This document describes 17 different types of cement, including: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, Portland slag cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, Portland pozzolana cement, air entraining cement, white cement, hydrophobic cement, expansive cement, and oil well cement. OPC is the most commonly used type, and the other varieties are derived from it to suit different needs like rapid strength gain, sulfate resistance, reduced heat, or suitability for underwater placement. Each type has specific chemical compositions and applications.
Report on Types of Cement_TusharDas_SEM5.pdfTusharDas100
This document discusses different types of cement and their properties. It outlines 10 main types of cement:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most widely used type for concrete, mortar, and plaster construction.
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) has high chemical resistance and is used in marine structures, bridges, and mass concrete works.
3. Rapid and extra rapid hardening cements gain strength faster, used for quick construction projects.
4. Low heat cement produces less heat during curing and is used in mass concrete like dams. Sulfate resisting cement is used where soils/water contain sulfates.
It also outlines physical
The document provides information on a presentation about different types of cement. It discusses the definition and constituents of cement. It then covers the history of cement use in Nepal. The main types of cement discussed include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement, Rapid Hardening Cement, Extra Rapid Hardening Cement, Sulphate Resisting Cement, and others. For each type, the document outlines their manufacturing process, properties, and common uses.
This document provides information on cement, including its composition, types, and testing methods. It discusses that cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. There are different types of cement used for various purposes, such as rapid hardening cement, which sets faster. Cement is tested for properties like setting time, compressive strength, and tensile strength using methods like the Vicat apparatus and compressive testing machine. The document also covers cement hydration and how strength develops over time through the hydration process.
The document provides information about construction materials used in concrete. It discusses the key materials used including cement, mineral admixtures like fly ash and GGBFS, aggregates, and water. It describes the composition and properties of common cement types like ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, and sulfate resisting cement. It also discusses admixtures used in concrete including accelerators, retarders, water reducers, and superplasticizers.
This document discusses 20 different types of cement, including ordinary Portland cement (OPC), rapid hardening cement, extra-rapid hardening cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, sulphate resisting cement, super sulphated cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, coloured cement, hydrophobic cement, air entraining cement, masonry cement, oil well cement, expansive cement, high alumina cement, concrete sleeper grade cement, waterproof cement, rediset cement, and very high strength cement. Each type has specific chemical compositions and properties that make it suitable for different construction applications.
This document provides an overview of concrete ingredients and their properties. It discusses that concrete is composed of a binding medium (cement) and aggregates (sand and gravel) held together by water. Portland cement is the most common type of cement used due to its availability and properties. The document outlines the manufacturing processes for Portland cement and describes different cement types. It also discusses tests performed on cement to ensure quality, including fineness, setting time, consistency and compressive strength. Concrete's widespread use is attributed to its resistance to water, ability to be molded, and relatively low cost.
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
Report on Types of Cement_TusharDas_SEM5.pdfTusharDas100
This document discusses different types of cement and their properties. It outlines 10 main types of cement:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most widely used type for concrete, mortar, and plaster construction.
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) has high chemical resistance and is used in marine structures, bridges, and mass concrete works.
3. Rapid and extra rapid hardening cements gain strength faster, used for quick construction projects.
4. Low heat cement produces less heat during curing and is used in mass concrete like dams. Sulfate resisting cement is used where soils/water contain sulfates.
It also outlines physical
The document provides information on a presentation about different types of cement. It discusses the definition and constituents of cement. It then covers the history of cement use in Nepal. The main types of cement discussed include Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement, Rapid Hardening Cement, Extra Rapid Hardening Cement, Sulphate Resisting Cement, and others. For each type, the document outlines their manufacturing process, properties, and common uses.
This document provides information on cement, including its composition, types, and testing methods. It discusses that cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. There are different types of cement used for various purposes, such as rapid hardening cement, which sets faster. Cement is tested for properties like setting time, compressive strength, and tensile strength using methods like the Vicat apparatus and compressive testing machine. The document also covers cement hydration and how strength develops over time through the hydration process.
The document provides information about construction materials used in concrete. It discusses the key materials used including cement, mineral admixtures like fly ash and GGBFS, aggregates, and water. It describes the composition and properties of common cement types like ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, and sulfate resisting cement. It also discusses admixtures used in concrete including accelerators, retarders, water reducers, and superplasticizers.
This document discusses 20 different types of cement, including ordinary Portland cement (OPC), rapid hardening cement, extra-rapid hardening cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, sulphate resisting cement, super sulphated cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, coloured cement, hydrophobic cement, air entraining cement, masonry cement, oil well cement, expansive cement, high alumina cement, concrete sleeper grade cement, waterproof cement, rediset cement, and very high strength cement. Each type has specific chemical compositions and properties that make it suitable for different construction applications.
This document provides an overview of concrete ingredients and their properties. It discusses that concrete is composed of a binding medium (cement) and aggregates (sand and gravel) held together by water. Portland cement is the most common type of cement used due to its availability and properties. The document outlines the manufacturing processes for Portland cement and describes different cement types. It also discusses tests performed on cement to ensure quality, including fineness, setting time, consistency and compressive strength. Concrete's widespread use is attributed to its resistance to water, ability to be molded, and relatively low cost.
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
The presentation that will cover the main topics of concreting methods in cold weather and discussion about the durabiity of concrete and also useful tips for designing the mix of concrete
This document summarizes different types of cement products including ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, and low heat cement. Ordinary Portland cement is widely used for concrete, mortar, and plaster construction. Portland pozzolana cement has high resistance to chemical assaults and is used in marine structures, sewage works, bridges and dams. Rapid hardening cement gains strength quickly through increased lime content and finer grinding. Extra rapid hardening cement sets even faster than rapid hardening cement through the addition of calcium chloride and is used in cold weather concreting. Low heat cement produced in Malaysia has reduced tricalcium aluminate and increased dicalcium silicate to
cement - uses, types and manufacturing process.pptxPratikshaJadhav74
Cement is a mixture of calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances that is used as a binding material. There are natural and artificial cements. Natural cement involves burning and crushing limestone and lime, while artificial cement involves burning materials at a high temperature and adding gypsum. The composition of cement includes lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide, with the proportions of each ingredient affecting the strength and properties. There are various types of cement used for different purposes, such as ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, and sulfate resisting cement. Cement is used for construction activities like preparing mortar and concrete, and for building fireproof, chemical resistant and water retaining structures.
Joseph Aspedin introduced Portland cement in 1824 by mixing limestone and clay. There are various types of cement produced through different manufacturing processes and chemical compositions. Cement is made up of calcium compounds like calcium oxide and calcium silicates that set and bind aggregate materials when mixed with water. The most common type is ordinary Portland cement, used in general construction. Other types include rapid hardening cement, sulfate resisting cement, and low heat cement, each suited to specific conditions.
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
Here are the steps to solve this nominal mix design problem based on mass:
1) Given: Cement mass = 150 kg
Mix ratio = 1:2:4
Densities:
Cement = 1440 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 1640 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1390 kg/m3
2) Calculate cement volume:
Cement mass / Cement density = Volume
150 kg / 1440 kg/m3 = 0.104 m3
3) Calculate fine aggregate volume based on mix ratio:
Cement volume x Fine aggregate ratio = Fine aggregate volume
0.104 m3 x 2 = 0.208 m3
Chapter 5 plain and reinforced cement concrete constructionKHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses the key ingredients and properties of reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It describes cement, aggregates, water, and steel reinforcement bars as the main ingredients. Cement acts as the binding agent. Fine and coarse aggregates provide structure and strength. Water enables the chemical reactions during curing. Steel reinforcement bars provide tensile strength to counteract the low tensile strength of concrete. The document also discusses different types of cement used for RCC, including their compositions and purposes. Testing methods for cement such as fineness, setting time, strength, and soundness are also summarized.
1. Concrete is the most widely used man-made material on Earth and is composed of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water.
2. When water reacts with cement through a process called hydration, it causes the cement to harden and bind the other components together to form concrete.
3. Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum into a powder to create cement.
Cement is a binding material that was first used by ancient Egyptians. Portland cement was developed in England in the early 1800s and resembles natural stone from Portland. Cement properties include consistency, setting time, soundness, fineness, compressive strength, heat of hydration, and specific gravity. The cement manufacturing process involves quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, crushing and grinding them, preheating the raw mix in a kiln at 1500°C to form clinker, and grinding the clinker with gypsum to produce cement. There are various types of cement used for different purposes.
This power point presentation will able know the building materials like cement, lime, pozzolan and timber that are used in the construction of various types of building and their properties and significance in the selection and requirements of concerned material which are required in the construction. And it should be used after testing as per IS specifications and there by quality and economical in case of life span of buildings is to be specified in advance.
This document discusses different types of cement. It describes ordinary Portland cement as the most widely used type, and also discusses low heat cement, rapid hardening cement, sulphate resistant cement, and white/colored cement. Each type has different compositions and properties that make them suitable for specific construction applications. For example, low heat cement produces less heat during curing to prevent cracking in large concrete structures, while sulphate resistant cement provides protection against sulfate attack in foundations or other applications exposed to sulfate salts.
This document discusses different types of cement, including acid resistant cement, blast furnace cement, coloured cement, expanding cement, high alumina cement, hydrophobic cement, low heat cement, pozzolana cement, quick setting cement, rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, white cement, and air entraining cement. Each type has specific chemical compositions and properties that make it suitable for different construction applications and environmental conditions.
Concrete Technology Introduction By DR. Vishwanath KantheBhavesh Bagul
The document discusses the key ingredients of concrete including cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. It provides details on the properties and testing of cement and aggregates.
Cement is the most important ingredient and is made by grinding raw materials like limestone and clay and burning them in a kiln. The chemical composition and hydration process of cement are described. Different types of cement like ordinary Portland cement and sulfate resisting cement are also mentioned.
The properties of aggregates like size, shape, texture and strength are outlined. Tests for properties like specific gravity, water absorption and sieve analysis are noted. The effect of aggregate size and shape on concrete properties is summarized.
Cement is produced through a process involving mixing and crushing raw materials like limestone and clay, burning the materials in a kiln, and grinding the resulting clinker. The main raw materials are limestone, silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The wet process involves grinding materials into a slurry while the dry process uses powdered materials. The slurry or powder is burned at high temperatures to produce clinker, which is then ground into cement powder. Different types of cement include ordinary Portland cement, sulfate resisting cement, and rapid hardening cement. Cement quality is tested through fineness, setting time, and compressive strength tests.
Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures. This causes them to chemically combine and form small balls called clinker. Clinker is then ground with gypsum into a powder to create cement. When mixed with water, cement forms a paste that binds sand, gravel and crushed rock together to form concrete. The key steps in cement production are grinding raw materials, firing the mixture in a kiln at over 1300°C to produce clinker, cooling the clinker, and grinding it with gypsum into the final cement powder. Different types of cement are produced by varying the chemical composition and fineness to achieve specific properties like rapid setting, low heat generation, or sulfate resistance.
cementing by bilyaminu jibrin near east universityBilyaminu Jibrin
This document provides an overview of Portland cements and other cement types. It discusses the history and development of Portland cement, the manufacturing process, and the different types of Portland cement. Other cement types described include pozzolans, high alumina cements, silicate cements, and sulfur cements. These other cements are used in applications where Portland cement is unsuitable due to corrosion issues. The document also outlines the key compounds in cement and their functions in the hardening process.
Cement is a binding material made of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances. There are various types of cement used for different purposes, including ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, high alumina cement, air entraining cement, supersulphated cement, masonry cement, expansive cement, colored cement, and white cement. The document discusses the chemical composition and functions of cement constituents and manufacturing processes.
Portland cement was first patented in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin. It is made by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln, which produces cement clinker. The clinker is then ground into a fine powder that sets and hardens when mixed with water. The hydration process involves chemical reactions between the cement compounds (C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF) and water that produce heat and calcium silicate hydrates and calcium hydroxide, binding the concrete mixture. Cement is tested for fineness, setting time, soundness, and strength to ensure quality control.
Cement is a binding material made by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. It is composed mainly of calcium oxides, silica, aluminum, and iron. There are different types of cement used for various purposes based on setting time and chemical resistance. Cement undergoes hydration when mixed with water, resulting in a chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The setting and hardening process allows cement to be used to bind aggregates like sand and gravel into concrete. Cement is tested for consistency, strength development over time, and other characteristics to ensure it meets specifications.
The presentation that will cover the main topics of concreting methods in cold weather and discussion about the durabiity of concrete and also useful tips for designing the mix of concrete
This document summarizes different types of cement products including ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, and low heat cement. Ordinary Portland cement is widely used for concrete, mortar, and plaster construction. Portland pozzolana cement has high resistance to chemical assaults and is used in marine structures, sewage works, bridges and dams. Rapid hardening cement gains strength quickly through increased lime content and finer grinding. Extra rapid hardening cement sets even faster than rapid hardening cement through the addition of calcium chloride and is used in cold weather concreting. Low heat cement produced in Malaysia has reduced tricalcium aluminate and increased dicalcium silicate to
cement - uses, types and manufacturing process.pptxPratikshaJadhav74
Cement is a mixture of calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances that is used as a binding material. There are natural and artificial cements. Natural cement involves burning and crushing limestone and lime, while artificial cement involves burning materials at a high temperature and adding gypsum. The composition of cement includes lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide, with the proportions of each ingredient affecting the strength and properties. There are various types of cement used for different purposes, such as ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, and sulfate resisting cement. Cement is used for construction activities like preparing mortar and concrete, and for building fireproof, chemical resistant and water retaining structures.
Joseph Aspedin introduced Portland cement in 1824 by mixing limestone and clay. There are various types of cement produced through different manufacturing processes and chemical compositions. Cement is made up of calcium compounds like calcium oxide and calcium silicates that set and bind aggregate materials when mixed with water. The most common type is ordinary Portland cement, used in general construction. Other types include rapid hardening cement, sulfate resisting cement, and low heat cement, each suited to specific conditions.
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
Here are the steps to solve this nominal mix design problem based on mass:
1) Given: Cement mass = 150 kg
Mix ratio = 1:2:4
Densities:
Cement = 1440 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 1640 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1390 kg/m3
2) Calculate cement volume:
Cement mass / Cement density = Volume
150 kg / 1440 kg/m3 = 0.104 m3
3) Calculate fine aggregate volume based on mix ratio:
Cement volume x Fine aggregate ratio = Fine aggregate volume
0.104 m3 x 2 = 0.208 m3
Chapter 5 plain and reinforced cement concrete constructionKHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses the key ingredients and properties of reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It describes cement, aggregates, water, and steel reinforcement bars as the main ingredients. Cement acts as the binding agent. Fine and coarse aggregates provide structure and strength. Water enables the chemical reactions during curing. Steel reinforcement bars provide tensile strength to counteract the low tensile strength of concrete. The document also discusses different types of cement used for RCC, including their compositions and purposes. Testing methods for cement such as fineness, setting time, strength, and soundness are also summarized.
1. Concrete is the most widely used man-made material on Earth and is composed of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water.
2. When water reacts with cement through a process called hydration, it causes the cement to harden and bind the other components together to form concrete.
3. Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum into a powder to create cement.
Cement is a binding material that was first used by ancient Egyptians. Portland cement was developed in England in the early 1800s and resembles natural stone from Portland. Cement properties include consistency, setting time, soundness, fineness, compressive strength, heat of hydration, and specific gravity. The cement manufacturing process involves quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, crushing and grinding them, preheating the raw mix in a kiln at 1500°C to form clinker, and grinding the clinker with gypsum to produce cement. There are various types of cement used for different purposes.
This power point presentation will able know the building materials like cement, lime, pozzolan and timber that are used in the construction of various types of building and their properties and significance in the selection and requirements of concerned material which are required in the construction. And it should be used after testing as per IS specifications and there by quality and economical in case of life span of buildings is to be specified in advance.
This document discusses different types of cement. It describes ordinary Portland cement as the most widely used type, and also discusses low heat cement, rapid hardening cement, sulphate resistant cement, and white/colored cement. Each type has different compositions and properties that make them suitable for specific construction applications. For example, low heat cement produces less heat during curing to prevent cracking in large concrete structures, while sulphate resistant cement provides protection against sulfate attack in foundations or other applications exposed to sulfate salts.
This document discusses different types of cement, including acid resistant cement, blast furnace cement, coloured cement, expanding cement, high alumina cement, hydrophobic cement, low heat cement, pozzolana cement, quick setting cement, rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, white cement, and air entraining cement. Each type has specific chemical compositions and properties that make it suitable for different construction applications and environmental conditions.
Concrete Technology Introduction By DR. Vishwanath KantheBhavesh Bagul
The document discusses the key ingredients of concrete including cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. It provides details on the properties and testing of cement and aggregates.
Cement is the most important ingredient and is made by grinding raw materials like limestone and clay and burning them in a kiln. The chemical composition and hydration process of cement are described. Different types of cement like ordinary Portland cement and sulfate resisting cement are also mentioned.
The properties of aggregates like size, shape, texture and strength are outlined. Tests for properties like specific gravity, water absorption and sieve analysis are noted. The effect of aggregate size and shape on concrete properties is summarized.
Cement is produced through a process involving mixing and crushing raw materials like limestone and clay, burning the materials in a kiln, and grinding the resulting clinker. The main raw materials are limestone, silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The wet process involves grinding materials into a slurry while the dry process uses powdered materials. The slurry or powder is burned at high temperatures to produce clinker, which is then ground into cement powder. Different types of cement include ordinary Portland cement, sulfate resisting cement, and rapid hardening cement. Cement quality is tested through fineness, setting time, and compressive strength tests.
Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures. This causes them to chemically combine and form small balls called clinker. Clinker is then ground with gypsum into a powder to create cement. When mixed with water, cement forms a paste that binds sand, gravel and crushed rock together to form concrete. The key steps in cement production are grinding raw materials, firing the mixture in a kiln at over 1300°C to produce clinker, cooling the clinker, and grinding it with gypsum into the final cement powder. Different types of cement are produced by varying the chemical composition and fineness to achieve specific properties like rapid setting, low heat generation, or sulfate resistance.
cementing by bilyaminu jibrin near east universityBilyaminu Jibrin
This document provides an overview of Portland cements and other cement types. It discusses the history and development of Portland cement, the manufacturing process, and the different types of Portland cement. Other cement types described include pozzolans, high alumina cements, silicate cements, and sulfur cements. These other cements are used in applications where Portland cement is unsuitable due to corrosion issues. The document also outlines the key compounds in cement and their functions in the hardening process.
Cement is a binding material made of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances. There are various types of cement used for different purposes, including ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, high alumina cement, air entraining cement, supersulphated cement, masonry cement, expansive cement, colored cement, and white cement. The document discusses the chemical composition and functions of cement constituents and manufacturing processes.
Portland cement was first patented in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin. It is made by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures in a kiln, which produces cement clinker. The clinker is then ground into a fine powder that sets and hardens when mixed with water. The hydration process involves chemical reactions between the cement compounds (C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF) and water that produce heat and calcium silicate hydrates and calcium hydroxide, binding the concrete mixture. Cement is tested for fineness, setting time, soundness, and strength to ensure quality control.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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2. TYPES OF CEMENT
Cement is the best known binding material. Over the period of
time, different varieties of Cement have been prepared to
accommodate all needs. Portland Cement is the most
commonly used Cement and all other variants are derived from
Portland Cement. Following are the types of Portland Cement.
1. Ordinary Portland Cement – 33 grade
2. Ordinary Portland Cement – 43 grade
3. Ordinary Portland Cement – 53 grade
4. Rapid hardening cement
5. Extra rapid hardening cement
6. Sulphate Resisting cement
7. Portland slag cement
8. Quick setting cement
9. Super Sulphate Cement
3. 10. Low heat cement
11. Portland Pozzolana cement
12. Air Entraining cement
13. White cement
14. Expansive cement
15. Oil Well cement
16. High Alumina cement
17. Hydrophobia cement
4. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:
Ordinary Portland is the most important type of cement. The
OPC was classified into three categories namely 33,43,53
If the Strength is not less than 33 N/mm2 ,it is called as 33
grade cement.
If the strength is not less than 43 N/mm2 ,it is called as 43
grade cement.
Portland
stone
Portland
cement
5. It has been possible to upgrade the qualities of cement
by using high quality limestone, modern equipments,
closer online control of constituents, maintaining better
particle size distribution, finer grinding and better packing.
Generally use of higher grade cement offer many advantages
for making stronger concrete.
Although they are little costlier than low grade cement, they
offer 10-20% savings in cement consumption and also offer
many other hidden benefits.
One of the most important benefits is the faster rate of
development of strength in the modern construction activities.
In the modern construction activities higher grade cement have
become popular that 33 grade cement is almost out of the
market.
6. RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:
This cement is similar to OPC.
As the name indicates it develops strength rapidly and as such
it may be more appropriate to call it as high early strength
cement.
It is pointed out that rapid hardening cement which develops
higher rate of development of strength should not be confused
with quick setting cement which only sets quickly.
Rapid hardening cement develops at the age of three days the
same strength as that is expected of ordinary Portland cement
at seven days.
The rapid rate of development of strength is attributed to the
higher fineness of grinder and higher C3S and lower C2S
content.
7. A higher fineness of cement particles expose greater surface
area for action of water and also higher proportion of C3S
results in higher hydration.
It cannot be used in mass construction works.
APPLICATIONS:
In Pre fabricated concrete construction
Where formwork is required to removed early for re use
elsewhere.
Road repair works.
In cold weather concrete where the rapid rate of development
of strength reduces the vulnerability of concrete to the frost
damage.
8. EXTRA RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:
Extra rapid hardening cement is obtained by inter grinding
calcium chloride with rapid hardening Portland cement.
The normal addition of calcium chloride should not exceed 2
percent by weight of the rapid hardening cement.
It is necessary that the concrete made by using extra rapid
hardening cement should be transported, placed and
compacted and finished within about 20 minutes.
It is also necessary that this cement should not be stored for
more than one month. Extra rapid hardening cement
accelerates the setting time and hardening process.
A large quantity of heat evolved in a very short time after
placing.
The acceleration of setting, hardening and evolution of this
large quantity of heat in the early period of hydration makes
the cement very suitable for concreting in cold weather.
9. The strength of extra rapid hardening cement is about 25 percent
higher than that of rapid hardening cement at one or two days
and 10 to 20 percent higher at 7 days.
The gain of strength will disappear with age and at 90 days the
strength of extra rapid hardening cement of the ordinary Portland
cement may be nearly the same.
There is some evidence that there is small amount of initial
corrosion reinforcement when extra rapid hardening cement is
used.
Extra rapid hardening use is prohibited in prestressed concrete
structures.
But this cement is not covered in Indian standard.
10. SULPHATE RESISTANT PORTLAND CEMENT:
OPC is susceptible to the attack of sulphates, in particular to the
action of magnesium sulphate.
Sulphates react both with the free calcium hydroxide in cement
to form calcium sulphate with hydrate of calcium to form
calcium sulphoaluminate,the volume of which about is
approximately 227% of the volume of the original aluminates.
Their expansion within the framework of hardened cement
paste results in cracks and subsequent disruption.
Solid sulphate do not attack the cement compound. Sulphates in
solution permeate into hardened concrete and attack calcium
hydroxide.
The above is known as Sulphate attack.
11. Sulphate attack is greatly accelerated if accompanied by
alternate wetting and drying process which normally takes
place in marine structures in the zone of tidal variations.
To remedy the sulphate attack the use of cement with low
Tricalcium Aluminate content is found to be effective.
Such cement with low Tricalcium Aluminate content and
comparatively low Tetra calcium AluminoFerrite content is
known as sulphate resisting cement.
In other words, this cement will have high silica content.
12. The use of Sulphate resisting cement is
recommended under the following conditions,
a) Concrete to be used in marine condition.
b) Concrete to be used in foundation and basement condition
where soil is infested with sulphates.
c) Concrete used for fabrication of pipes which are likely to be
buried in marshy region or sulphate bearing soils.
d) Concrete to be used in the construction of sewage treatment
works.
13. Percentage of tri-calcium Aluminate (C3A) is kept below 5%
resulting in increase in resisting power against sulphates.
Heat developed is almost same as Low Heat Cement.
Theoretically ideal cement. Costly manufacturing because of
stringent composition requirements.
Used for structures likely to be damaged by severe alkaline
conditions like bridges, culverts, canal lining, siphons, etc.
14. PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT:
Produced by mixing Portland cement clinker, gypsum and
granulated blast furnace slag in suitable proportion.
It may also be manufactured by separately grinding the Portland
cement clinker, gypsum and granulated blast furnace and later
mixing them intimately.
The resultant product is a cement with the same properties as that
of Ordinary Portland Cement.
Cheaper than OPC, blackish grey in color.
Lesser heat of hydration.
Initial setting in 1 hr and final setting 10 hrs.
Better resistance to soil agents, sulphates of alkali metals,
alumina, iron and acidic waters.
Suitable for marine works, mass concreting.
Due to low early strength, not suitable for RCC.
15. The Quantity of granulated slag mixed with Portland clinker will
range from 25-65 percent.
The quantity of slag mixed also vary from country to country the
maximum being upto 85%.
Early strength is due to the cement clinker fraction and later
strength is due to the slag fraction.
Portland blast furnace cement is similar to ordinary Portland
cement with respect to fineness, setting time, soundness and
strength.
It is generally recognised that the rate of hardening of Portland
blast furnace slag cement in mortar or concrete is somewhat
slower than that of the OPC during first 28 days. Thereafter at the
age of 12 months the strength will be equal or even more than that
of the OPC.
16. However in cold weather the low heat of
hydration of portland blast furnace slag cement
coupled with moderately low rate of strength
development can lead to frost damage.
ADVANTAGES:
Reduced heat of hydration
Refinement of pore structure
Reduced Permeability
Increased resistance to chemical attack.
The property of the cement mainly depends on the quality of the
Slag.
17. QUICK SETTING CEMENT:
This cement as the name indicates sets very easily.
The early setting property is brought out by reducing the gypsum
content at the time of clinker grinding.
This cement is required to be mixed, placed and compacted very
easily.
It is used mostly in under water construction where pumping is
involved.
It can be used in some typical grouting is involved.
Points To be Noted:
Sets faster than OPC.
Initial setting time is 5 minutes.
Final setting time is 30 minutes.
Used for concreting underwater and in running water.
Mixing and placing has to be faster to avoid initial setting prior to
laying.
18. LOW HEAT CEMENT:
It is well known that hydration of cement is an exothermic
action which produces large quantity of heat during hydration.
Formation of cracks in large body of concrete due to heat of
hydration has focused the attention of the concrete
technologists to produce a kind of cement which produces less
heat.
Low percentage (5%) of tri-calcium aluminates and
Tricalcium silicate and high (46%) of Di-calcium silicate to
keep heat generation low.
A reduction of temperature will retard the chemical action of
hardening and so further restrict the rate of evolution of heat.
19. The feature of low heat cement is a slow rate gain of strength.
But the ultimate strength of low heat cement is the same as that
of the ordinary Portland cement.
As per Indian Standard,
The heat of hydration of low heat cement as follows,
a) 7 days - not more than 65 calories per gm
b) 28 days – not more than 75 calories per gm.
Points To Be Noted:
It has low lime content and less compressive strength.
Initial and final setting times nearly same as OPC.
Very slow rate of developing strength.
Not suitable for ordinary structures.
Shuttering required for long duration so cost will increase.
Prolonged curing is required.
Structure utilization will be delayed.
20. PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT:
The history of pozzolanic material goes back to romans time.
Portland pozzolana Cement is manufacturing by the
intergrinding of OPC clinker with 10 to 25 percent of
Pozzolanic material.
A pozzolanic material is essentially a silicious or aluminous
material which while in itself not possessing no cementitious
properties which will in finely divided form and in presence of
water, react with calcium hydroxide, liberated in the hydration
process at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing
cementing properties.
The pozzolanic materials generally used for manufacturing
PPC is Calcined clay or fly Ash.
21. OPC clinker and Pozzolana (Calcined Clay, Surkhi and Fly
ash) ground together.
Properties same as OPC.
Produces less heat of hydration and great resistance to attacks
of Sulphates and acidic waters.
Ultimate strength is more than OPC but setting timings are
same as OPC.
22. Advantages of PPC:
In PPC,Costly Clinker is replaced by cheaper pozzolanic
material – Hence Economical.
Soluble calcium Hydroxide is converted into insoluble
cementitious products resulting in improvement of
permeability.
It generates reduced heat of hydration and that too at a low
rate.
The long term strength of PPC beyond a couple of months is
higher than OPC if enough moisture is available for continued
Pozzolanic action.
Applications:
For Hydraulic Structures
For Mass Concrete Structures like dams, bridge piers etc..
For Marine Structures
For Sewers and sewage disposal works.
23. AIR ENTRAINING CEMENT:
OPC with small quantity of air entraining materials (resins,
oils, fats, fatty acids) ground together.
Air is entrained in the form of tiny air bubbles during chemical
reaction.
Concrete is more plastic, more workable, more resistant to
freezing.
Strength of concrete reduces to some degree.
Quantity of air entrained should not be more than 5% to
prevent excess strength loss.
24. COLOURED CEMENT
For Manufacturing Various coloured cement either white
cement or grey cement cement is used as a base.
The use of white cement as a base is costly.
With the use of grey cement only red or brown cement can be
produced.
Coloured cement consists of Portland cement with 5 to 10
percent of pigment.
The pigment cannot be satisfactorily distributed throughout the
cement by mixing and hence it is usual to grind the cement and
pigments together.
The property of the pigment is to be used for coloured cement
are durability of colour under exposure to light and weather.
25. WHITE CEMENT:
The Process of Manufacture of White Portland Cement is nearly
as same as OPC.
The Material particularly the kind of limestone required for
manufacturing white cement is only available around jodhpur in
Rajasthan.
Two famous brands of white cement namely Birla white and
J.K.White cements are manufactured near Jodhpur.
The raw material used is High pure Limestone.
Whiteness Can be Measured by Hunter's Scale.
26. HYDROPHOBIC CEMENT
This Cement is obtained by grinding ordinary portland cement
clinker with water repellant film forming substance such as
oleic acid and stearic acid.
The water repellant film formed around each grain of cement
reduces the rate of deterioration of the cement during long
storage, transport or under unfavorable conditions.
The film is broken out when the cement and aggregate are
mixed together at the mixer exposing the cement particles for
normal hydration.
The Film Forming Water repellent will improve the
workability of Concrete.
The storage and transportation of cement in highly rainfall
regions will affect the cement Severely.
In such Places with poor communication system cement
requires to be stored for long time.
27. • Ordinary Portland Cement gets deteriorated and loses some of its
strength whereas the hydrophobic cement which does not lose its
strength.
• The Hydrophobic Cement is made actually from ordinary
Portland cement clinker.
• After grinding the cement particle is sprayed in one direction and
film forming material such as oleic acid or Stearic acid from
another direction which protects from the bad effect of moisture
during storage and transportation.
• The cost of the cement is higher than that of the OPC.
28. EXPANSIVE CEMENT
To remedy the shrinkage problem of Concrete a new type of
cement has been manufactured for Special Applications.
This is developed by Expanding Agents and
Stabilizer.
Generally Sulphoaluminate is used for this
Purpose.
29. OIL WELL CEMENT
Oil Wells are drilled through stratified sedimentary rocks through
a great depth in search of oil.
It is likely if oil is struck, oil or gas may escape through the space
between the steel casing and rock formation.
So cement slurry is used to seal off the space between steel casing
And rock strata.
So the cement should be workable and Should Hard fairly rapid.
This type of cement is obtained by adjusting the compound
composition or by adding admixtures.