The document discusses the fundamentals and functionalities of operating systems (OS), highlighting their role in managing computer hardware and resources, user interfaces, and multitasking capabilities. It covers key aspects such as booting, CPU and memory management, file management, task management, security measures, and types of operating systems like stand-alone, server, and embedded systems. Additionally, it introduces concepts of device drivers and utilities like file managers and search utilities essential for effective system operation.

1. CHAPTER # 07
OPERATING SYSTEM
(OS)
Prepar by:M.Robeel

2. Operating system
(OS)

3. Operating system (OS)
 The operating system (OS), also called the software
platform, consists of the low-level, master system of
programs that manage the basic operations of the
computer.
 These programs provide resource management
services of many kinds. In particular, they handle the
control and use of hardware resources, including
disk space, memory, CPU time allocation, and
peripheral devices. Every general-purpose computer
must have an operating system to run other
programs. The operating system allows you to3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
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4. Providing a User Interface
 You interact with software through its user
interface. That is, a user interface controls
how you enter data and instructions and how
information is displayed on the screen. Two
types of user interfaces are graphical and
command-line

5. Graphical User Interface
 Most users today work with a graphical user
interface. With a graphical user interface
(GUI), you interact with menus and visual
images such as buttons and other graphical
objects to issue commands

6. Graphical User Interface
Start
Menu
Start Button
Back
Button

7. Command-Line Interface
 To configure devices, manage system
resources, and troubleshoot network
connections, network administrators and other
advanced users work with a command-line
interface. In a command-line interface, a
user types commands or presses special keys
on the keyboard to enter data and instructions

8.  Some operating systems support a single user
and only one running program at a time.
 Others support thousands of users running
multiple programs. How an operating system
handles programs directly affects your
productivity
 A single user/single tasking operating system
allows only one user to run one program at a
time.

9.  A single user/multitasking operating system
allows a single user to work on two or more
programs that reside in memory at the same
time. Users today typically run multiple
programs concurrently. It is common to have
an e-mail program and Web browser open at
all times, while working with application
programs such as word processing or
graphics.

11.  Different sizes and makes of computers have
their own operating systems.
 we should have an idea of what operating
systems do.
 Booting
 CPU management
 File management
 Task management
 Security management 3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
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12. Booting

13. Booting
 The work of the operating system begins as soon
as you turn on, or “boot,” the computer. Booting is
the process of loading an operating system
into a computer’s main memory. This loading is
accomplished automatically by programs stored
permanently in the computer’s electronic circuitry
(called read-only memory, or ROM,
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14. Booting
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15. COLD BOOTS & WARM
BOOTS
 When you power up a computer by turning on the
power “on” switch, this is called a cold boot. If your
computer is already on and you restart it, this is
called a warm boot or a warm start.
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16. CPU Management

17. CPU Management
 The central component of the operating system is
the supervisor. Like a police officer directing
traffic, the supervisor, or kernel manages the
CPU (the central processing unit or processor. It
remains in memory (main memory or primary
storage) while the computer is running and
directs other “nonresident” programs
(programs that are not in memory) to perform
tasks that support application programs.
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18. Memory
Management

19. MEMORY MANAGEMENT
 The operating system also manages memory—it
keeps track of the locations within main memory
where the programs and data are stored. It can
swap portions of data and programs between main
memory and secondary storage, such as your
computer’s hard disk, as so-called virtual memory.
This capability allows a computer to hold only the
most immediately needed data and programs within
main memory. Yet it has ready access to programs
and data on the hard disk, thereby greatly
expanding memory capacity. 3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
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20. File Management

21. File Management
 A file is (1) a named collection of data (data
file), or (2) a program (program file) that exists
in a computer’s secondary storage, such as a
hard disk or CD/DVD. Examples of data files are a
word processing document, a spreadsheet,
images, songs, and the like. Examples of program
files are a word processing program or
spreadsheet program.
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22. FINDING &
HANDLING FILES

23. FINDING & HANDLING FILES
 Files containing programs and data are located in
many places on your hard disk and other
secondary storage devices. The operating
system records the storage location of all files. If
you move, rename, or delete a file, the operating
system manages such changes and helps you
locate and gain access to it.
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24. Directories and
subdirectories
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25. ORGANIZING FILES:
DIRECTORIES,
SUBDIRECTORIES,
& PATHS

26. DIRECTORIES,
SUBDIRECTORIES,
& PATHSThe operating system’s file system arranges files in
a hierarchical manner, first into directories(also
called folders ) and then into sub directories . The
Top most directory is called the root directory; a
directory below another directory is called a
subdirectory; any directory above a subdirectory is
called its parent directory.
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27. Task Management

28. Task Management
 A computer is required to perform many different
tasks at once (multitasking). In word processing, for
example, it accepts input data, stores the data on a
disk, and prints out a document—seemingly
simultaneously. Most desktop and laptop operating
systems are single-user systems that can handle
more than one program at the same time—word
processing, spreadsheet, database searcher. Each
program is displayed in a separate window on the
screen.
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29. Security Management

30. Security Management
 Operating systems allow users to control access to
their computers—an especially important matter
when several people share a computer or the same
computer network
 When you first boot up a new personal computer, the
OS will prompt you to choose a user name and a
password. Then, every time after that, when you
boot up your computer, you will be prompted to type
in your user name and password . Some OSs even
allow you to protect individual files with separate
access passwords. 3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
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31. Device Drivers

32. Device Drivers
 Device drivers are specialized software
programs that allow input and output devices to
communicate with the rest of the computer
system . Each device’s brand and model are
supported by a different driver that works with only
one operating system. Many basic device drivers
come with the system software when you buy a
computer, and the system software will guide you
through choosing and installing the necessary
drivers. If, however, you buy a new peripheral
device, such as a mouse, a scanner, or a printer.3/9/2020Gulab Devi Educational Complex Lahore
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33. Types of Operating Systems

34. Types of Operating Systems
 When you purchase a new computer device, it
typically has an operating system preinstalled.
 Here are types of Operating System
 Stand-Alone Operating Systems
 Server Operating Systems
 Embedded Operating Systems

35. Stand-alone operating
system
 A stand-alone operating system is a
complete operating system that works on a
desktop computer, notebook computer. Some
stand-alone operating systems are called
client operating systems because they also
work in conjunction with a server operating
system.

36. Server operating system
 a server operating system is an operating system
that is designed specifically to support a network. A
server operating system typically resides on a
server. The client computers on the network rely on
the server(s) for resources.. Some of these stand-
alone operating systems do include networking
capability; however, server operating systems are
designed specifically to support all sizes of
networks, including medium- to large-sized
businesses and Web servers

37. Embedded operating system
 The operating system on most mobile devices
and many consumer electronics, called an
embedded operating system, resides on a
ROM chip. Popular embedded operating
systems include Windows Embedded CE,
Windows Mobile, Palm OS, iPhone OS,
BlackBerry, Google, embedded Linux.

38. File manager
 file manager A is a utility that performs
functions related to file management. Some of
the file management functions that a file
manager performs are displaying a list of files
on a storage medium organizing files in
folders; and copying, renaming, deleting,
moving, and sorting files. A folder is a specific
named location on a storage medium that
contains related documents. Operating
systems typically include a file manager.

40. Search utility
 A search utility is a program that attempts to
locate a file on your computer based on criteria
you specify. The criteria could be a word or
words contained in a file, date the file was
created or modified, size of the file, location of
the file, filename, author/artist, and other
similar properties. Search utilities can look
through documents, photos, music ,and other
files. Operating systems typically include a
built-in search utility.

41. Search utility
Search Criteria