The document discusses centrifugation, including its definition, principles, classifications, construction, advantages/disadvantages, and applications. Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. It can separate components in industry, water treatment, and pharmaceutical/biological analysis. Centrifuges are classified by speed, temperature, and use. Common techniques include density gradient, differential, and ultra centrifugation. Industrial and laboratory centrifuges have various uses such as wastewater treatment and isolating cell components.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles or molecules based on their size, shape, or density. It involves spinning a sample in a centrifuge to separate it into its components. There are various types of centrifugation classified based on speed, temperature, or separation method including differential, isopycnic, sucrose gradient, and ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation has many applications in industries like pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and oil extraction as well as in research areas like biochemistry and molecular biology.
Centrifugation is a widely used technique for separating mixtures of substances based on density. It involves placing a mixture in a centrifuge that spins it at high speeds, applying centrifugal force to separate components. There are various types of centrifuges for different applications in fields like biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, and more. Centrifugation plays an important role in both industrial processes like oil extraction and biological areas like blood analysis.
It's a topic of pharmaceutical engineering. In pharma industry,we need to separate each and every particles.Centrifugation is the process and this process will happen through centrifuge machine.That time,centrifugation process is hardly needed.There has different type of centrifuge machine.
This document summarizes ion exchange chromatography. It describes how ion exchange chromatography works by exchanging ions between a charged stationary phase and sample ions in mobile phase. It discusses the different types of ion exchangers including resins, gels, and inorganic exchangers. Key factors that influence retention such as pH, ionic strength, and organic solvent content are also summarized. Finally, some common applications of ion exchange chromatography are highlighted such as separation of ions, water softening, and determination of analytes in various samples.
This document provides an overview of column chromatography, including its history, definition, principle, types, experimental technique, requirements, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Column chromatography was developed in 1901 by Russian botanist Mikhail Tsvet as a method to separate plant pigments by passing an organic solution through an adsorptive material in a glass column, resulting in discrete colored bands. It involves using a column packed with a stationary phase and flowing a liquid mobile phase through to separate components of a mixture based on differential adsorption between the phases.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify components of a mixture. It works by distributing molecules between a stationary and mobile phase. Molecules that spend more time in the mobile phase move faster through the column. There are several types of chromatography classified by mobile phase or separation mechanism, including gas chromatography which uses gases, thin layer chromatography which uses adsorbents on plates, and liquid chromatography which uses liquids. Chromatography is used in various applications such as pharmaceutical analysis, environmental monitoring, and forensic analysis.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by exploiting differences in how components interact with two phases - a stationary phase and a mobile phase. There are various types including thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. Each type uses different stationary and mobile phases to separate components based on properties like size, charge, or binding affinity. Chromatography is widely used in science and industry for analytical and preparative purposes such as purifying compounds.
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, which causes heavier components to sediment. There are several types including preparative centrifugation to separate/purify biological samples, analytical centrifugation to determine physical characteristics, differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on density differences, and ultracentrifugation using very high speeds. Centrifugation has many applications in research, medicine, and industry.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles or molecules based on their size, shape, or density. It involves spinning a sample in a centrifuge to separate it into its components. There are various types of centrifugation classified based on speed, temperature, or separation method including differential, isopycnic, sucrose gradient, and ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation has many applications in industries like pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and oil extraction as well as in research areas like biochemistry and molecular biology.
Centrifugation is a widely used technique for separating mixtures of substances based on density. It involves placing a mixture in a centrifuge that spins it at high speeds, applying centrifugal force to separate components. There are various types of centrifuges for different applications in fields like biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, and more. Centrifugation plays an important role in both industrial processes like oil extraction and biological areas like blood analysis.
It's a topic of pharmaceutical engineering. In pharma industry,we need to separate each and every particles.Centrifugation is the process and this process will happen through centrifuge machine.That time,centrifugation process is hardly needed.There has different type of centrifuge machine.
This document summarizes ion exchange chromatography. It describes how ion exchange chromatography works by exchanging ions between a charged stationary phase and sample ions in mobile phase. It discusses the different types of ion exchangers including resins, gels, and inorganic exchangers. Key factors that influence retention such as pH, ionic strength, and organic solvent content are also summarized. Finally, some common applications of ion exchange chromatography are highlighted such as separation of ions, water softening, and determination of analytes in various samples.
This document provides an overview of column chromatography, including its history, definition, principle, types, experimental technique, requirements, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Column chromatography was developed in 1901 by Russian botanist Mikhail Tsvet as a method to separate plant pigments by passing an organic solution through an adsorptive material in a glass column, resulting in discrete colored bands. It involves using a column packed with a stationary phase and flowing a liquid mobile phase through to separate components of a mixture based on differential adsorption between the phases.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify components of a mixture. It works by distributing molecules between a stationary and mobile phase. Molecules that spend more time in the mobile phase move faster through the column. There are several types of chromatography classified by mobile phase or separation mechanism, including gas chromatography which uses gases, thin layer chromatography which uses adsorbents on plates, and liquid chromatography which uses liquids. Chromatography is used in various applications such as pharmaceutical analysis, environmental monitoring, and forensic analysis.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by exploiting differences in how components interact with two phases - a stationary phase and a mobile phase. There are various types including thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. Each type uses different stationary and mobile phases to separate components based on properties like size, charge, or binding affinity. Chromatography is widely used in science and industry for analytical and preparative purposes such as purifying compounds.
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning samples at high speeds, which causes heavier components to sediment. There are several types including preparative centrifugation to separate/purify biological samples, analytical centrifugation to determine physical characteristics, differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on density differences, and ultracentrifugation using very high speeds. Centrifugation has many applications in research, medicine, and industry.
Spectroscopy techniques, it's principle, types and applications NizadSultana
Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
Adsorption chromatography is a technique for separating components in a mixture based on differential adsorption of the components onto a stationary solid phase. It works by passing a mobile liquid or gas phase over an adsorbent stationary phase in a column, which causes components to separate as they are differentially retained on the surface of the adsorbent. Common types include thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography, and column chromatography. Adsorption chromatography has various applications such as separating amino acids, isolating antibiotics, and identifying carbohydrates.
Chromatography is a method of separating components of a mixture through their interactions with two phases - a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The components are distributed between the phases based on properties like solubility and affinity. There are several types of chromatography classified by the shape of the stationary phase (e.g. thin layer), the state of the mobile phase (e.g. gas, liquid), or the interaction between solute and stationary phase (e.g. adsorption, partition). Chromatography techniques are used in various applications including pharmaceutical quality control, forensic analysis, and biological research like protein purification.
Size exclusion chromatography, also known as gel filtration chromatography, separates molecules based on their size and molecular weight. Larger molecules pass through the porous beads of the stationary phase more quickly than smaller molecules that can enter the pores. This document discusses the basic principles, history, applications, and factors affecting size exclusion chromatography such as column length and packing. It is commonly used to purify proteins and other biomolecules.
The document discusses the process and history of paper chromatography. It begins with an introduction to chromatography and its use in separating mixtures. It then covers the history from early experiments in the 1860s to modern developments. The main types and techniques of paper chromatography are explained, including the use of a stationary phase, mobile phase, and capillary action to separate components by affinity and travel distance. Key steps like sample application and developing the paper strip are outlined.
Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity for an ion exchange resin. It works through the reversible electrostatic interaction between ions in solution and ions attached to the resin. There are four main types of resins: strong cation, weak cation, strong anion, and weak anion. Organic resins like polystyrene with divinylbenzene crosslinking are commonly used. The process involves equilibrating, applying the sample, eluting components at different rates depending on their affinity, and regenerating the resin. Ion exchange chromatography has applications like water softening, enzyme purification, and separation of ions, sugars, amino acids and proteins.
WHAT IS LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION?
STEPS OF LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXTRACTION PROCESS
WHERE WE CAN USE LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION
TERNARY SYSTEM
LIQUID LIQUID EQUILIBRIA
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF LLE DATA
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF LLE DATA
EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR DIAGRAM
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ETD
RECTANGULAR TRIANGULAR DIAGRAM
CRITERIA FOR SOLVENT SELECTION
Introduction
Definition
History
Types of chromatography
Principle of column chromatography
Types of column chromatography
Process of column chromatography
Requirement
Procedure
Precautions
Applications
Advantage of Column chromatography
Disadvantage of Column chromatography
Conclusion
References
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing molecules to distribute themselves between a stationary and mobile phase, so that molecules that interact more with the mobile phase move faster. Chromatographic techniques can be classified based on the interaction with the stationary phase or physical state of the mobile phase. Key techniques include adsorption, partition, ion exchange, exclusion, gas, liquid, and thin layer chromatography. Proper sample preparation and development conditions are important for achieving optimal separation and resolution of components in the mixture.
The document discusses thin layer chromatography (TLC), including its history, theory, and process. TLC is a method used to separate mixtures by distributing compounds between a stationary phase coated on a plate and a mobile phase that moves up the plate. The key steps of TLC are: (1) spotting the sample mixture onto the plate, (2) developing the plate by allowing the mobile phase to move up the plate via capillary action, (3) observing the separated sample components as bands on the plate. Factors like the stationary phase material, mobile phase composition, and properties of the sample compounds influence the separation by determining how strongly each compound is retained on the plate. TLC is a simple, fast, and
Column chromatography is a separation technique that uses a stationary phase, usually a solid, and a mobile liquid phase to separate mixtures. It was developed in 1900 and involves passing a liquid containing dissolved compounds through a column packed with a solid adsorbent. Components separate based on their different interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, with less strongly adsorbed compounds eluting more quickly. Column chromatography is useful for purifying compounds and isolating constituents from mixtures.
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate components of a solution based on properties like density, size, and shape. It works by spinning the solution at high speeds, allowing heavier components to sediment to the bottom. There are two main types - density gradient centrifugation, where particles separate through a density gradient, and differential centrifugation, which separates organelles from cells. Centrifugation has many applications, including separating cream from milk, clarifying wine, and purifying proteins and cells.
1. Ultracentrifugation uses high centrifugal forces to separate particles in solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and other properties.
2. It was invented in the 1920s and allows for separations not possible with lower speed centrifuges.
3. There are two main types - analytical ultracentrifugation which analyzes samples during centrifugation, and preparative ultracentrifugation which isolates and purifies particles.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. It was invented in 1901 by Russian botanist Micheal Tswett to separate plant pigments. Chromatography uses a mobile phase, such as a gas or liquid, to carry a sample through a stationary phase, like a column of beads or paper. It is used by scientists and various industries to analyze, identify, purify, and quantify mixtures and components. Common types include liquid, gas, paper, and thin-layer chromatography.
HPTLC is a sophisticated form of thin layer chromatography that allows for quantitative analysis. It works on the same principles as TLC by separating components via adsorption as the mobile phase moves up the stationary phase. Key steps involve pretreating and selecting plates, applying samples as spots or bands, developing the plate in a solvent, detecting and visualizing separated components under UV light or staining, and using a densitometer to quantify results by converting spots into peaks. HPTLC provides advantages over TLC such as faster and more accurate quantification of components in samples.
Centrifugation is a procedure that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures. Denser components move away from the axis of rotation while less dense components move towards the axis. The document discusses the principles, types (low speed, high speed, ultracentrifuges), applications, and techniques (preparative, differential, density gradient) of centrifugation. It provides details on rotor types, speeds, uses for separating organelles, macromolecules, and more. Diagrams illustrate basic centrifuge components and a table compares characteristics of different centrifuge types.
This document provides an overview of fluorometry, including basic concepts, instrumentation, and applications. It discusses how fluorescence occurs when a molecule absorbs light at one wavelength and reemits light at a longer wavelength. Factors that affect fluorescence such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are also covered. The relationship between fluorescence intensity and concentration is explained. Additionally, the document defines fluorescence polarization and describes various types of quenching including self-quenching, chemical quenching, and collisional quenching.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a method used to separate and analyze mixtures. TLC involves spotting a sample onto a thin layer of adsorbent material like silica gel coated onto a plate. The plate is then placed in a developing chamber with a solvent that carries different components of the mixture at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases. This causes the components to separate into distinct spots on the plate. The spots are then visualized using techniques like UV light or staining reagents to identify the different components of the original mixture. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive technique that can be used to determine purity, identify unknown compounds, monitor reactions, and purify samples.
Centrifugation is one of
the most important and
widely applied research cellular,
techniques in bio-chemistry and
molecular biology, pharmacy and
in medicine.
A centrifuge operates by using the sedimentation principle- Here the substances are separated based on their density under the influence of gravitational force. When spun rapidly, lighter particles stay at the top and heavier particles go to the bottom during centrifugation.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.
What is the centrifuge used for?
Centrifuges work by separating out two materials with different densities. Centrifuges are used in various laboratories to separate fluids, gases or liquids based on density like the separation of different constituents of blood, immiscible liquids, wastewater sludge etc.
Spectroscopy techniques, it's principle, types and applications NizadSultana
Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
Adsorption chromatography is a technique for separating components in a mixture based on differential adsorption of the components onto a stationary solid phase. It works by passing a mobile liquid or gas phase over an adsorbent stationary phase in a column, which causes components to separate as they are differentially retained on the surface of the adsorbent. Common types include thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography, and column chromatography. Adsorption chromatography has various applications such as separating amino acids, isolating antibiotics, and identifying carbohydrates.
Chromatography is a method of separating components of a mixture through their interactions with two phases - a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The components are distributed between the phases based on properties like solubility and affinity. There are several types of chromatography classified by the shape of the stationary phase (e.g. thin layer), the state of the mobile phase (e.g. gas, liquid), or the interaction between solute and stationary phase (e.g. adsorption, partition). Chromatography techniques are used in various applications including pharmaceutical quality control, forensic analysis, and biological research like protein purification.
Size exclusion chromatography, also known as gel filtration chromatography, separates molecules based on their size and molecular weight. Larger molecules pass through the porous beads of the stationary phase more quickly than smaller molecules that can enter the pores. This document discusses the basic principles, history, applications, and factors affecting size exclusion chromatography such as column length and packing. It is commonly used to purify proteins and other biomolecules.
The document discusses the process and history of paper chromatography. It begins with an introduction to chromatography and its use in separating mixtures. It then covers the history from early experiments in the 1860s to modern developments. The main types and techniques of paper chromatography are explained, including the use of a stationary phase, mobile phase, and capillary action to separate components by affinity and travel distance. Key steps like sample application and developing the paper strip are outlined.
Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity for an ion exchange resin. It works through the reversible electrostatic interaction between ions in solution and ions attached to the resin. There are four main types of resins: strong cation, weak cation, strong anion, and weak anion. Organic resins like polystyrene with divinylbenzene crosslinking are commonly used. The process involves equilibrating, applying the sample, eluting components at different rates depending on their affinity, and regenerating the resin. Ion exchange chromatography has applications like water softening, enzyme purification, and separation of ions, sugars, amino acids and proteins.
WHAT IS LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION?
STEPS OF LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXTRACTION PROCESS
WHERE WE CAN USE LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION
TERNARY SYSTEM
LIQUID LIQUID EQUILIBRIA
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF LLE DATA
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF LLE DATA
EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR DIAGRAM
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ETD
RECTANGULAR TRIANGULAR DIAGRAM
CRITERIA FOR SOLVENT SELECTION
Introduction
Definition
History
Types of chromatography
Principle of column chromatography
Types of column chromatography
Process of column chromatography
Requirement
Procedure
Precautions
Applications
Advantage of Column chromatography
Disadvantage of Column chromatography
Conclusion
References
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing molecules to distribute themselves between a stationary and mobile phase, so that molecules that interact more with the mobile phase move faster. Chromatographic techniques can be classified based on the interaction with the stationary phase or physical state of the mobile phase. Key techniques include adsorption, partition, ion exchange, exclusion, gas, liquid, and thin layer chromatography. Proper sample preparation and development conditions are important for achieving optimal separation and resolution of components in the mixture.
The document discusses thin layer chromatography (TLC), including its history, theory, and process. TLC is a method used to separate mixtures by distributing compounds between a stationary phase coated on a plate and a mobile phase that moves up the plate. The key steps of TLC are: (1) spotting the sample mixture onto the plate, (2) developing the plate by allowing the mobile phase to move up the plate via capillary action, (3) observing the separated sample components as bands on the plate. Factors like the stationary phase material, mobile phase composition, and properties of the sample compounds influence the separation by determining how strongly each compound is retained on the plate. TLC is a simple, fast, and
Column chromatography is a separation technique that uses a stationary phase, usually a solid, and a mobile liquid phase to separate mixtures. It was developed in 1900 and involves passing a liquid containing dissolved compounds through a column packed with a solid adsorbent. Components separate based on their different interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, with less strongly adsorbed compounds eluting more quickly. Column chromatography is useful for purifying compounds and isolating constituents from mixtures.
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate components of a solution based on properties like density, size, and shape. It works by spinning the solution at high speeds, allowing heavier components to sediment to the bottom. There are two main types - density gradient centrifugation, where particles separate through a density gradient, and differential centrifugation, which separates organelles from cells. Centrifugation has many applications, including separating cream from milk, clarifying wine, and purifying proteins and cells.
1. Ultracentrifugation uses high centrifugal forces to separate particles in solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and other properties.
2. It was invented in the 1920s and allows for separations not possible with lower speed centrifuges.
3. There are two main types - analytical ultracentrifugation which analyzes samples during centrifugation, and preparative ultracentrifugation which isolates and purifies particles.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. It was invented in 1901 by Russian botanist Micheal Tswett to separate plant pigments. Chromatography uses a mobile phase, such as a gas or liquid, to carry a sample through a stationary phase, like a column of beads or paper. It is used by scientists and various industries to analyze, identify, purify, and quantify mixtures and components. Common types include liquid, gas, paper, and thin-layer chromatography.
HPTLC is a sophisticated form of thin layer chromatography that allows for quantitative analysis. It works on the same principles as TLC by separating components via adsorption as the mobile phase moves up the stationary phase. Key steps involve pretreating and selecting plates, applying samples as spots or bands, developing the plate in a solvent, detecting and visualizing separated components under UV light or staining, and using a densitometer to quantify results by converting spots into peaks. HPTLC provides advantages over TLC such as faster and more accurate quantification of components in samples.
Centrifugation is a procedure that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures. Denser components move away from the axis of rotation while less dense components move towards the axis. The document discusses the principles, types (low speed, high speed, ultracentrifuges), applications, and techniques (preparative, differential, density gradient) of centrifugation. It provides details on rotor types, speeds, uses for separating organelles, macromolecules, and more. Diagrams illustrate basic centrifuge components and a table compares characteristics of different centrifuge types.
This document provides an overview of fluorometry, including basic concepts, instrumentation, and applications. It discusses how fluorescence occurs when a molecule absorbs light at one wavelength and reemits light at a longer wavelength. Factors that affect fluorescence such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are also covered. The relationship between fluorescence intensity and concentration is explained. Additionally, the document defines fluorescence polarization and describes various types of quenching including self-quenching, chemical quenching, and collisional quenching.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a method used to separate and analyze mixtures. TLC involves spotting a sample onto a thin layer of adsorbent material like silica gel coated onto a plate. The plate is then placed in a developing chamber with a solvent that carries different components of the mixture at different rates based on their interactions with the stationary and mobile phases. This causes the components to separate into distinct spots on the plate. The spots are then visualized using techniques like UV light or staining reagents to identify the different components of the original mixture. TLC is a simple, fast, and inexpensive technique that can be used to determine purity, identify unknown compounds, monitor reactions, and purify samples.
Centrifugation is one of
the most important and
widely applied research cellular,
techniques in bio-chemistry and
molecular biology, pharmacy and
in medicine.
A centrifuge operates by using the sedimentation principle- Here the substances are separated based on their density under the influence of gravitational force. When spun rapidly, lighter particles stay at the top and heavier particles go to the bottom during centrifugation.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.The components of heterogeneous mixtures are detached by centrifugation. That comprises liquids in liquids, solids in fluids, and gases in solids and liquids. In order to transfer bulky sections to the outside of the pipe, centrifugation uses centrifugal energy. It allows the solid to settle more easily and completely.
What is the centrifuge used for?
Centrifuges work by separating out two materials with different densities. Centrifuges are used in various laboratories to separate fluids, gases or liquids based on density like the separation of different constituents of blood, immiscible liquids, wastewater sludge etc.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. Particles of different masses will settle at different rates in response to gravity when placed in a centrifuge. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges that can generate different centrifugal forces. Centrifugation techniques like density gradient centrifugation and differential centrifugation are used to separate components of a mixture based on properties like size, shape, and density. Centrifugation has many applications in clinical and research laboratories, such as separating blood components and isolating organelles or other cellular components.
Analytical tool in Biochemistry and chemistryKimEliakim1
The document discusses centrifugation, which uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a liquid based on density. It can be used to separate blood components. A centrifuge spins a sample at high speeds using rotors to generate centrifugal force much stronger than gravity. Denser particles sediment faster and settle at the bottom. Centrifugation is used in laboratories and industries for separation, purification, and analysis of substances.
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube. The tube is then placed in a rotor and spun at a define speed.
The document provides an overview of centrifuges. It discusses the theory behind centrifugation and how centrifugal force allows for separation of particles based on size and density. It describes different types of centrifugation including preparative and analytical and separation techniques like differential centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation. The document also classifies centrifuges based on speed, rotor orientation, intended use, and construction. It outlines several functions centrifuges can perform including separation, clarification, classification, degritting, and thickening or concentration.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on their density. It can be used to sediment particles, isolate cellular components like organelles, and separate molecules and complexes. Different types of centrifuges include low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges, which separate particles through differential centrifugation or density gradient centrifugation. Analytical centrifugation allows observation of fractionation processes and is used to study macromolecules. Centrifugation has various applications including concentration, separation, isolation of organelles, and separation of blood components or cream from milk.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on their density. It can be used to sediment particles, isolate cellular components like organelles, and separate molecules and complexes. Different types of centrifuges include low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges, which separate particles through differential centrifugation or density gradient centrifugation. Analytical centrifugation allows observation of fractionation processes and is used to study macromolecules. Centrifugation has various applications including concentration, separation, isolation of organelles, and separation of blood components or cream from milk.
This document discusses centrifugation, including its principle, types of centrifuges, and applications. Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. There are three main types of centrifuges - low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges - which can achieve different revolutions per minute and relative centrifugal forces. Centrifugation techniques include preparative, which separates particles into pellets and supernatants, and analytical like differential and density gradient centrifugation for measuring properties of particles. Centrifugation is used widely in industry and research labs to separate components of mixtures.
The document discusses centrifuges and centrifugation. It begins by summarizing the early history of centrifuges, including inventions in the 18th and 19th centuries. It then provides definitions and explanations of key terms like centrifuge, centrifugation, and relative centrifugal force. The rest of the document details different types of centrifuges, components of centrifuges, separation techniques, and rotors and tubes used in centrifugation.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of substances based on density differences. It involves spinning a sample in a centrifuge which causes denser components to migrate outward while less dense components migrate inward. There are various types of centrifugation techniques used for separation in industrial and laboratory settings, including differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation has many applications such as separating solids from liquids in water treatment, separating blood components, and separating particles in industrial processes.
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density, with denser components moving outward and lighter components staying nearer the center; there are three main types - low-speed for pelleting coarse particles, high-speed for organelles/proteins, and ultracentrifuges which attain very high speeds and are used for lipoprotein separation and analytical measurements due to their cooling systems. Centrifugation has many applications from separating blood components to producing skim milk.
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on properties like size, shape, density. There are several types of centrifugation including density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, and ultracentrifugation. Density gradient centrifugation separates particles based on buoyant density into zones, while differential centrifugation separates organelles from cells. Ultracentrifugation uses very high speeds and forces particle separation. Centrifugation has many applications in areas like water treatment, biomedical research, and industries like sugar and oil production.
This document provides information about centrifugation and centrifuges. It defines centrifugation as using centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density, with denser components moving away from the center of rotation. It describes how centrifugal force is calculated based on mass, angular velocity, and distance from the center. Different types of centrifuges and rotors are discussed, including clinical centrifuges, refrigerated centrifuges, ultracentrifuges, and rotors like fixed angle and swinging bucket rotors. Common applications and uses of centrifugation are also summarized.
Definition of centrifugation
History
Principle of centrifugation
Classification
Operation
Construction
Application in Pharmaceutical industry
Advantages & disadvantages
Safety measures
importance
Summary
A centrifuge is used to separate particles or even macro-molecules:
Cells
Subcellular components
Proteins
Nucleic acid
Basis of separation-
Size
Shape
Density
Centrifugation is one of the most important and widely applied research cellular techniques in bio-chemistry and molecular biology, pharmacy and in medicine.
Centrifugation is a process which involves the use of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge.
A centrifuge is a device that spins quickly to press objects outward with centrifugal force.
Centrifugal force is an apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.
Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on properties like size, shape, density. During centrifugation, a centrifuge spins the samples at high speeds, applying centrifugal force that causes more dense components to sediment away from the axis of rotation while less dense components migrate towards the axis. Different types of centrifuges exist for various applications, utilizing rotors that hold sample tubes at fixed angles or allow swinging buckets. Centrifugation is used across industries and in research/medical labs for tasks like separating blood components, purifying proteins and organelles, and producing density gradients for analytical separations.
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures of particles based on density. It works by spinning a sample rapidly, causing denser particles to migrate outward while less dense particles move inward. There are various types of centrifuges and rotors that can be used for different applications like separating blood components, purifying proteins, or clarifying wine. Common techniques include differential centrifugation to separate cell components, density gradient centrifugation to separate mixtures based on buoyant density, and ultracentrifugation for high-speed separations. Centrifugation is widely used in industries like water treatment and laboratories for analytical purposes.
Principles and applications of centrifugation pptpoojakamble1609
This document discusses the principles and applications of centrifugation. It defines centrifugation as using centripetal force to separate substances of different densities. There are three main types of centrifuges: low-speed centrifuges which operate at speeds up to 5000rpm; high-speed centrifuges which allow more control over speed and temperature; and ultracentrifuges, the most sophisticated, which operate at very high speeds and require vacuum and temperature control. The main applications of centrifugation are preparative techniques like sedimentation and differential centrifugation, and analytical techniques like density gradient and zonal centrifugation which are used to separate and analyze viruses, organelles, and other particles.
2. Md Samrul Islam
Sabbir Ahmed
Mimma Sultana Chandni
Reeti Sushan Roy
Faria Iqbal
Mosharaf Hossain
3. Definition
Principle of Centrifugation
Classification of Centrifugation
CONSTRUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Application in industry
Application in Water Treatment
References
4. Centrifugation is a process used to separate
or concentrate materials suspended in a
liquid medium. The theoretical basis of this
technique is the effect of gravity on particles
(including macromolecules) in suspension.
Two particles of different masses will settle in
a tube at different rates in response to
gravity.
5. A particle,whether it is precipitate,a macromolucle or
cell organelle when rotated at high speed is subjected
to a centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is defined as
F=mw2r
Where
F=intensity of centrifugal force
m= effective mass of sedimenting particle
w= angular velocity of rotation
r = distance of migrating particles from central
axis of rotation
CENTRIFUGATION:
7. Principles of Centrifuges
Basis of Separation :
Size
Shape
Density
Methodology:
Utilizes density difference between the particles and the medium in which
these are dispersed
Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields.
The centrifugal force causes the sedimentation of heavier solid particles.
8. Centrifugal Force :
Consider a body of mass m rotating in a circular
path of radius r at a velocity v. The force acting
on the body in a radial direction is given by:
F =
Here, F = centrifugal force
m = mass of the body
v = velocity of body
r = radius of circle of rotation
mv 2
r
The same body will be acted upon by a gravitational force. It can be
expressed as:
G = mg
where, G = gravitational force , and
g = gravitational constant
9. The centrifugal effect is the ratio of the two forces, so that:
C = F / G
= mv2 / mgr
= v2 / gr
But,
v = 2πrn
Where, n = speed of rotation.
So,
F / G = (2πrn)2 / gr
= 4π2r2n2 / gr
= 2 π2n2d / g ……………(1)
Where, d = diameter of rotation.
Continued…..
10. The gravitational constant has a value of 9.807 m/s2, so that equation (1) may be
simplified to:
Centrifugal effect = 2.013 n2d
Provided that , n is expressed in s-1 and d is in meter.
From the equation, it can be drawn that the centrifugal effect is proportional
directly to the diameter, but is proportional to the square of the speed of the
rotation. Thus, if it is necessary to increase the centrifugal effect, it is of greater
advantages to use a centrifuge of the same size at a higher speed, rather than use
a larger centrifuge at the same speed of rotation.
Continued…..
12. Centrifuges can be classified on the basis of :
• speed
• temperature
• use
On the basis of speed:
The "speed" of a centrifuge is measured in rotation per minute,
or rpm. Centrifuges are generally divided into 3 categories
based on their maximum attainable speed:
Low-speed : to maximum of 5 x 103 rpm.
High-speed : to maximum of 2 x 104 rpm.
Ultracentrifuges : to maximum of 105 rpm.
13.
14.
15.
16. On the basis of temperature :
Refrigerated centrifuges have a built-in refrigeration unit
surrounding the rotor, with a temperature sensor and thermostat
permitting selection of a particular temperature or a permissible
temperature range that is maintained during centrifugation. Many
biological samples are temperature sensitive, and centrifugation in
the cold (1-4oC) is frequently required.
Centrifuges that are not refrigerated are normally used at whatever
temperature the room they are in happens to be. This is typically
described in research reports as "room temperature" or “ambient
temperature”.
17. On the basis of use :
Centrifuges
Laboratory equipment
1. Swing-out arm type
2. Angle type
3. Ultracentrifuge
Commercial equipment
Perforated bowl types Sedimentation centrifuges
Batch
1. Top driven
2. Under driven
Semi continuous Continuous or
Super centrifuge
Vertical
1. Simple bowl
2. Bowl with plates
Horizontal
continuous
decanters
19. It allow separation of many or all
components in a mixture and allows for
measurement to be made
There are two forms of Density gradient
centrifugation :
Rate zonal centrifugation
Isopycnic or sedimentation
equilibrium centrifugation
20. In Rate zonal centrifugation the solution have
a density gradient. The sample has a density
i.e. greater than all the layers in the solution.
The sample is applied in a thin zone at the
top of the centrifuge tube on a density
gradient. Under centrifugal force, the
particles will begin sedimenting through the
gradient
21. The particles will begin sedimenting in
separate zones according to their size shape
and density.
22. In this type of centrifugation
,the solution contains a greater
range of densities.
The density gradient contains
the whole range of densities of
the particles in the sample.
Each particle will sediment
only to the position in the
centrifuge tube at which the
gradient density is equal to its
own density.
In Isopycnic centrifugation
separation of particles occurs
into zones on the basis of their
density differences,
independent of time.
23. Differential centrifugation is a common
procedure in microbiology and cytology used
to separate certain organelles from
whole cells for further analysis of specific
parts of cells.
In the process, a tissue sample is
first homogenized to break the cell
membranes and mix up the cell contents.
The homogenate is then subjected to
repeated centrifugations, each time removing
the pellet and increasing the centrifugal
force.
24.
25. The ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized
for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable
of generating acceleration as high
as 2000000 g (approx. 19600 km/s²). There
are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, the
preparative and the analytical ultracentrifuge.
Both classes of instruments find important uses
in molecular biology , biochemistry, and
polymer science.
26. There are different types of laboratory
centrifuges:
Micro Centrifuges:
Devices for small tubes from 0.2 ml to 2.0 ml
(micro tubes), up to 96 well-plates, compact
design, small footprint; up to 30,000 g
Clinical Centrifuges:
Moderate-speed devices used for clinical
applications like blood collection tubes
Multipurpose High-Speed Centrifuges:
Devices for a broad range of tube sizes, high
variability, big footprint
27. Definition:
An industrial centrifuge is a machine used for fluid/particle separation.
Types:
Industrial centrifuges can be classified into two main types:
1.sedimentation centrifuge and
2. filtering centrifuges.
28. Sedimentation centrifuge:
Sedimentation centrifuges use centrifugal force to separate solids from liquids
as well as two liquids with different specific gravities.
Sedimentation centrifuges include decanter, disk-stack, solid-bowl basket and
tubular bowl centrifuges.
Filtering Centrifuges:
Filtering centrifuges use centrifugal force to pass a liquid through a filtration
media, such as a screen or cloth while solids are captured by the filtering
media.
Filtering centrifuges primarily deal with perforate basket, pusher and peeler
centrifuges.
29. The main parts of the Centrifuge are Bearing and Shaft,
Basket, Drive and Brake
BEARING AND SHAFT:
The Heavy duty bearing is chosen to withstand vibratory load
and centrifugal force and the shaft is made up of suitable
material and duly balanced independently without the basket
for higher accuracy.
BASKET:
The basket is made up of adequate thickness so as to
withstand the loads caused by the centrifugal forces .
DRIVE:
The drive consists of Motor mounted at the basket casing
driven through V belt with provision of the tensioning the
belts.
BRAKE:
The Centrifuge are fitted with external shoe brakes with brake
liners.
30. Centrifuges can be used in variety of
applications within the manufacturing
and chemical industry.
Workshop liquids can be cleaned and
be efficiently re-used by using
Separator centrifuges, Examples:
honing oil, quench oil, compressor oil,
lube oil, hydraulic oil, wash liquids and
coolants.
astewater contamination can be
reduced by removal of solids (decanter)
or by removing oily residues
(Separator).
Sludge dewatering in a pulp and paper
mill can be done more efficiently with a
decanter centrifuge.
31.
32. Advantages:
• Centrifuges have a clean appearance and have little to no odour problems.
• Not only is the device easy to install and fast at starting up and shutting down, but
also only requires a small area for operation.
They can be selected for different applications.
The machine can operate with a higher capacity than smaller machines.
The device is simple to operate .
Centrifuge has more process flexibility and higher levels of performance.
• Disadvantages:
The machine can be very noisy and can cause vibration.
The device has a high-energy consumption due to high G-forces.
The decanter centrifuge has high equipment capital costs.
33.
34. Production of bulk drugs:
aspirin is separated from its mother liquor by centrifugation.
Production of biological products:
a) Separation of blood cells.
b) Purification of insulin by selectively precipitating other
fraction of proteins.
c) Separation of most of the proteinaceous drugs and
macromolecules.
Biopharmaceutical analysis of drugs:
Centrifugation is used for separating the drugs which is essential for
the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters and bioequivalence
studies.
Application of Centrifuges
35. Evaluation of suspension and emulsion:
Centrifugation method is used as a rapid empirical test
parameter for the evaluation of suspension and emulsion.
Ultracentrifugation are used for determination of molecular
weight of serum albumin, insulin etc.
Isolation of bacterial cells, fungal and actinomycete
mycelium and fermentation media is facilitated by
laboratory centrifuge.
Removal of finely suspended solid matter (clarification) from
aqueous or oily materials.
Ultracentrifuge can be used for separation of virus particles
which has potential industrial applications.
36. IDENTIFICATION
2 mg halcinonide cream in a 50 mL centrifuge tube
15 ml water added and shaked to disperse
20 mL of chloroform added and shake for 5 minutes
Cooling & Centrifugation
Transfer the chloroform layer in a conical flask
Repeat the process
ASSAY: Chromtography is used .
37. IDENTIFICATION
centrifuge a portion of it and separate the solid by several
portion of water
re crystalized from hot alcohol and crystals are used for
identification
ASSAY
Measured volume of oral suspension equivalent to 1 gram
sulfixazole
Mixed with 40 mL of HCl and 25 mL glacial acetic acid
swirl to dissolve and add 100 mL water
Nitrite titration
0.1 M sodium nitrite equivalent to 26.73mg sulfisoxazole
References: 1.USP &
2. Centrifugation in biology and medical sciences by Philip Sheeler
38. Centrifugation
Separation of
solid substances
from highly
concentrated
suspensions
Separation of
Heavy particles
and large sized
grains by
cycloning
Separation of
Oily
concentrated
sludge
Separation of
oily
suspensions
with low SS
contents
39. Separating chalk powder from water
Removing fat from milk to produce skimmed
milk
Separating textiles
Removing water from lettuce after washing it
in a salad spinner
Separating particles from an air-flow
using cyclonic separation
40. The clarification and stabilization of wine
Separation of water particles from clothes
while spin-drying in washing machines
Separation of urine components and blood
components in forensic and research
laboratory