This is a sample of the specialized cell which guides you into passing exams

1. Cell Structure &
Organisation

2. What is a cell?
• Building blocks of life
• Simplest units of life
• Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us
alive

3. Cells
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells

4. Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells

5. Other Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria

6. Cells
What does a cell consists of?
Each living cell consists of living material called
protoplasm.
Protoplasm:
• Water makes up 70% of protoplasm
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Fats

7. Protoplasm
1) Cell Surface Membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus

8. Cell Structures in Plant
and Animal Cells
• nucleus
• cytoplasm
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• cell vacuoles
• ribosomes
• mitochondria
• chloroplasts

9. Animal and Plant Cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell Structure and Function:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

10. Animal Cell

11. Animal Cell

12. Cell Surface Membrane
• Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell
• Partially permeable membrane
– Allows some substances but not all to move in
and out of the cell

13. Nucleus
• Surrounded by a membrane
called the nuclear
envelope
• Contains one or more
nucleoli
• Contains chromatin
Functions of the nucleus:
1. Controls cell activities such as
cell growth and the repair of
worn-out parts
2. Essential for cell division
Nucleolus

14. Cytoplasm
• Between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus
• Contains enzymes and organelles

15. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Chloroplasts (only in plant cells)
• Cell vacuoles

16. Mitochondria
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria
• Energy production
• Energy used to perform cell activities such as
growth and reproduction

17. Ribosomes
• Required for protein synthesis in the cell

18. Vacuoles in Animal Cells
• A vacuole is a fluid-filled space
enclosed by a membrane
• Animal cells have many small
vacuoles that contain water and food
substances such as proteins and
carbohydrates

19. Label and identify the diagram
Pop Quiz!
A
B
C
D
F
E

20. Plant Cell
Plant Cells:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

21. Plant Cell

22. Differences Between Animal
and Plant Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Cell wall absent Cell wall present
Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present
Vacuoles are small,
temporary in animal cells
Vacuoles are large, sap-
filled in plant cells

23. Cell Wall
• Surrounds the cell surface
membrane
• Cell wall is made of
cellulose
• Protects the cell from injury
• Gives the plant cell a fixed
shape
• Cell wall is fully permeable

24. Chloroplasts
• Found only in plant
cells
• Chloroplasts contain a
green pigment called
chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll is essential
for photosynthesis, the
process by which plants
make food

25. Vacuoles in Plant Cells
• Plant cells usually have
a large central vacuole
which contains a liquid
called cell sap
• Cell sap contains
dissolved substances
such as sugars, mineral
salts and amino acids

26. Pop Quiz!
Label and identify the diagram
A
B
C
F
D
E

28. Specialised Cells
Red Blood Cell
Root Hair Cell
Nerve Cell
Sperm Cell
Egg Cell

29. Cell Differentiation
The process by which cells develop special
structures or lose certain structures to
enable them to carry out specific functions.
Hence, cells become differentiated to form
specialised cells.
The structure of each cell is adapted to
perform the specific functions of the cell.

30. Cell Differentiation

31. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
1) Red Blood Cell
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Contains haemoglobin Haemoglobin transports
oxygen from the lungs to
all parts of the body.
No nucleus Carry more haemoglobin
which leads to increased
transport of oxygen.
Circular biconcave shape Increased surface area
to volume ratio of the
cell. Hence, increased
transport of oxygen.

32. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long hollow tubes (no
protoplasm)
Enables water to move
easily through the lumen.
Lignified walls Lignin strengthens the
walls and prevents the
xylem vessels from
collapsing.
2) Xylem Vessel

33. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long and narrow Increased surface area
to volume ratio of the cell
which leads to increased
absorption of water and
mineral salts from the
soil.
3) Root Hair Cell
Specialised Plant and Animal Cells:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

36. Specialized Plant Cells

37. How do cells
work together in
a multi-cellular
organism?
Organisation in Living Things:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

38. Hierarchy/Organization of Cells
Cellstissuesorganssystemsorganismpopulationcommunityecosystembiosphere

39. Tissue
A tissue is a group of similar, specialized cells which
work together to perform a specific function.
Examples of tissues:
• Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the
lungs, phloem, root hair tissue
Connective
Tissue

40. Organ
Different tissues may be combined together to form
organs.
An organ is a structure made up of different tissues
working together to perform a specific function.
Examples of organs:
• Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root, stem,
Flower, heart, skin
Lungs

41. An organ is a structure made up of different
tissues working together to perform a
specific function.

42. Organ System
Organs work together to
form organ systems.
Various systems work
together to make up the
entire organism.
Examples of organ systems:
• Circulatory system,
respiratory system,
digestive system,
nervous system and
reproductive system
Circulatory System

43. Organ Systems

44. System Organs
Digestive Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Respiratory Trachea
Lungs
Organs work together to form organ
systems.

45. Organism
Pop Quiz!
Q1. Write out the order of cell
organisation within an organism.

46. • Intestinal cell  intestinal muscle 
small intestine  digestive system 
human
• Nerve cell  nerve tissue  eye 
sensory system  bird
Pop Quiz!
Q2. Give an example of an animal
system with the order of cell
organisation stated above.