The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It first defines DNA, genes, and the central dogma. It then explains the key processes involved - DNA replication, transcription, translation, DNA methylation, pseudogenes, and post-transcriptional modification of RNA through 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. The central dogma provides the framework for how genetic information in DNA is used to direct protein synthesis and expression of genes.

1. CENTRAL
DOGMA
BY SUJIT SINGH
M.Sc ZOOLOGY

2. DNA
 Human body is made
up of numerous cells
and each cell has
nuclues which
containing
chromosome and
chromosome contains
the genetic material
called as DNA

3. GENE
 A gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that
codes for a molecule that has a function

4. WHAT IS CETRAL DOGMA ?
It provides the basic
framework for how
genetic information
flows from a DNA
sequence to a protein
product inside cells.
This process of
genetic information
flowing from DNA to
RNA to protein is
called gene
expression.

6. DNA REPLICATION
 DNA replication is
the biological
process of
producing two
identical replicas of
DNA from one
original DNA
molecule by the
enzyme DNA
polymerase

7. TRANSCRIPTION
 Transcription is
the first step of
gene expression,
in which a
particular
segment of DNA
is copied into
RNA by the
enzyme RNA
polymerase

8. TRANSLATION
1. Translation is the process in
which ribosome synthesize
proteins in the cytoplasm
after the process
of transcription .
2. It has 3 prime steps :-
 INITIATION
 ELONGATION
 TERMINATION

9. DNA METHYLATION
• DNA methylation is a process by
which methyl groups are added to the
DNA molecule.
• Methylation can change the activity of
a DNA segment without changing the
sequence.
• When located in a gene promoter,
DNA methylation typically acts to
repress gene transcription.

11. WHAT IS PSEUDOGENE ?
 Pseudogenes are genomic DNA sequences
similar to normal genes but non-
functionalhey are regarded as non existing
relatives of functional genes.
 Pseudogene are abundant in the genome

13. POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION
 Post-transcriptional modification is the
process in eukaryotic cells where primary
transcript RNA is converted into
mature RNA
 A notable example is the conversion
of precursor mRNA into mature mRNA
that occurs prior to protein translation.
 The process includes three major steps : -
i. Addition of a 5' cap
ii. Addition of a 3' poly-Adenylation tail
iii. Splicing

14. 5’ CAPPING OF RNA
RNA Capping
enzymes :-
• Phosphatase
• Guanyl transferase
• methyltransferase

15. 3’ POLYADENYLATION
 The 3’ most segment
of the newly made
pre-mRNA is first
cleaved off by a set
of proteins. These
proteins then
synthesize the
poly(A) tail at the
RNA's 3' end

16. ALTERNATIVE SPLICING
The exons and introns of a particular gene get shuffled
to create multiple isoforms of a particular protein