This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins with the history of cell discovery and size. It describes the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes. It discusses cell transport mechanisms, including passive diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. It also covers cell contact and movement of molecules into and out of cells.
description about cell biology, different types of cell organelles. single bound cell organellle and doubel membrane bound cell organelles, briefy explain different organelles inside the cell
description about cell biology, different types of cell organelles. single bound cell organellle and doubel membrane bound cell organelles, briefy explain different organelles inside the cell
A PowerPoint review of photomicrographs depicting the various features of the basic forms of connective tissues, not including bone tissue or blood. By Timothy Ballard, UNC Wilmington. Licensed under a Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs. From http://www.lifescitrc.org/resource.cfm?submissionID=9054.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
It is a brief review on blood and its cellular components. The ppt contains knowledge about types of blood, blood coagulation pathway and disorders of blood.
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
A PowerPoint review of photomicrographs depicting the various features of the basic forms of connective tissues, not including bone tissue or blood. By Timothy Ballard, UNC Wilmington. Licensed under a Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs. From http://www.lifescitrc.org/resource.cfm?submissionID=9054.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
It is a brief review on blood and its cellular components. The ppt contains knowledge about types of blood, blood coagulation pathway and disorders of blood.
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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III Pharm.D - The Dynamic Cell - III Pharm.D - The Dynamic Cell - Cellular cl...Kameshwaran Sugavanam
III Pharm.D -Pharmacology II - The Dynamic Cell - III Pharm.D - The Dynamic Cell - Cellular classification, subcellular organelles ppt. As per PCI syllabus
Lecture#01 (Cell structure and function).pptxSabaMahmood22
In this slide I have described basic molecular biology of cell. I have discussed cell theory. Formation of cell theory and it's working. Moreover briefly discussed cell structure and organelles with their functions.
THE CELL-Unlocking the Mysteries of the Cell: A Journey into the Building Blo...Nursing Mastery
Unlocking the Mysteries of the Cell: A Journey into the Building Blocks of Life
Embark on an enlightening voyage into the intricate world of cells with our captivating SlideShare presentation. From the tiniest microorganisms to the complex structures within our bodies, delve into the fundamental units of life that shape our existence.
In this visually engaging presentation, we explore the fascinating realms of cell biology, unraveling the mysteries of cellular structure, function, and diversity. Discover the inner workings of cells, from the powerhouse mitochondria to the information hub of the nucleus, and delve into the dynamic processes that sustain life.
Featuring stunning visuals, insightful explanations, and intriguing facts, our presentation is designed to enlighten and inspire audiences of all backgrounds. Whether you're a seasoned biologist, a curious student, or simply intrigued by the wonders of life, join us on this immersive journey into the heart of the cell.
Unlock the secrets of life itself and gain a deeper appreciation for the remarkable complexity and beauty of the cellular world. Don't miss out on this captivating exploration of "the cell" – the foundation of all living organisms.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Contents
Introduction to cell
History
Number and cell size
Cell type
Structure of cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelle in cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell surface contact
Molecule movement
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
References
3. Cell
Cell-Structural and functional unit of
the living body.
Smallest living unit
Most of cells are
microscopic
4. Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke (Mid 1600)
Coined term cell
First seen cork plant cell
(1889) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from cells”
5. Number
Unicellular(consist of a single cell)
-Bacteria, Virus
Multicellular – Human (Around 100 trillion
cells)
-Other animal
Amoeba proteus
6. Cell size
Most of cell are between 5-50μm in
diameter
Ex,RBC-7.5 μm
Columnar epithelial cells 20 μm tall
and 10 μm wide
Larger cells
Skeletal muscle cell
Neurons
10. Prokaryotic cell
First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
11. Eukaryotic cell
Organelles not bound by membranes
Nucleus bound by membrane
Fungi, Protists, Plant, and Animal cells
Possess many organelles
Animal cell
Plant cell
12.
13.
14. Structure of cell
Each cell is formed by cell body and
membrane
Cell membrane –Separate cell body from
the surrounding cell
Cell body -Cytoplasm
Nucleus
15. Cell membrane
Protective sheath enveloping the cell body
Separate intracellular and extracellular fluid
Permits exchange of some substance
Thickness- 75A to111A
Double layer of
Phospholipids & Proteins
16.
17.
18. lipid layer
Cell membrane-Bilayered component
Lipids are cholesterols and phospholipids
Phospholipids = Phosphrous and fatty acid
(Amino Phospholipid, Phosphetidyle Glycerol
Phosphetidyle Inositol)
Outer part- Hydrophilic
(soluble in water)
Inner part- Hydrophobic
(soluble in fat)
19. Significance of lipid layer
Forms semi-permeable membrane
Fat soluble substance can pass through it.
-O2, CO2 and alcohols
Barrier to water soluble materials
-Glucose, Urea, Electrolytes
22. Significance of protein layer
Integral proteins- Structural Integrity
Channels(formed by integral protein)
Diffusion of water soluble substance
Glucose, Electrolytes
Receptors protein
Receptor for hormones and
neurotransmitter
Recognize certain chemicals
Carrier protein
-Transport of substance(active or passive)
Act as antigen
-act as antigen and provide antibody
formation
24. Carbohydrate
Attached to protein or lipid
Significance- Negatively charged
-Glucocalyx of neighboring cell
help in tight fixation.
-Receptor for some hormone
-Contain specific antigen(RBC-blood group
antigen)
25. Cytoplasm
Viscous fluid containing organelles
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Organelles
Fluid= Cytosol
Various particles
(Different shape and size)
-Proteins, Carbohydrate,
lipids and Electrolytes.
200mg/ml of protein
High K +
low Ca+2 low Na+
26. Cytoskeleton
Filaments & Fibers
Made of 3 fiber types
◦ Microfilaments
◦ Microtubules
◦ Intermediate filaments
3 functions:
◦ Mechanical support
◦ Anchor organelles
◦ Help move substances
Transport
Shape of cell
Actin and myosin
Shape of cell
27. A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
28. Organelle in Cytoplasm
Organelle caries out various functions
Two type-
Bound by limiting membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysome, Peroxisome
Mitochondria
Not bounded by limiting membrane
Chromosome, Ribosome
Microfilaments, Microtubules
29. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of tubular and micrsomal
vesicular structure
Outer side-Limiting Membrane
Inner side- Endoplasmic Matrix(lumen)
Helps to move substances within cells
Two types
◦ Rough endoplasmic reticulum
◦ Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
30. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes are attached to surface
◦ Manufacture proteins
◦ Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
May modify proteins from ribosome
Protein pass through membrane and
accumulate in cisternae.
31. Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
No attached ribosomes
Various enzymes are present on outer
surface
Enzymes- Metabolic process of cell
33. Significance of Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Carbohydrate metabolism
Synthesis of non protein substance
◦ Cholesterol
◦ Steroid hormones
◦ Sebum
Catabolism of toxic substance
Cooperate with rough endoplasmic reticulum
and Golgi apparatus to synthesize new cell
membrane.
Specialized type
In skeletal muscle-sarcoplasmic reticulum
34. Golgi Apparatus or Golgi
Body
Present in all cell except Red Blood Cell
Situated near nucleus
Consist of 5 to 8 membranous sac
The Sacs are flattened and called as
Cisternae
35. Function of Golgi Body
Processing and delivering the protein
molecule to different parts of the cell.
Protein synthesized from endoplasmic reticulum
Transported in the form of Reticular Vesicle
To Golgi Body where it is processed and sorted out
Packed in the form of Secretory Granules, Secretory
Vesicles
Vesicles delivered by golgi body leave the cell
by exocytosis.
lysosomal Vesicles
36.
37. Lysosomes
Vesicular organelle
80 to 800nm in diameter
Have thickest covering membrane
Many small granules present in lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes(hydrolytic
enzyme)
More than 40 different type of hydroxylases
All enzyme- lysozymes
38. Functions
◦ Digests protein, carbohydrate, Lipid,
nucleic acids
◦ Destruction of bacteria and other foreign
body.
◦ Removal of unwanted cell in embryo
◦ Break down old cell parts
◦ When bacteria enter into the cell
lysosomes rupture and immediately digest
the invaded bacteria or foreign body.
39. Lysosomal storage disease
Enzymes are defective because of gene
Materials that they normally degrade will
accumulate within late endosomes and lysosomes.
e.g. Tay-Sachs disease
Hurler's Syndrome: Failure to metabolize certain
mucopolysaccharides causes the accumulation of
large amounts of matrix within connective
tissue, which distorts the growth of many parts of
the body.
41. Function of peroxisome
Hydrogen peroxide is produced by
poisons or alcohol
(ethanol and formaldehyde)
Peroxisome ruptures when hydrogen
peroxide is formed in cell.
Oxidases destroys hydrogen peroxide
Also destroy other enzymes necessary
for its production
Gluconeogenesis from fats and
degradation of purine and fat.
43. Mitochondria
Rod shaped, oval shaped structure
Diameter - 0.5 to 1 μm
Bilayered membranous organelle
Outer layer- Smooth
Inner layer- Series of shelf like projection
-Cristae
(provide large surface area)
Contain RNA and DNA
44. Principle source of chemical energy in
most of the cells
Enzymes are located in mitochondrial
matrix and inner mitochondrial matrix.
45. Function
Break down fuel molecules (cellular
respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
Production of energy by catabolism of
digested food particles
Stored in the form of ATP molecules
So It is power house of cell
Energy released by breakdown of ATP
molecule
When needed
Mitochondria contain enzymes for citric acid
46. Mitochondria are distributed within a cell
according to regional energy
requirements
-Near the base of cilia
-Near basal domain of cells of proximal
convulated tubules
-Proximal end of flagellum
Genetic diseases of mitochondria affect
perticular tissues
Ex. Mitochondrial myopathies
Mitochondrial neuropathies
47. Ribosomes
It is granular structure
Diameter of 15 to 20 nm
Contain 65%RNA and 35% Protein
Some ribosomes remain free in
cytoplasm
Function of free ribosome
Synthesis of protein from amino acid
Synthesis of protein part of
hemoglobin
Protein molecules of peroxisome
48.
49. Nucleus
Control center of cell
3 to 10 μm in diameter
Double membrane
(Nuclear membrane)
Contains
◦ Nucleoplasm
◦ Nucleolus
50. Nuclear membrane
Double layered, porous in nature
Communicate with cytoplasm
Outer layer continuous as endoplasmic
reticulum
Inner space forms lumen of endoplasmic
reticulum
Pores- Guarded by protein
- Diameter 80nm to 100nm
52. Nucleoplasm
Gel like substance
Contain DNA
Called as
chromatin
One or more in each nucleus
Contain RNA and some proteins
RNA synthesized by 5 pairs of
chromosome
Condensed to form subunit of ribosome
Subunit travel to cytoplasm through pore
Fusion of subunits lead to formation of
Ribosome
Nucleol
i
53. Function of Nucleus
Control center for all activity of cell
It sends genetic information in the form
of DNA to cytoplasm for synthesis of
specific enzymes
Enzymes are responsible for various
metabolic reactions.
Genes present in the nucleus controls
cell division.
The hereditary information is stored in
the nucleus and transferred from
one generation to next.
54.
55. Cell surface contact
Two type
-General adhesive contact
calcium dependent
calcium independent
-Specialized contact
56. General adhesive contact
Calcium dependent adhesion molecule
Cadherins
selectins
Integrins
Calcium independent adhesion
molecule
Most are transmembrane proteins
N-CAMs
I-CAMs
57. Specialized Adhesive Contacts
Occluding Junction( Tight junction )
-Tight junction is made up of ridges
-Ridges have two halves which are in
close contact
- provide strength and stability
-prevent movement of ions and protein
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
58. Communicating junction(gap junction)
Cytoplasm of two cells is connected by
channels
Diameter of channel 3 nm
Passage of Ions, Glucose, Amino acid
Rapid propagation of action potential
Connexon
59. Molecule Movement & Cells
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
Exocytosis
60. Passive Transport
No energy required
Move due to gradient
◦ differences in
concentration, pressure, charge
Move to equalize gradient
◦ High concentration moves toward low
concentration.
61. Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
62. Diffusion
Molecules move to
equalize concentration
Osmosis
Special form of diffusion
Fluid flows from lower solute
concentration
Often involves movement of water
◦ Into cell
◦ Out of cell
63. Solution Differences & Cells
Solvent + Solute = Solution
Hypotonic
◦ Solutes in cell more than outside
◦ Outside solvent will flow into cell
Isotonic
◦ Solutes equal inside & out of cell
Hypertonic
◦ Solutes greater outside cell
◦ Fluid will flow out of cell
64.
65. Facilitated Diffusion
Differentially permeable membrane
Channels (are specific) help molecule
or ions enter or leave the cell
Channels usually are transport
proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)
No energy is used
66. Process of Facilitated Transport
Protein binds with molecule
Shape of protein changes
Molecule moves across membrane
68. Endocytosis
Movement of large material
◦ Particles
◦ Organisms
◦ Large molecules
Movement is into the cells
Types of
Endocytosis
◦ Bulk-phase (nonspecific)
◦ Receptor-mediated (specific)
69. Process of Endocytosis
Plasma membrane surrounds material
Edges of membrane meet together
Membranes fuse to form vesicle
71. References
Grey’s textbook of human anatomy
40th edition
Guyton and Hall textbook of medical
physiology 12th edition
Ganong’s textbook of medical physiology 21st
edition
Human physiology volume-1,Dr. C.C
Chatterjee
Text book of human histology, Inderbir singh
http://www.biologymad.com/resources
http://biology.about.com/od/molecularbiology
http://rarediseases.about.com/od/raredisease
sz/a/030505.htm