The document summarizes key components and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the nucleus containing nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin and nucleoplasm. It also describes other organelles like mitochondria which produces energy, chloroplasts which facilitate photosynthesis, ribosomes which perform protein synthesis, endoplasmic reticulum which transports chemicals, lysosomes which break down molecules, peroxisomes which oxidize molecules, and the Golgi apparatus which modifies and secretes chemicals. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella and discusses passive and active transport and endocytosis and exocytosis.

1. Eukaryotic Cells

2. A Generalized Eukaryotic Cell

3. Pores through the Cell Nucleus

6. Centriole Structure - nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole - two centrioles form one centrosome. Function - forms spindle fibres to separate chromosomes during cell division Vacuole Structure - a single layer of unit membrane enclosing fluid in a sack Function - produces turgor pressure against cell wall for support - stores water and various chemicals - may store insoluble wastes Cytoskeleton Structure - Composed of microtubules Function - Supports cell and provides shape - Aids movement of materials in and out of cells

8. Mitochondrial DNA

10. Ribosome Structure - non-membraneous, spherical bodies composed of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes. Function - site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Structure - sheets of unit membrane with ribosomes on the outside (rough ER) and without ribosome (smooth ER). - forms a tubular network throughout the cell Function - transports chemicals between cells and within cells - provides a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions and synthesis

11. Lysosome Structure - membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes - hydrolytic enzyme = (water split biological catalyst) i.e. using water to split chemical bonds. Function - break large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond Peroxisome: -Membrane bound organelle, contains enzymes. -These enzymes in plant cell oxidize fats and in animal cell oxidizes amino acids. -Peroxisomal enzymes converts hydrogen peroxide to water, to prevent the toxic effect of hydrogen peroxide. Golgi Apparatus Structure - stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane (cisternae) - vesicles pinch off the edges Function - modifies chemicals to make them functional - secretes chemicals in tiny vesicles - stores chemicals - may produce endoplasmic reticulum

13. Oxytricha The Ciliated Protozoan

14. The Stroke-and-Recovery Motion of a Cilium

15. Cilia on an Organism Move in a Synchronized Fashion, Creating a Wave that Propels the Organism Forward

16. Pseudopodia

17. Amoeba (132X) Amoeba engulfing food particle Food particles

20. Simple Diffusion: The random movements of molecules cause them to spread out (diffuse) from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration

21. Facilitated Diffusion: Carrier protein molecules aid in the movement of substances through cell membrane from high to low concentration

22. Osmosis: The diffusion of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a semi or, selectively permeable membrane (Cell Membrane)

23. Experiments that examine the effects of tonicity on osmosis

24. Active Transport: Carrier protein molecules aid in movement of molecules against a concentration gradient requires energy in form of ATP

26. 1.Phagocytosis (solid/ semisolid) 2. Pinocytosis (liquid)