Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles while prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and others allow cells to carry out essential functions. Plant and animal cells share many similarities but plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not.
vCell Structure and Function. Cell wall: It helps in protecting the plasma membrane and plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the cells. ... Nuclear membrane: The bilayer membrane, which protects the nucleus by surrounding around it and acts as a barrier between the cell nucleus and other organs of a cell.
all about the cells and their organelles in a simple format even you can watch this on youtube
if you like this then subscribe on youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gkzwDY-wBg
vCell Structure and Function. Cell wall: It helps in protecting the plasma membrane and plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the cells. ... Nuclear membrane: The bilayer membrane, which protects the nucleus by surrounding around it and acts as a barrier between the cell nucleus and other organs of a cell.
all about the cells and their organelles in a simple format even you can watch this on youtube
if you like this then subscribe on youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gkzwDY-wBg
Students will be able to answer the questions;
1. What is the cell theory?
2. What are the types of microscopes?
3. What are the differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes?
4. What is the cell specialization and organization?
5. How do substances pass through cells?
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
3. Discovery of CellsDiscovery of Cells
The invention of the lens
Robert Hooke (1665):
observed a thin slice of cork
(dead plant cells) with a
microscope. He described
what he observed as “little
boxes” (cells).
4. Discovery of CellsDiscovery of Cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1675): was the first person to
observe living cells.
18. The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
Who developed the cell theory?
– Matthias Schleiden (1838):
concluded that all plants are
composed of cells
– Theodor Schwann (1839):
concluded that all animals are
composed of cells
– Rudolph Virchow (1855):
determined that cells come
only from other cells
19. The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
What is the cell theory?
1. All living things are composed of one
or more cells.
2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of
structure and function.
3. Cells come only from existing cells.
23. Surface Area to Volume RatioSurface Area to Volume Ratio
SA = 6 mm2
SA = 24 mm2
SA = 96 mm2
V = 1 mm3
V = 8 mm3
V = 64 mm3
SA/V = 6:1
SA/V = 3:1
SA/V = 1.5:1
V increases faster than SA
SA = 6lw
V = lwh
24. Cell Diversity- ShapeCell Diversity- Shape
Cells differ widely in shape.
Most cells are roughly
cuboidal or spherical.
25. Cell Diversity- InternalCell Diversity- Internal
OrganizationOrganization
Nucleus: contains DNA which directs the
activity of the cell
Organelle: a cell component that performs
specific functions in the cell
Eukaryotes: cells that contain a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes: cells that lack nuclei and
membrane-bound organelles
26. Eukaryotes vs. ProkaryotesEukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes (animals,
plants, fungi, protists) and
prokaryotes (bacteria)
differ greatly in structure.
31. The Parts of the CellThe Parts of the Cell
Each living cell carries out the tasks of taking
food, transforming food into energy, getting rid of
wastes, and reproducing.
Most eukaryotic cells have three main
components:
– Cell Membrane
– Cytoskeleton
– Nucleus
32. Structure and Function of OrganellesStructure and Function of Organelles
The Structure and Function of the following
organelles will be discussed:
– Cell Membrane
– Nucleus
– Cell Wall
– Cytoplasm
– Cytoskeleton
– Ribosomes
– Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Golgi Apparatus
– Mitochondria
– Lysosomes
– Peroxisomes
– Cilia and Flagella
– Basal Bodies
– Centrioles
– Vacuoles
– Plastids
33. Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Structure: phospholipid
bilayer with proteins that
function as channels,
markers, and receptors
-also contains cholesterol
which provides rigidity
Function: selectively
permeable boundary
between the cell and
the external
environment
34. NucleusNucleus
Structure: the nucleus is a
sphere that contains
another sphere called a
nucleolus
Function: -storage center
of cell’s DNA
-manages cell functions
35. Cell WallCell Wall
Structure: rigid wall made
up of cellulose, proteins,
and carbohydrates
Function: boundary
around the plant cell
outside of the cell
membrane that provides
structure and support
37. CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
Structure: a network of
thin, fibrous elements
made up of microtubules
(hollow tubes) and
microfilaments (threads
made out of actin)
Function: -acts as a
support system for
organelles
-maintains cell shape
39. Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Structure: a system of membranous tubules and
sacs
Function: intercellular highway (a path along
which molecules move from one part of the cell to
another)
Two types:
– Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
40. Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumRough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (rER):
prominent in cells that
make large amounts of
proteins to be exported
from the cell or inserted
into the cell membrane
– Covered with
ribosomes
41. Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumSmooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (sER): involved
in the synthesis of lipids
and breakdown of toxic
substances
– Not covered with
ribosomes
42. Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Structure: stacked flat
sacs
Function: receives
proteins from the rER and
distributes them to other
organelles or out of the
cell
(receiving, processing,
packaging, and shipping)
43. MitochondriaMitochondria
Structure: folded
membrane within an outer
membrane
– The folds of the inner
membrane are called
cristae
Function: -converts
energy stored in food into
usable energy for work
– cellular respiration
46. Cilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella
Structure: hair-like organelles that extend from the
surface of cells
– When they are present in large numbers on a
cell they are called cilia
– When they are less numerous and longer they
are called flagella
– Both organelles are composed of nine pairs of
microtubules arranged around a central pair.
Function: cell motility
48. Basal BodiesBasal Bodies
The microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum
is anchored in the cell by a basal body.
Structurally identical to a centriole
49. CentriolesCentrioles
Structure:
composed of nine
sets of triplet
microtubules
arranged in a ring
– Exist in pairs
Function:
centrioles play a
major role in cell
division (mitosis)
50. VacuolesVacuoles
Structure: a sac of fluid
surrounded by a
membrane
– Very large in plants
Function: used for
temporary storage of
wastes, nutrients, and
water
51. PlastidsPlastids
There are three types of plastids in plant cells:
– Chloroplasts (discussed on next slide)
– Chromoplasts: synthesize and store pigments
– Leucoplasts: store food such as starches,
proteins, and lipids
Chromoplasts
Red Pepper
Flower
Leucoplasts
52. ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Structure: stacked
sacs (thylakoids) that
contain chlorophyll
surrounded by a
double membrane
Function:
photosynthesis
(conversion of light
energy to chemical
energy stored in the
bonds of glucose)
55. Plant Cells vs. Animal CellsPlant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Animal cells are very similar to
plant cells except for the
following major differences:
– Animal cells do not contain
chloroplasts
– Animal cells are not
surrounded by cell walls
– The vacuoles in plants are
much larger than those of
animals
58. Microscope Pictures of aMicroscope Pictures of a
Plant Cell and an Animal CellPlant Cell and an Animal Cell
ElodeaElodea Human Cheek CellsHuman Cheek Cells
59. The following is a list of tissues that have specialized functions
and demonstrate corresponding specialization of subcellular
structure. Match the tissue with the letter of the cell structures
and organelles listed to the right that would be abundant in
these cells.
Tissues Cell Structures
and Organelles
1. Enzyme (protein)-secreting A. plasma membrane
cells of the pancreas B. mitochondria
2. Insect flight muscles C. Golgi
apparatus D. chloroplast
3. Cells lining the respiratory E. ER
passages F. cillia & flagella
4. White blood cells that engulf G. vacuole
and destroy invading bacteria H. ribosome
5. Leaf cells in cacti I. lysosome
J. peroxisomes