Centrifugation is a process that uses centripetal acceleration to separate mixtures of substances based on density. It works by spinning a sample at high speeds, which causes denser components to separate out from lighter ones. Centrifugation has many important uses, including separating blood components, purifying DNA and proteins, and separating industrial liquids. It is a fundamental technique used in laboratories worldwide due to its ability to efficiently separate complex mixtures.

1. Assignment On: Centrifugation & its Pharmaceutical importance and uses
Course Title: Physical Pharmacy-II
Course Code: BPH-214
Submitted To:
Ms.Farhana Israt Jahan
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacy
Daffodil International University
Submitted By:
Name ID
Shopnil Akash 181-29-059
Abir Hossain 181-29-057
Jahangir Alam 181-29-087
Batch: 19th
PC-A
Department of Pharmacy
Daffodil International University
Submission Date: 16-04-2019

2. Contents
Centrifugation ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
History of centrifugation...................................................................................................................................... 3
Types of Centrifugation: ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Uses of Centrifugation:........................................................................................................................................ 3
Laboratory separations........................................................................................................................................ 3
Human centrifuges .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Industrial centrifugal separator............................................................................................................................ 4
Synthesis of materials.......................................................................................................................................... 4
Importance of Centrifugation: ............................................................................................................................. 4
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Reference………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

3. Centrifugation [1]
Centrifugation is the process where a mixture is separated through spinning. It is used to separate skim
milk from whole milk, water from your clothes, and blood cells from your blood plasma. Although
centrifugation is primarily used to separate mixtures, it is also used to test the effects of gravity on people
and objects. We'll delve into all of this later in the lesson, but let's start by discussing how centrifugation
works.
History of centrifugation [1.1]
English military engineer Benjamin Robins (1707–1751) invented a whirling arm apparatus to
determine drag. In 1864, Antonin Prandtl proposed the idea of a dairy centrifuge to separate cream from
milk. The idea was subsequently put into practice by his brother, Alexander Prandtl, who made
improvements to his brother's design, and exhibited a working butterfat extraction machine in 1875.
Types of Centrifugation:
 Laboratory centrifuges, are general-purpose instruments of several types with distinct, but
overlapping, capabilities. These include clinical centrifuges, super speed centrifuges
and preparative ultracentrifuges.
 Analytical ultracentrifuges are designed to perform sedimentation analysis of macromolecules
using the principles devised by Theodor Svedberg.
 Hematocrit centrifuges are used to measure the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole
blood.
Uses of Centrifugation [1.2]
Laboratory separations
A wide variety of laboratory-scale centrifuges are used in chemistry, biology, biochemistry and clinical
medicine for isolating and separating suspensions and immiscible liquids. They vary widely in speed,
capacity, temperature control, and other characteristics. Laboratory centrifuges often can accept a range
of different fixed-angle and swinging bucket rotors able to carry different numbers of centrifuge tubes and
rated for specific maximum speeds. Controls vary from simple electrical timers to programmable models
able to control acceleration and deceleration rates, running speeds, and temperature regimes.
Ultracentrifuges spin the rotors under vacuum, eliminating air resistance and enabling exact temperature
control. Zonal rotors and continuous flow systems are capable of handling bulk and larger sample
volumes, respectively, in a laboratory-scale instrument.[1]
Another application in laboratories is blood
separation. Blood separates into cells and proteins (RBC,WBC,Platelets,etc.) and
serum. DNA preparation is another common application for pharmacogenetics and clinical diagnosis.
DNA samples are purified and the DNA is prepped for separation by adding buffers and then centrifuging
it for a certain amount of time. The blood waste is then removed and another buffer is added and spun
inside the centrifuge again. Once the blood waste is removed and another buffer is added the pellet can be
suspended and cooled. Proteins can then be removed and the entire thing can be centrifuged again and the
DNA can be isolated completely.

4. Human centrifuges
These are exceptionally large centrifuges that test the reactions and tolerance of pilots and astronauts to
acceleration above those experienced in the Earth's gravity.
The first centrifuges used for human research were used by Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles
Darwin. The first largescale human centrifuge designed for Aeronautical training was created in Germany
in 1933.[10]
The US Air Force at Brooks City Base, Texas operates a human centrifuge while awaiting completion of
the new human centrifuge in construction at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. The centrifuge at Brooks City
Base is operated by the United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine for the purpose of training
and evaluating prospective fighter pilots for high-g flight in Air Force fighter aircraft.
Industrial centrifugal separator
Industrial centrifugal separator is a coolant filtration system for separating particles from liquid like,
grinding machining coolant. It is usually used for non-ferrous particles separation such as, silicon, glass,
ceramic, and graphite etc. The filtering process does not require any consumption parts like filter bags,
which saves the earth from harm.
Synthesis of materials
High gravity conditions generated by centrifuge is applied in the chemical industry, casting, and material
synthesis. The convection and mass transfer are greatly affected by the gravitational condition.
Researchers reported that the high-gravity level can effectively affect the phase composition and
morphology of the products
Importance of Centrifugation [1.4]
The centripetal acceleration essentially simulates higher gravity, however, it's important to keep in mind
the artificial gravity is a range of values, depending on how close an object is to the axis of rotation, not
a constant value. The effect is greater the further out an object gets because it travels a greater distance
for each rotation.
A centrifuge gets its name from centrifugal force -- the virtual force that pulls spinning objects
outward. Centripetal force is the real physical force at work, pulling spinning objects inward. Spinning a
bucket of water is a good example of the forces at work. If the bucket spins fast enough, the water is
pulled into it and doesn't spill. If the bucket is filled with a mixture of sand and water, spinning it
produces centrifugation. According to the sedimentation principle, both the water and sand in the bucket
will be drawn to the outer edge of the bucket, but the dense sand particles will settle to the bottom, while
the lighter water molecules will be displaced toward the center.

5. Conclusion
The centrifuge is an instrument used in nearly every research lab across the globe. Centrifugation is the
process by which a centrifuge is used to separate components of a complex mixture. By spinning
laboratory samples at very high speeds, the components of a given mixture are subjected to centrifugal
force, which causes more dense particles to migrate away from the axis of rotation and lighter ones to
move toward it. These particles can sediment at the bottom of the tube into what’s known as a pellet, and
this isolated specimen, or the remaining solution, the supernatant, can be further processed or analyzed.
This video is meant to introduce a student to some of the basic principles of centrifugation, as well as the
instrument’s basic operation. For example the speed of centrifugation in rotations per minute, or RPM, is
contrasted with relative centrifugal force, or RCF, as a measurement of the magnitude of centrifugation,
which is independent of rotor size. In addition to concepts and basic use, safety precautions relating to
centrifugation are discussed, as well as the types of centrifuges and centrifuge rotors that exist.
Reference
1. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-centrifugation-definition-process-uses.html [1]
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge [1.1 & 1.2]
3. https://www.thoughtco.com/centrifuge-definition-4145360 [1.4]
4. https://www.jove.com/science-education/5019/an-introduction-to-the-centrifuge [1.5]