Centrifugation is a separation technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences of the components. It can separate immiscible liquids, colloidal dispersions, and solid particles from liquids. The centrifuge rotates at high speeds, applying a centrifugal force that separates components outward based on their density. Heavier components move further out and lighter components remain nearer the center. Common applications include separating blood cells from plasma, purifying oils, and separating insoluble solids from liquids.
The studies influence techniques of filtration, its various types, and theories involved in the rate of filtration. This topic useful for physical pharmacy students and other concerned with filtration.
Fluid Mechanics introduction for UG students
Fluid properties
Reynolds experiment
Manometer
Orificemeter
Venturimeter
Pitot tube
Rotameter
Current flow meter
Surface and Interfacial tension [Part-3(a)](Measurement of Surface and Inter...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION
Capillary Rise Method, Drop Count and Weight Method.
Wilhelmy Plate Methods ,The DuNouy Ring Method.
Capillary Rise Method: Upward force due to surface tension: Drop count and Weight method Downward Force: Drop weight method: Drop count method
Centrifugation is a Unit operation employed for separating the constituents present in a dispersion with the aid of centrifugal force
Centrifuge is device for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium
Centrifugal force provides the driving force for the separation
It replaces gravitational forces operating during the sedimentation
The equipment used for the separation are known as centrifuges
A. on an industrial scale,
(1) Filtration centrifuge
Those using perforated baskets, which perform a filtration-type operation (work like a spin-dryer)
(2) Sedimentation centrifuge
Those with a solid walled vessel, where particles sediment towards the wall under the influence of the centrifugal
B. Classification (Based on scale of usage)
(1) Laboratory scale
Horizontal spinning type
Angle centrifuge 945 to 50 angels)
High speed centrifuge (10,000 rpm)
Ultra centrifuge (85,000 rpm)
The studies influence techniques of filtration, its various types, and theories involved in the rate of filtration. This topic useful for physical pharmacy students and other concerned with filtration.
Fluid Mechanics introduction for UG students
Fluid properties
Reynolds experiment
Manometer
Orificemeter
Venturimeter
Pitot tube
Rotameter
Current flow meter
Surface and Interfacial tension [Part-3(a)](Measurement of Surface and Inter...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION
Capillary Rise Method, Drop Count and Weight Method.
Wilhelmy Plate Methods ,The DuNouy Ring Method.
Capillary Rise Method: Upward force due to surface tension: Drop count and Weight method Downward Force: Drop weight method: Drop count method
Centrifugation is a Unit operation employed for separating the constituents present in a dispersion with the aid of centrifugal force
Centrifuge is device for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium
Centrifugal force provides the driving force for the separation
It replaces gravitational forces operating during the sedimentation
The equipment used for the separation are known as centrifuges
A. on an industrial scale,
(1) Filtration centrifuge
Those using perforated baskets, which perform a filtration-type operation (work like a spin-dryer)
(2) Sedimentation centrifuge
Those with a solid walled vessel, where particles sediment towards the wall under the influence of the centrifugal
B. Classification (Based on scale of usage)
(1) Laboratory scale
Horizontal spinning type
Angle centrifuge 945 to 50 angels)
High speed centrifuge (10,000 rpm)
Ultra centrifuge (85,000 rpm)
introduction of Pipettes , centrifugation , centifuge.
principle of centrifuge and pipettes. different types of centrifugation, centrifuge and pipettes. handling of pipettes and centrifuge, calibration of pipettes and centrifuge.
Centrifugation notes...
Introduction of Centrifugation
History of Centrifugation
Principle of Centrifugation
Types of Centrifugation
Application of Centrifugation
Reference...
A centrifuge operates by using the sedimentation principle- Here the substances are separated based on their density under the influence of gravitational force. When spun rapidly, lighter particles stay at the top and heavier particles go to the bottom during centrifugation.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.
What is the centrifuge used for?
Centrifuges work by separating out two materials with different densities. Centrifuges are used in various laboratories to separate fluids, gases or liquids based on density like the separation of different constituents of blood, immiscible liquids, wastewater sludge etc.
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube. The tube is then placed in a rotor and spun at a define speed.
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bsc in science college multan pakistan
msc univesity of education lahore pakistan
i love pakistan and my teachers
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. CENTRIFUGATION
• Centrifugation is a unit operation employed for
separating the constituents present in a dispersion with
the aid of Centrifugal force
• Centrifugal force is the driving force for the separation
3. CENTRIFUGATION
• Separation of constituents by using ordinary filtration
is difficult in such cases centrifugation techniques
employed
Examples:-
▪ Separation of highly viscous mixture
▪Separation of colloidal dispersion
▪Separation of two immiscible liquids or a solid from a
liquid
5. CENTRIFUGATION
Process:-
• Centrifuge consists of a container in Which a mixture
of solid and liquid or two liquids is placed
• Centrifuge rotated at high speeds
• The mixture separated in to its constituent parts by the
action of centrifugal force on their densities
6. CENTRIFUGATION
• A solid or liquid having higher specific gravity is
thrown outward with greater force
• It is retained at the bottom of the container leaving a
clear supernatant layer of pure liquid
• The speed of centrifuge is expressed in terms of the
number of revolutions per minute of the rotor
7. CENTRIFUGATION
Applications:-
• Production of bulk drugs
• Production of biological products
• Biopharmaceutical analysis of drugs
• Evaluation of suspensions and emulsions
• Determination of molecular weight of colloids
8. CENTRIFUGATION
❖Production of bulk drugs:-
Centrifugation technique used to separate crystalline drugs
such as aspirin from mother liquor.
❖Production of biological products :-
Most of the proteinaceous drugs and macromolecules are
present as colloidal dispersion in water.
Centrifugal methods are used to separate these constituents
from water.
9. CENTRIFUGATION
• Insulin separated from the mother liquor by employing
ultracentrifugation technique
• Centrifugation is employed for separating the blood cells
from blood.
❖Biopharmaceutical applications:-
• Drugs present in the blood, tissue fluids, urine are normally
present in the form of colloidal dispersions
• Centrifugation employed for separating the drugs
• This method also used for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic
parameters
10. CENTRIFUGATION
❖Evaluation of suspension and emulsion
• The emulsion centrifuged at 2000-3000 RPM at room
temperature
if it is stable emulsion, it does not show any signs of
separation even after centrifugation
❖Determination of molecular weight of
colloids:-
• Ultracentrifugation methods employed
• E.g. determination of molecular weight of serum albumin,
insulin and methyl cellulose
11. CENTRIFUGATION
Theory of centrifugation:-
• In a colloidal dispersion the dispersed phase may be
either a solid or a liquid
• The particles having the size range above 5 um
sediment at the bottom due to gravitational force. In
such cases filtration employed as a separation
technique
12. CENTRIFUGATION
• If particles having the size 5um or less, they undergo
Brownian motion so they do not sediment under
gravity.
i.e. a stronger force(gravitational force) is applied to
separate them
• Sedimentation depends on the densities of the
dispersed phase and the dispersion medium
13. CENTRIFUGATION
Centrifugal effect or relative centrifugal
force:-
• Consider a body of mass ‘m’ kg rotating in a circular
path of radius ‘r’ metres at a velocity of ‘v’
metre/minute
• The force acting in radial direction
F =
𝒎𝒗 𝟐
𝒓
→ 1
14. CENTRIFUGATION
The same body is experiencing gravitational force. It is
expressed as
• Gravitational force (G) = mg →2
• g- acceleration due to gravity
• The centrifugal effect is expressed as a ratio of
centrifugal force to gravitational force
15. CENTRIFUGATION• Centrifugal effect is a force, which is a number of times
greater than the gravitational force
• Separating power of the centrifuge is expressed as a ratio of
the centrifugal force to the gravitation acceleration
• The centrifugal effect is expressed as
Centrifugal effect ,C =
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
17. CENTRIFUGATION
• V= 2𝜋𝑟𝑛,where n -> speed of rotation substituting this equation in (3)
yields
C =
(𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒏) 𝟐
𝒈𝒓
C=
𝟒𝝅 𝟐 𝒓 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
𝒈𝒓
=
𝟒𝝅 𝟐 𝒓𝒏 𝟐
𝒈
• Since 2r =d, where d is the diameter of the rotation • C=
2𝜋2 𝑑𝑛2
𝑔
18. CENTRIFUGATION
C =
𝟐𝝅 𝟐 𝒅𝒏 𝟐
𝒈
• g = 9.807m/𝑠2
C = 2.013𝒏 𝟐d
• Centrifugal effect ∝ diameter
• Centrifugal effect ∝ (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)2
19. CENTRIFUGATION
Classification of centrifuges:-
Based on their mechanism of separation
❖sedimentation centrifuge
❖filtration centrifuge
Sedimentation centrifuge :-
• The centrifuge produces sedimentation of solids based
on the difference in the densities of two or more
phases of the mixture
20. CENTRIFUGATION
• The efficiency depends on
❖ the velocity of rotation to which the mixture is
subjected
Examples
❖ Horizontal continuous centrifuge
❖Super centrifuge
❖Conical disc centrifuge
21. CENTRIFUGATION
Ultra centrifuge:-
• Ultracentrifuge is used for the separation of extremely fine
solid matter from a liquid
• In this instrument a relatively small rotor is operated at
speeds exceeding 1,00,000 RPM with forces up to one
million times gravity
E.g., ultra centrifuges used in colloidal research
22. CENTRIFUGATION
Uses of sedimentation centrifuges:
❖Suspensions containing low concentration of solids
can be separated quickly
❖Olive and fish liver oils are purification
23. Uses of sedimentation centrifuges
❖Bacterial enzymes are prepared by removing bacteria
❖Blood plasma is separated from whole blood
❖Clarification of insulin liquor
27. CENTRIFUGATION
Filtration centrifuge
• FS is a centrifuge in which liquid pass through the
porous medium based on the difference in densities of
the solid and liquid phases
• The container contains a porous wall through which
the liquid phase may pass and on which the solid
phase retained
28. CENTRIFUGATIONExamples:-
❖perforated basket centrifuge
❖semi continuous centrifuge
Normally perforated wall is covered with a filter
medium
Uses:-
• Solid recovery is the primary goal in such cases
filtration centrifuges are used
• Used for removing unwanted solids from a liquid
29. CENTRIFUGATION
Advantages:
• Slurry containing high proportion of solids can be
separated
• Paste like materials can be handled
• The final product may have very low moisture content
• Dissolved solids are separated from the cake
30. CENTRIFUGATION
Disadvantages
• The entire cycle is complicated resulting in
considerable labour costs
• Batch process or semi continuous process
• Solids may form hard cake due to CF which is difficult
to remove
31. CENTRIFUGATION
Laboratory scale
1. Horizontal spinning arm
type
2. Angle centrifuge
3. High speed centrifuge
4. Ultracentrifuge
Commercial scale
1.Batch type
Perforated basket centrifuge
2.Semi continuous scale
Short cycle batch centrifuge
3.Continuous centrifuge
Super centrifuge
Classification based on scale of usage:-