Created by Neriza Jane Tambal from University of Southeastern Philippines taking Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education Major in Biological Science.

3. All living things or organisms are made of
cells and their products.
New cells are created by old cells dividing
into two.
Cells are the basic building units of life.

5. Typical Cell- One that
exhibits the most important
characteristics of many
distinctive cell types.

7. Nerve Cell
• Detects changes in
internal or external
environment.

8. Muscle Cell
• Produces
contraction that
changes both length
and shape of the cell.

9. Red Blood
Cells
•Transports oxygen
in the blood stream.

10. Gland Cells
• Releases
substances such as
hormones enzymes,
mucus and sweat.

11. Immune Cells
•Recognize and
destroy foreign cells.

13. Membranous
Nucleus- the control center of the cell
Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell
Lysosome- breakdown materials in cell
Golgi Apparatus- Synthesizes carbohydrate
and combine it with protein.

14. Endoplasmic Reticulum- transport system
for materials
Plasma Membrane- serves as the boundary
of the cell
Peroxisomes- detoxify harmful substance

15. Nonmembranous
Ribosome- “protein factories”
Cytoskeleton- helps organelles move from
place to place
Cilia and flagella-for motility
Nucleolus- essential role in the formation of
ribosomes

16. Main Cell Structure
1. Plasma Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Organelles

19. Essential Functions of Cell Membrane
Maintain wholeness of a cell or membranous
organelle.
Controlled transport of water-soluble
molecules from one compartment to
another.

20. Sensitivity to hormones and other regulatory
chemicals.
Regulation of metabolic reactions.
Form connections between cells

21. Support and maintain the shape of a cell or
membranous organelle.
Identification of cells or organelles.

24. 2 Major Group of Organelles
Membranous- are the organelles that are
specialized sacs or canals made of membrane.
Nonmembranous- are made of
nonmembranous material but are made of
microscopic filaments

25. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- literally a network located inside
the cytoplasm.
Rough ER- the site of protein synthesis.
Smooth ER-concerned with lipid metabolism,
carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification.

26. Ribosome- “protein factories”
Golgi Apparatus- processes and packaging
protein molecules for export from the cell.
Lysosome- breakdown waste materials and
cellular debris.

27. Peroxisomes- serve to detoxify harmful
substance which may enter the cells.
Mitochondria- generates most of the power
for cellular work.
Cytoskeleton- cell’s internal supporting
framework.

28. Cell Fibers- appear to support parts of the cell
formerly thought to float free in the
cytoplasm, free ribosomes and mitochondria.
Centrosomes-near the nucleus that
coordinates the building and breaking of
microtubules in the cell.

29. Cell extension
Microvilli- for absorption
Cilia and flagella- motility
Nucleus- the control center of the cell

31. Desmosomes-
physically connect
cells right next to
each other.
Note: The arrangement
resemblesVelcro, that
holds things together
tightly when tiny plastic
hooks become interlocked
with fabric loops.

32. Gap Junctions- is an
opening one cell to
another.
Channels- refers to the
connection and they act
like tunnels for the
movement of
molecules.

33. Junction ShowsTwo Effect:
1. They form “tunnels” that join the cytoplasm
of two cells
2. They fuse the two membranes into a single
structure.

34. Tight Junction- happens when two
membranes actually bond as one. It
makes a very strong barrier between
two cells.
- Form “solid walls”

37. PassiveType
Simple Diffusion
Dialysis
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
ActiveType
ActiveTransport
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
TransportType:

39. Simple Diffusion-
movement of
particles through
channels from an
area of HC to LC.
Ex. CO2 out of the
cells

40. Dialysis- diffusion
of small solute
particles; results in
separation of large
and small solutes.
Ex. Peritoneal
dialysis

41. Osmosis- diffusion
of water through
selectively
permeable
membrane.
Ex. Diffusion of water
molecules

42. Facilitated
Diffusion- diffusion
of particles through
a membrane by
means of carrier
molecules.
Ex. Movement of
glucose molecules into
most cells.

44. ActiveTransport-
movement of
solute particles
from an area of LC
to an area of HC.
Ex. In muscle cells

45. Phagocytosis- movement of cells or other
large particles into a cell by trapping it in
a section of plasma membrane that
pinches off to form an intracellular
vesicle.
Ex.Trapping of bacterial cell

47. Pinocytosis-
movement of fluid
and dissolved
molecules into a cell
by trapping them.
Ex.Trapping of large
protein molecules.

48. Exocytosis-
movement of
proteins or other cell
products out of the
cell by fusing a
secretory vesicle.
Ex. Secretion of the
hormone.

52. Protein Synthesis- molecules are
joined together in a specific
sequence to form polypeptide
chains.

53. Activation- a tRNA attaches to its specific
amino acid.
Initiation- a tRNA binds to theAUG codon of
the mRNA on the ribosome.
Translocation- ribomes move along mRNA
adding amino acid to a growing peptide
chain.
Termination- a completed peptide chain is
released.

54. Summary of Protein Synthesis
A mRNA attaches to a ribosome.
tRNA molecules bonded to specific amino
acids attach to the codons on mRNA.
Peptide bonds form between an amino acid
and the peptide chain.

55. The ribosome shifts to each codon on the
mRNA until it reaches the STOP codon.
The polypeptide chain detaches to function
as an active protein.

57. DNA Replication involves
Unwinding the DNA.
Pairing the bases in each strand with new
bases to form new complementary strands.
Producing two new DNA strands that exactly
duplicate the original DNA.

59. During DNA replication,
An enzyme helicase unwinds the parent DNA
at several sections.
At each open DNA sections called a
replication fork DNA polymerase catalyzes
the formation of 5’-3’ ester bonds of the
leading strand.

60. The lagging strand growing in the 3’-5’
direction is synthesized in short sections
called Okazaki fragments.
The Okazaki fragments are joined by
DNA ligase to give a single 3’-5’ DNA
strand.

62. Mitosis- a process in w/c a cell’s nucleus
replicates and divides in preparation for
division of the cell.
4 Phases
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase 4.Telophase

64. Prophase- the nuclear envelope falls apart as
the paired chromatids coil up to form dense,
compact chromosomes.
Metaphase- the chromosomes are aligned
along a plane at the “equator” of the cell.

65. Anaphase- the centromere of each
chromosome splits to form two
chromosomes, each consisting of a single
DNA molecule. Forming two separate, but
identical, pools of genetic information.
Telophase- the DNA is returned to its original
form and location within the cell.

67. Meiosis-process of cell division in which
the cell’s genetic information, contained
in chromosomes, is mixed and divided
into sex cell with half the normal
number of chromosomes.

69. Different types of cells have
highly variable life cycles.
The active life span of a
single cell may vary from a
few minutes to years,
depending on its function
and level of activity.
- Neriza Jane

71. Cystic fibrosis (CF), also known
as mucoviscidosis,
is an autosomal recessive genetic
disorder that affects most critically the lungs,
and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine. It is
characterized by abnormal transport
of chloride and sodium across an epithelium,
leading to thick, viscous secretions.

74. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Secere inherited condition, result
from “leaky” membranes in muscle cells.
Calcium enters affected muscle cells through
leaky membranes and triggers chemical
reaction that destroy the muscle, causing life-
threatening paralysis.

76. Diabetes Mellitus
This condition is produced by a
cellular response to obesity, which triggers a
reduction in the number of membrane
receptors for the hormone insulin.

78. Cancer
Are tumors that tend to spread,
often disrupting vital functions and
eventually killing the victim.

80. Sickle-cell Anemia
A defective hemoglobin from a
mutation in a gene on chromosome 11
decreases the oxygen-carrying ability of res
blood cells, which take on a sickled shape,
causing anemia and plugged capillaries from
red blood cell aggregation.

82. Bacteria

83. Virus