational databases avoid "anomalies" like insertion, update, and deletion errors from flat files by storing data across multiple linked tables using primary keys. Atomic data cannot be broken into smaller components while combined fields can be normalized.
Ch # 09 database management system
database management system and its types and advantages and disadvantages , parts of data base management,
ISDD Database Structure N5
The document discusses database structure and types. It states that a database organizes and stores data in files made up of records containing fields. A flat file database uses a single table that becomes inefficient with large amounts of data. Relational databases improve on this by storing data across multiple linked tables using primary keys. The document also describes anomalies like insertion, update, and deletion that occur in flat file databases.
Database
A database is an organized collection of related information stored electronically in a computer system. It consists of records, files and fields. Records contain fields, which are individual pieces of information. Databases are useful for organizing, sorting, analyzing and finding information efficiently. Common examples of databases include student records, library catalogs, phone books and more. When designing a database, the goals, types of information, field names and consistency should be determined.
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Chapter 3
This document introduces databases and their benefits over manual systems. It describes how databases organize data into tables of records and fields for easy access and management. Drawbacks of manual databases include being time-consuming, tedious, and error-prone, while inherent database benefits are having information available in one centralized location, accurate and prompt processing, and elimination of errors. The document also outlines the key components and functions of database management systems (DBMS) for organizing, controlling, modifying, and securing database data.
Database - R.D.Sivakumar
R.D. Sivakumar is an assistant professor of computer science and head of the department of M.Com.(CA) at Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College in Sivakasi, India. He provides his contact information and a brief introduction to databases, including that a database contains related data organized into tables with records and fields. Databases can be manipulated through searching, sorting, merging, calculations, filtering, editing, and report generation. The main types of databases are flat-file, relational, hierarchical, network, and object-oriented.
Database Analysis
At the analysis stage of database design, end user requirements and functional requirements must be identified. End user requirements involve the tasks users expect to perform with the database. Functional requirements specify the processes, activities, and information the database needs to carry out tasks. For example, a school moving from paper registers to a database would need tables to store basic pupil information linked to a table with subjects, classes, and teachers.
Database analysis
To analyze database requirements, we must identify the end users' needs and tasks, as well as the functional processes and activities the database will perform. For example, a school moving from paper to digital registration identified key requirements - a pupil table storing name, date of birth and address, linked to a class table with subjects and teachers to more efficiently manage an increasing student population.
Database structure
A database organizes and stores data in files containing records made of fields. A flat-file database uses a single table which becomes inefficient as data grows. Relational databases avoid "anomalies" like insertion, update, and deletion errors from flat files by storing data across multiple linked tables using primary keys. Atomic data cannot be broken into smaller components while combined fields can be normalized.
Ch # 09 database management system
database management system and its types and advantages and disadvantages , parts of data base management,
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The document discusses database structure and types. It states that a database organizes and stores data in files made up of records containing fields. A flat file database uses a single table that becomes inefficient with large amounts of data. Relational databases improve on this by storing data across multiple linked tables using primary keys. The document also describes anomalies like insertion, update, and deletion that occur in flat file databases.
Database
A database is an organized collection of related information stored electronically in a computer system. It consists of records, files and fields. Records contain fields, which are individual pieces of information. Databases are useful for organizing, sorting, analyzing and finding information efficiently. Common examples of databases include student records, library catalogs, phone books and more. When designing a database, the goals, types of information, field names and consistency should be determined.
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This document discusses working with tables and data in Access. It provides objectives for recognizing a table and its fields, creating, designing, formatting and modifying tables. It defines what a database table is, how they organize data into rows and columns. It describes designing tables by setting field names, data types and descriptions. It also covers creating tables from the application parts or layout view, entering records into datasheets or forms, navigating, selecting, editing and deleting records, attaching files, sorting, and changing field properties.
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This document provides background information on Ace Training, a company that teaches courses and needs a database system. It details requirements for the database such as storing student, tutor, and course information. Students can enroll via tutor upload, online form, or themselves online with tutor authorization. Tutors have more privileges like adding course resources and assessing students with quizzes. The database needs to track student progress and knowledge. User details cannot be deleted but marked inactive, while inactive courses can be removed. Duplicate student enrollments should be prevented.
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This document discusses how to build a data dictionary. It defines a data dictionary as metadata that specifies tables, columns, attributes, and relationships in a database. It recommends including elements such as data types, constraints, ownership, and comments. An active data dictionary can be accessed directly from a database for automatic updates. Tools can help build and maintain data dictionaries. They are important for understanding, documenting, and sharing knowledge about an organization's data.
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The 3-level architecture of a DBMS includes the physical, conceptual, and view levels. The physical level refers to the actual storage of data on devices like hard drives. The conceptual level defines the logical relationships between entities in the data. The view level presents the data to users through application views like product listings fetched from database tables at the conceptual level.
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This presentation defines key concepts about files and databases. It explains that files are collections of data organized and stored by operating systems, and that effective filing systems allow for easy retrieval. The presentation describes how files are named with a name and extension, and identifies common file types based on extensions like docx, jpg, and html. It also defines databases as organized collections of data that can be easily retrieved, and notes that database management systems help control redundancy, maintain reliability, restrict access, share data, and backup or recover information.
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This presentation defines key concepts about files and databases. It explains that files are collections of data organized and stored by operating systems, and that effective filing systems allow for easy retrieval. The presentation describes how files are named with a name and extension, and identifies common file types based on extensions like docx, jpg, and html. It also defines databases as organized collections of data that can be easily retrieved, and notes that database management systems help control redundancy, maintain reliability, restrict access, share data, and backup or recover information.
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ppt on open office.org
This document provides information about databases and how to use OpenOffice Base. It discusses:
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2) The advantages of databases like reducing data redundancy, controlling inconsistencies, and facilitating data sharing.
3) The differences between flat and relational databases and that OpenOffice Base is a relational database management system (RDBMS).
4) The basic functions of OpenOffice Base including creating tables, setting primary keys, opening existing databases, and writing queries.
Files Management
This document discusses files management and provides guidance on creating and maintaining effective filing systems. It emphasizes the importance of files management in enabling effective decision-making and reconstructing sequences of actions. Some key points covered include common filing methods, criteria for a good filing system, organizing and classifying records, file structures and codification, filing equipment, training procedures, and addressing common filing problems. Tips are provided such as exploring filing options, keeping systems simple, dedicating time for filing, and communicating the filing process as a team effort.
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A database is an organized collection of related data stored electronically to be easily accessed, managed, and updated. It consists of collections of records about various entities that are related to each other through fields. A database management system (DBMS) is a software program that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. Compared to traditional file processing systems, DBMS reduces data redundancy and inconsistency, and allows for more efficient sharing of data across multiple users and applications.
File
Files are named collections of related information stored on secondary storage. A file has attributes like its name, size, and permissions. An operating system performs basic file operations like creating, writing, reading, deleting, and truncating files. Creating a file allocates space and makes a directory entry. Writing puts data in the file. Reading retrieves data. Deleting removes the file entry and frees its space. Truncating erases contents but keeps attributes.
Introduction to databases
A database is a collection of related data, while a database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users to add, view and manage data in a database. DBMSes enable users to perform tasks like entering, sorting and querying data, and common database structures include flat-file databases with one table and relational databases with multiple related tables. Key aspects of working with databases involve creating tables to organize fields and records, using filters and forms to view and enter data, and querying the database using languages like SQL to search for specific records.
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This document provides an introduction to databases, including their basic terminology and concepts. It discusses what a database is, the advantages and disadvantages of computerized databases, and key database terminology such as records, fields, rows, columns, queries, reports, searching, sorting, and forms. It also outlines the important steps for carefully planning a database, including determining what data to store, required operations, listing fields and their descriptions, and creating a sample database table.
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The document provides an introduction to databases including:
- The structure of databases and the hierarchy of data types
- The differences between file-based and database approaches
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- The purposes of using a database including storing, finding, and analyzing information
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This document discusses working with tables and data in Access. It provides objectives for recognizing a table and its fields, creating, designing, formatting and modifying tables. It defines what a database table is, how they organize data into rows and columns. It describes designing tables by setting field names, data types and descriptions. It also covers creating tables from the application parts or layout view, entering records into datasheets or forms, navigating, selecting, editing and deleting records, attaching files, sorting, and changing field properties.
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This document provides background information on Ace Training, a company that teaches courses and needs a database system. It details requirements for the database such as storing student, tutor, and course information. Students can enroll via tutor upload, online form, or themselves online with tutor authorization. Tutors have more privileges like adding course resources and assessing students with quizzes. The database needs to track student progress and knowledge. User details cannot be deleted but marked inactive, while inactive courses can be removed. Duplicate student enrollments should be prevented.
How to build a data dictionary
This document discusses how to build a data dictionary. It defines a data dictionary as metadata that specifies tables, columns, attributes, and relationships in a database. It recommends including elements such as data types, constraints, ownership, and comments. An active data dictionary can be accessed directly from a database for automatic updates. Tools can help build and maintain data dictionaries. They are important for understanding, documenting, and sharing knowledge about an organization's data.
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The 3-level architecture of a DBMS includes the physical, conceptual, and view levels. The physical level refers to the actual storage of data on devices like hard drives. The conceptual level defines the logical relationships between entities in the data. The view level presents the data to users through application views like product listings fetched from database tables at the conceptual level.
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This presentation defines key concepts about files and databases. It explains that files are collections of data organized and stored by operating systems, and that effective filing systems allow for easy retrieval. The presentation describes how files are named with a name and extension, and identifies common file types based on extensions like docx, jpg, and html. It also defines databases as organized collections of data that can be easily retrieved, and notes that database management systems help control redundancy, maintain reliability, restrict access, share data, and backup or recover information.
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This presentation defines key concepts about files and databases. It explains that files are collections of data organized and stored by operating systems, and that effective filing systems allow for easy retrieval. The presentation describes how files are named with a name and extension, and identifies common file types based on extensions like docx, jpg, and html. It also defines databases as organized collections of data that can be easily retrieved, and notes that database management systems help control redundancy, maintain reliability, restrict access, share data, and backup or recover information.
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The document discusses perspectives on metadata from web resources and database systems. It describes how metadata comes in many forms and serves various purposes, such as supporting discovery and identification of information resources on the web (resource metadata), and ensuring consistency and analysis of structured data in databases (metadata in database systems). Resource metadata commonly follows standards and is stored separately from the resources it describes, while database metadata includes both structural metadata describing data organization and content metadata in the form of data dictionaries.
ppt on open office.org
This document provides information about databases and how to use OpenOffice Base. It discusses:
1) How databases work by centralizing data in one location so all applications can access the same updated information.
2) The advantages of databases like reducing data redundancy, controlling inconsistencies, and facilitating data sharing.
3) The differences between flat and relational databases and that OpenOffice Base is a relational database management system (RDBMS).
4) The basic functions of OpenOffice Base including creating tables, setting primary keys, opening existing databases, and writing queries.
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This document discusses files management and provides guidance on creating and maintaining effective filing systems. It emphasizes the importance of files management in enabling effective decision-making and reconstructing sequences of actions. Some key points covered include common filing methods, criteria for a good filing system, organizing and classifying records, file structures and codification, filing equipment, training procedures, and addressing common filing problems. Tips are provided such as exploring filing options, keeping systems simple, dedicating time for filing, and communicating the filing process as a team effort.
Database basics
A database is an organized collection of related data stored electronically to be easily accessed, managed, and updated. It consists of collections of records about various entities that are related to each other through fields. A database management system (DBMS) is a software program that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. Compared to traditional file processing systems, DBMS reduces data redundancy and inconsistency, and allows for more efficient sharing of data across multiple users and applications.
File
Files are named collections of related information stored on secondary storage. A file has attributes like its name, size, and permissions. An operating system performs basic file operations like creating, writing, reading, deleting, and truncating files. Creating a file allocates space and makes a directory entry. Writing puts data in the file. Reading retrieves data. Deleting removes the file entry and frees its space. Truncating erases contents but keeps attributes.
Introduction to databases
A database is a collection of related data, while a database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users to add, view and manage data in a database. DBMSes enable users to perform tasks like entering, sorting and querying data, and common database structures include flat-file databases with one table and relational databases with multiple related tables. Key aspects of working with databases involve creating tables to organize fields and records, using filters and forms to view and enter data, and querying the database using languages like SQL to search for specific records.
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This document provides an introduction to databases, including their basic terminology and concepts. It discusses what a database is, the advantages and disadvantages of computerized databases, and key database terminology such as records, fields, rows, columns, queries, reports, searching, sorting, and forms. It also outlines the important steps for carefully planning a database, including determining what data to store, required operations, listing fields and their descriptions, and creating a sample database table.
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The document discusses the motivation for and design of multithreaded architectures. It aims to increase processor utilization by allowing multiple independent instruction streams, or threads, to execute simultaneously. This can compensate for a lack of instruction-level parallelism in individual threads. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) processors in particular issue instructions from multiple threads each cycle without hardware context switching. SMT achieves high throughput with minimal performance degradation to individual threads by sharing most hardware resources between threads.
Serialization/deserialization
This document discusses serialization in .NET. Serialization is the process of converting an object graph to a linear sequence of bytes to send over a stream. The document covers basic serialization using attributes, implementing interfaces like ISerializable for custom serialization, and creating custom formatters. Key points are that types must be marked as serializable, an object graph contains referenced objects, and interfaces like ISerializable and IDeserializationEventListener allow customizing the serialization process.
Big picture of data mining
- Decision trees are a supervised learning technique used for classification problems. They work by recursively splitting a dataset based on the values of predictor variables and assigning class labels to the terminal nodes.
- The document describes how decision trees are constructed by starting with the entire training set at the root node and then recursively splitting the data into purer child nodes based on attribute values. Attribute selection at each node is done using an impurity-based heuristic like information gain.
Business analytics and data mining
The document provides an overview of business analytics (BA) including its history, types, examples, challenges, and relationship to data mining. BA involves exploring past business performance data to gain insights and guide planning. It can focus on specific business segments. Types of BA include reporting, affinity grouping, clustering, and predictive analytics. Challenges to BA include acquiring high quality data and rapidly processing large volumes of data. Data mining is an important part of BA, helping to sort and analyze large datasets.
Data mining and knowledge discovery
The document discusses data mining and knowledge discovery from large data sets. It begins by defining the terms data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in a hierarchy. It then explains that the growth of data from various sources has created a need for data mining to extract useful knowledge from large data repositories. The key aspects of data mining discussed are that it aims to discover previously unknown, implicit and potentially useful patterns from large data sets in an automated manner. The document outlines the interdisciplinary nature of data mining and its relationship to knowledge discovery in databases. It describes the types of data that can be mined, including structured, transactional, time-series and web data, as well as common data mining tasks like classification, prediction and clustering.
Directory based cache coherence
The document discusses non-uniform cache architectures (NUCA), cache coherence, and different implementations of directories in multicore systems. It describes NUCA designs that map data to banks based on distance from the controller to exploit non-uniform access times. Cache coherence is maintained using directory-based protocols that track copies of cache blocks. Directories can be implemented off-chip in DRAM or on-chip using duplicate tag stores or distributing the directory among cache banks.
Cache recap
The document discusses memory hierarchy and cache performance. It introduces the concepts of memory hierarchy, cache hits, misses, and different types of cache organizations like direct mapped, set associative, and fully associative caches. It analyzes how cache performance is affected by miss rate, miss penalty, block size, cache size, and associativity. Adding a second level cache can help reduce the miss penalty and improve overall performance.
Hardware managed cache
The document proposes optimizing DRAM caches for latency rather than hit rate. It summarizes previous work on DRAM caches like Loh-Hill Cache that treated DRAM cache similarly to SRAM cache. This led to high latency and low bandwidth utilization.
The document introduces the Alloy Cache design which avoids tag serialization and keeps tags and data in the same DRAM row for lower latency. It also proposes a Memory Access Predictor to selectively use parallel or serial access models for the lowest latency. Simulation results show Alloy Cache with a predictor outperforms previous designs like SRAM-Tags. The document advocates optimizing DRAM caches for latency first before hit rate given their different constraints compared to SRAM caches.
How analysis services caching works
This document discusses how Analysis Services caching works and provides strategies for warming the Storage Engine and Formula Engine caches. It explains that the Storage Engine handles data retrieval from disk while the Formula Engine determines which data is needed for queries. Caching can improve performance but requires consideration of memory usage, cache structures, and data granularity. The document recommends using the CREATE CACHE statement and running regular queries to pre-populate the caches, while being mindful of how security and non-deterministic elements can impact cache sharing and scoping. Automating cache warming through SQL Server Agent jobs or SSIS packages is suggested.
Object model
The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
Optimizing shared caches in chip multiprocessors
Chip multiprocessors, which place multiple processors on a single chip, have become common in modern processors. There are different approaches to managing caches in chip multiprocessors, including private caches for each processor or shared caches. The optimal approach balances factors like interconnect traffic, duplication of data, load balancing, and cache hit rates.
Abstract data types
This document discusses abstract data types (ADTs) and their implementation in various programming languages. It covers the key concepts of ADTs including data abstraction, encapsulation, information hiding, and defining the public interface separately from the private implementation. It provides examples of ADTs implemented using modules in Modula-2, packages in Ada, classes in C++, generics in Java and C#, and classes in Ruby. Parameterized and encapsulation constructs are also discussed as techniques for implementing and organizing ADTs.
Abstraction file
This document discusses the key concepts of object-oriented programming including abstraction, encapsulation, classes and objects. It defines abstraction as focusing on the essential characteristics of an object and hiding unnecessary details. Encapsulation hides the implementation of an object's methods and data. A class combines abstraction and encapsulation, defining the data attributes and methods while hiding implementation details. Objects are instantiations of classes that come to life through constructors and die through destructors.
Concurrency with java
This document discusses several programming paradigms and concepts related to multi-threaded programming. It covers single process vs multi process vs multi-core/multi-threaded programming. It also discusses processes, threads, synchronization mechanisms like semaphores and barriers, and concurrency issues like deadlock, starvation and livelock that can occur in multi-threaded programs.
Data structures and algorithms
The document discusses abstract data types (ADTs) and how they relate to implemented data types and data structures. Some key points:
1) An ADT is a theoretical model that defines the operations and objects of a data type, while an implemented data type realizes the ADT within the constraints of resources and implementation.
2) An ADT includes the name, possible data items, and operations on those items. Implemented data types and data structures then provide actual realizations within programming languages.
3) Common ADTs include stacks, with operations like push and pop following a last-in first-out ordering of elements. Stacks have implementations using arrays or linked lists.
Abstract class
Abstract classes and interfaces allow for abstraction and polymorphism in object-oriented design. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces only contain abstract methods. Abstract classes are used to provide a common definition for subclasses through inheritance, while interfaces define a contract for implementing classes to follow. Both support polymorphism by allowing subclasses/implementing classes to determine the specific implementation for abstract methods.
Inheritance
This document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It explains that inheritance allows a subclass to inherit attributes and behaviors from a superclass, extending the superclass. This allows for code reuse and the establishment of class hierarchies. The document provides an example of a BankAccount superclass and SavingsAccount subclass, demonstrating how the subclass inherits methods like deposit() and withdraw() from the superclass while adding its own method, addInterest(). It also discusses polymorphism and access control as related concepts.
Cobol, lisp, and python
The document provides information on three programming languages: COBOL, LISP, and Python. COBOL was released in 1959 and was used for 80% of business transactions due to its reliability. LISP was the second high-level language created in 1958 and introduced innovations like garbage collection and recursion using linked lists. Python was developed in the 1990s and prioritizes readability through features like whitespace and a simple grammar.
Object oriented analysis
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) emphasizes investigating requirements rather than solutions, and conceptual solutions that fulfill requirements rather than implementations. OOAD focuses on identifying domain concepts and defining software objects and how they collaborate. The document then discusses OO concepts like encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism and how classes and objects are used in object-oriented programming. It provides an overview of the course structure and evaluation criteria.
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Building a-database
- 2. What is database ? a collection of data or information that is organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.
- 3. Type of database Manual database Computerized database What is the difference between manual database and computerized database?
- 4. Manual database Lists created on stone, metal or paper are called manual database. Example: List students’ mark. The list consists two columns, NAME and MARKS. Teacher fill in the names and marks for each subject according to level : year 7, year 8 etc. These paper files are then stored in filling cabinet.
- 5. Manual database – list students’ mark
- 6. Manual database Disadvantages : Accesing file and updating is very time consuming. for example when data needs to be retreived or updated, the user has to search through file to locate them physically. Take up a lot of space since data has to be stored files.
- 7. Computerized database Store data and manipulate a database using computer .
- 8. Computerized database Advantages : Store information only once since most database software allows you to access information from several files. Validation checks may be made on the data so that there will be fewer errors in the data. Files can be linked together, which means that if you update one of the files, all the other files that depend on the same information will automatically be updated. Access information is quickly.
- 9. Computerized database Disadvantages : If the computer breaks down, you are not able to access the details. It is easy to copy computer files. Training is needed to use system so that this takes time and cost money Database may be corrupted / infected. Some database complicated to us.
- 10. Parts of database Databases are organized in files which consist of a series of records which in turn consist of a series of fields. Once your understood this, you will be well on the way to understanding database.
- 11. Parts of database Files - a collection of data or information that has been given a name.
- 12. Parts of database Records – one entry in a database.
- 13. Parts of database Fields – records contains a number of fields. ( each item in a record )
- 14. Parts of database : Scenario 1. Information of all student s in a school could be save as student file 2. Student record card - record 3. Student number, forename, form, DOB – field name
- 15. Two main types of database flat file database relational database
- 16. Two main types of database Flat file database Relational database Use on personal computer. Used a lot in large organisations. Store data in one file at a time and this must store all the data. Store data in separate tables and files. (have links/ relationships which allow data from another file to be shown, used and edited but not copy in a current file. So that whenever the values the other file change, the data displayed in the current file also changes. Not suitable for large database because they can be slow, have large file size and use a lot of memory.
- 18. ACTIVITY Activity 1 – brain storming Activity 1 – fill in he blanks Homework