This document provides information on cement, including its raw materials, composition, and field tests. It discusses the key ingredients of cement (lime, silica, alumina, iron oxide, magnesium oxide) and their functions and limitations. The production process of cement is outlined, involving excavation, transportation, grinding, heating in a kiln to form clinkers, and final grinding and packing. Field tests described include checking the date, color, lumps, temperature, and how it sinks in water. Laboratory tests on cement include fineness, consistency, setting time, compressive strength, and soundness. Factors affecting the strength of hardened concrete are also summarized.
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
you would be aware about the different types of special concrete being used in india.All these types of concrete are being produced by ultratech concrete, for more details visit www.ultratechconcrete.com/concrete_types.html
Popular as Building material.
Material with adhesive and cohesive properties.
To bind the fine and corse aggregate together.
Common variety of cement is known as the Portland cement.
India is the fifth largest producer of cement in the world.
Rajasthan is the second largest producer of cement in india after Andra Pradesh.
UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
you would be aware about the different types of special concrete being used in india.All these types of concrete are being produced by ultratech concrete, for more details visit www.ultratechconcrete.com/concrete_types.html
Popular as Building material.
Material with adhesive and cohesive properties.
To bind the fine and corse aggregate together.
Common variety of cement is known as the Portland cement.
India is the fifth largest producer of cement in the world.
Rajasthan is the second largest producer of cement in india after Andra Pradesh.
UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
1. Prof . Anand B. Kudoli
Assistant Prof.
Civil Department , PCCOER Ravet.
Basic information @ Cement.
2. Points to be cover
• Raw materials for production of cement.
• Composition of cement and their properties.
• Field Tests of Cement for Civil Engineers.
3.
4. Cement
• Cement is typically made of calcareous , Argillaceous and other
substances.
• Ingredients of Cement & their Proportions.
5. • Lime - Cao
Functions and Limitations of Cement Ingredients
6. • Lime or calcium oxide is the most important
ingredient of cement. It gives binding property. The
cement contains 60 to 67% of lime in it. It is
obtained from limestone, chalk, shale etc.
• Adequate quantity of lime in cement is helpful to
form the silicates and aluminates of calcium.
• If lime is added in excess quantity the cement
becomes unsound.
• If lime content is lower than the minimum
requirement then ultimately reduces the strength
of cement will reduce and also setting time of
cement will decrease.
8. Silica (SiO2
)
• Silica or silicon dioxide is the second largest
quantity of cement ingredients which is about 17
to 25%.
• Silica can be obtained from sand, argillaceous
rock etc. Sufficient quantity of silica helps for the
formation of di-calcium and tri-calcium silicates
which imparts strength to the cement.
• Excess silica in cement will increase the strength
of cement but at the same time setting time of
cement also increased.
9. Alumina forms a complex compound with silica and calcium . Mainly it controls the
setting time of cement. If large quantity of alumina present then it quickens the
setting time but weakens the cement.
10. 4.Iron oxide (Fe2
O3
)
• Iron oxide quantity in cement is ranges from 0.5 to 6%.It can
be obtained from fly ash, iron ore, scrap iron etc.
• The main function of iron oxide is to impart color to the
cement.
11. Magnesium oxide also imparts strength to the cement when mixed in small quantity.
The magnesium content shall not exceed 6 % by mass.
Excess magnesia makes the cement unsound.
Magnesia-(Mgo)
12.
13. Following instruments used to find chemical
composition of cement.
• Spectrophotometer.
• X-ray spectrometer.
• Electron microscope.
14. Field Tests of Cement for Civil Engineers
• Date of Manufacturing: As the strength of cement
reduces with age, the date of manufacturing of
cement bags should be checked.
• Cement Color: The color of cement should be
uniform. It should be typical cement color i.e. gray
color with a light greenish shade.
• Whether Hard Lumps are Formed: Cement should
be free from hard lumps. Such lumps are formed by
the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere.
15. • Temperature Inside Cement Bag: If the hand is
plunged into a bag of cement, it should be feel
cool inside the cement bag. If hydration reaction
takes place inside the bag, it will become warm.
• Smoothness Test: When cement is touched or
rubbed in between fingers, it should give a
smooth feeling. If it felt rough, it indicates
adulteration with sand.
• Water Sinking Test: If a small quantity of
cement is thrown into the water, it should float
some time before finally sinking.
16.
17.
18. process
• Excavation by pokland
• Transportation by dumpers.
• Stored in stack yard.
• By Conveyor belt sent to primary crusher.
• Secondary crusher to make fine ground limestone.
• Proper proportioning with other ingredients .
• Sent to grinding mill for proper mixing.
• Sent to pre heater for removing any moisture if present and
calcining.
• Sent to rotary kiln for heating at high temperature.
• Formation of clinkers . Then cooling of clinkers.
• Gypsum is added into clinkers and grinding is done to make
powder.
• Finally packing unit.
31. • High percentage of c3s and low percentage c2s
results in high early strength but also produces high
heat of generation as the concrete sets fast.
• The reverse combination of low c3s and high c2s
develops strengths very slow and generates less
heat and greater resistance to chemical attack.
• C4AF does not affect significantly. However it reacts
with gypsum accelerates the hydration of cement.
• Contribution in heat evolution - decreasing order -
c3A, c3s, c2s, c4AF.
• Contribution in strength development decreasing
order c3s c2s c3A c4AF
32. Heat of hydration
• The chemical reaction occurs when cement is mixed with
water called as heat of hydration.
• Unhydrous cement will not bind fine sand to coarse
sand.
33. • The reaction of cement with water is exothermic. The
reaction liberates a considerable quantity of heat. This
liberation of heat is called heat of hydration.
Different compounds hydrate at different rates and liberate different quantities of
heat. Fig. 1.3 shows the rate of hydration of pure compounds. Since retarders are
added to control the flash setting properties of C3A, actually the early heat of
hydration is mainly contributed from the hydration of C3S. Fineness of cement also
influences the rate of development of heat but not the total heat. The total quantity
of heat generated in the complete hydration will
37. Sulfate attack of concrete
• Sulfate attack of concrete is a complex process, which
includes physical salt attack due to salt crystallization
and chemical sulfate attack by sulfates from soil,
groundwater, or seawater. Sulfate attack can lead to
expansion, cracking, strength loss, and disintegration
of the concrete
38.
39. Laboratory tests on cement
• Fineness test of cement.
• 1- By dry seiving.
• 2- Air blaine Air permeability apparatus.
• Consistency limit test.
• Initial and final setting time test.
• Compressive strength test.
• Soundness test of cement.
41. Functions of Aggregates .
• They act as a structural filer material in concrete.
• They provide strength to the concrete.
• They help in increasing durability of concrete.
• They decrease the amount of shrinkage that
could occur in concrete.
• They reduce the amount of cement paste
required.
42. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
• Some of the aggregate obtained from opaline,
chalcedonic cherts, siliceous limestone,
rhyolites, andesite contain reactive silica.
• This silica reacts with alkalis present in the
cement like Na2o and K2o , which will form a
alkali- silicate gel . This gel is responsible for
unlimited swelling in concrete structures.
• Due to unlimited swelling it increases internal
pressure and subsequent disruption of the
cement paste.
44. Factors promoting the Alkali- Aggregate
Reactions
• Reactive type aggregate .
• High alkali content cement. - keep less than
0.6%
• Availability of moisture
• temperature changes .
45. Control of Alkali- Aggregate Reaction
• Selection of non reactive aggregate.
• By using low alkali cement.
• By using corrective admixture such as pozzolanas.
• By controlling moisture condition and
temperature.
• By controlling void space in concrete.
46. Grading of aggregate
• The particle size distribution of an aggregate is
done by sieve analysis i.e. called as grading of
aggregates.
• The particle size distribution of a mass of
aggregate should be such that the smaller
particles fill the gap between the larger particles.
• The proper grading of an aggregate produced
dense concrete which reduces the amount of sand
and cement paste.
• Consistency of grading of aggregate helps to
ensure uniform quality of concrete.
47. Sieve Analysis
• Sieve analysis is the operation of dividing a
sample of aggregate fractions , each fraction
consisting of particles between specified
limits
• The sieve analysis determines the particle size
distribution in a sample of aggregate.
• The sieves used for Sieve Analysis of CA are-
4.75mm, 10mm,20mm, 40mm, 80mm .
• For FA- 2.36mm,1.18mm, 600,300,150
microns.
52. Types of grading.
• Continuous grading – minimize the volume of
voids but increases the size of surface area.
• It is preferred for concrete mix.
• Uniform grading – all particles are of same
size.
• It produces large volume of voids.
63. Properties of harden concrete depends
on
• Compressive strength.
• Durability
• Impermeability
• Dimensional changes.
64. Compressive strength
• It is very important property of concrete.
• It is defined as the ability to resist compressive
stress without failure.
• In some situations, other strengths of
concrete are play a important role those are
flexural and tensile strength.
65. Factors Affecting Strength of concrete.
• Water cement ratio.
• Gel space ratio
• Aggregate size
• Properties of ingredients
• Effect of age of concrete.
66. Water cement ratio.
• The compressive strength of concrete is primarily
depends upon w/c ratio. Lower the w/c ratio,
higher is the compressive strength and vice versa.
• Water cement ratio is defined as , it is the ratio of
wt of water / wt of cement added during mix
formation.
• Water cement generally expressed in volume of
water required per 50kg cement bag.
• Concrete achieves its strength due to chemical
reaction hydration.
67. Gel – Space Ratio
• Gel –space ratio is the better approach than Abram’s
law , as it takes into account the following five factors
mentioned which are also responsible for strength of
concrete.
• Degree of hydration of cement.
• Chemical and physical properties of cement.
• Temperature at which hydration takes place.
• Air content in case of air entrained concrete etc.
• Effective w/c ratio, formation of fissures due to
bleeding.
68. • The gel-space ratio is the ratio of hydrated
cement paste to the sum of hydrated cement
and of the capillary pores.
x= volume of gel/ space available
= Vhc/ Vhc + Vcp
Where x= gel- space ratio.
Vhc= volume of hydrated cement gel
Vcp= volume of the capillary pores.
69. Maturity of concrete.
• Increase in strength of concrete is not only depends
upon curing period of concrete , but also on the
temperature at which concrete is cured.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74. Other strengths
• Bond strength - it is measure of adhesion
between concrete and steel. when steel is
embedded in concrete it is called bond
strength.
• It can be increased by using –
• High strength concrete.
• Low w/c ratio.
• Using deformed bars.
75. Green concrete
• Concrete which is made from concrete wastes
that are eco-friendly are called as “Green
concrete”.