Biology chapter 1 cell structure and organisationSYEDA UROOJ
This document provides information about cell structure and organization. It defines cells and their basic components, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Specific cell structures in plant and animal cells are described along with organelles and their functions. The structures of typical plant and animal cells are compared. Examples of specialized cell types and how their structures relate to their functions are provided. It explains how cells differentiate and work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems. Microscopes and their uses in studying cell structure are also outlined.
The document discusses the structure and organization of plant and animal cells, describing the main cellular organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and vacuoles. It also describes how some cell types are specially modified in their structure to carry out specialized functions, such as root hair cells increasing surface area for water absorption and xylem vessel cells having lignified walls to conduct water. The summary provides an overview of the key topics and concepts covered in the document relating to cell structure, organization and specialization.
This document discusses cell structure and organization. It defines key terms like organelle, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and compares typical plant and animal cells. It explains how cell structure relates to function in cells like root hair cells, xylem vessels and red blood cells. Finally, it describes how cells work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems within multicellular organisms.
The document discusses cells and their structures. It describes the key parts of animal and plant cells, including the nucleus, cell membrane, chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuoles. It compares the structures of specialized cell types like root hair cells, xylem cells, and red blood cells and how their structures relate to their functions of absorption, transport, and oxygen carrying respectively. The document also discusses how cells combine to form tissues, organs, and systems to carry out specialized functions in multicellular organisms.
Plant and animal cells contain organelles that carry out essential functions. Key organelles include the nucleus, which controls cell activities, mitochondria which generate energy, and the cell membrane which regulates what enters and exits the cell. Plant cells additionally contain a cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and larger vacuoles for storage. While organelles vary in shape and function, they work together within cells to keep organisms alive.
All cells arise from preexisting cells, contain genetic material, and have a plasma membrane that encloses the cell. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, compartmentalized with organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria that may have originated from engulfed prokaryotes. Plant cells have a cell wall and central vacuole while animal cells rely on an extracellular matrix for structure.
The document summarizes key concepts in cell structure and function:
1) Early microscopists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown made discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory stating that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
2) Cells are either prokaryotic, lacking organelles and a nucleus, or eukaryotic, having a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have structures like the plasma membrane, mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and chloroplasts that allow specialization of function.
3)
This document provides an overview of cell structure and organization. It begins with an introduction to the two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It then describes several of the main organelles found within eukaryotic cells and their functions, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts in plant cells. The key components and roles of these organelles are summarized.
Biology chapter 1 cell structure and organisationSYEDA UROOJ
This document provides information about cell structure and organization. It defines cells and their basic components, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Specific cell structures in plant and animal cells are described along with organelles and their functions. The structures of typical plant and animal cells are compared. Examples of specialized cell types and how their structures relate to their functions are provided. It explains how cells differentiate and work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems. Microscopes and their uses in studying cell structure are also outlined.
The document discusses the structure and organization of plant and animal cells, describing the main cellular organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and vacuoles. It also describes how some cell types are specially modified in their structure to carry out specialized functions, such as root hair cells increasing surface area for water absorption and xylem vessel cells having lignified walls to conduct water. The summary provides an overview of the key topics and concepts covered in the document relating to cell structure, organization and specialization.
This document discusses cell structure and organization. It defines key terms like organelle, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and compares typical plant and animal cells. It explains how cell structure relates to function in cells like root hair cells, xylem vessels and red blood cells. Finally, it describes how cells work together to form tissues, organs and organ systems within multicellular organisms.
The document discusses cells and their structures. It describes the key parts of animal and plant cells, including the nucleus, cell membrane, chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuoles. It compares the structures of specialized cell types like root hair cells, xylem cells, and red blood cells and how their structures relate to their functions of absorption, transport, and oxygen carrying respectively. The document also discusses how cells combine to form tissues, organs, and systems to carry out specialized functions in multicellular organisms.
Plant and animal cells contain organelles that carry out essential functions. Key organelles include the nucleus, which controls cell activities, mitochondria which generate energy, and the cell membrane which regulates what enters and exits the cell. Plant cells additionally contain a cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and larger vacuoles for storage. While organelles vary in shape and function, they work together within cells to keep organisms alive.
All cells arise from preexisting cells, contain genetic material, and have a plasma membrane that encloses the cell. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, compartmentalized with organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria that may have originated from engulfed prokaryotes. Plant cells have a cell wall and central vacuole while animal cells rely on an extracellular matrix for structure.
The document summarizes key concepts in cell structure and function:
1) Early microscopists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, and Brown made discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory stating that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
2) Cells are either prokaryotic, lacking organelles and a nucleus, or eukaryotic, having a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have structures like the plasma membrane, mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, and chloroplasts that allow specialization of function.
3)
This document provides an overview of cell structure and organization. It begins with an introduction to the two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It then describes several of the main organelles found within eukaryotic cells and their functions, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts in plant cells. The key components and roles of these organelles are summarized.
The document discusses cells, their structure and function. It explains that cells are the basic unit of life and consist of a nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and a plasma membrane. The key components and functions of plant and animal cells are described. Specialized cell types are adapted to their specific functions through differences in shape, structures, and components. Cells combine to form tissues, organs and organ systems that work together to carry out essential life functions.
1. The document discusses the structure and organization of plant and animal cells. It describes the organelles found in typical plant and animal cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Modifications of cells are discussed to allow specialized functions. Examples given are red blood cells for oxygen transport, root hair cells for water absorption, and xylem vessels for water conduction.
3. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and systems to allow the functioning of multicellular organisms. Not all organisms are multicellular - some like amoebas are unicellular.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and have a nucleus. The main organelles of a eukaryotic cell and their functions are: the nucleus which contains the cell's DNA; mitochondria which produce energy; the endoplasmic reticulum which transports materials; and lysosomes which digest waste. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis and a large central vacuole for storage.
1. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come only from pre-existing cells, and cells contain the basic components necessary for life.
2. Cells vary in size but have limitations based on their surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their ability to exchange materials decreases. Multicellular organisms overcome this through specialized tissues, organs and circulatory systems.
3. Cells carry out the basic functions of life including metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis, growth, response to stimuli, waste removal and nutrition. Unicellular organisms carry out all life functions
This document discusses cells, tissues, and organs. It begins by defining the goals of describing plant and animal cell structures and functions, differences between plant and animal cells, and specialized cell structures. Diagrams of liver and leaf cells show key structures. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not. Descriptions of red blood, muscle, ciliated, xylem, and root hair cell structures and functions are provided. Tissues are groups of similar cells performing shared functions, while organs are groups of tissues working together. Organ systems are groups of organs coordinating related functions.
Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining slices of cork under a microscope. He described the structures as "little boxes". Anton van Leeuwenhoek later discovered living cells. The Cell Theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells vary in size from bacteria at 0.1-0.5 micrometers to ostrich egg cells at 170mm by 130mm. They also vary in shape from round to elongated to branched. Cells are either eukaryotic, containing a nucleus and organelles, or prokaryotic, lacking these structures. The basic parts of a cell are the cell
The document discusses cell structure and function. It defines cells as the basic units of life and describes two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains key differences like eukaryotes having a nucleus and organelles while prokaryotes do not. The rest of the document details organelles found in typical animal and plant cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall. It provides information on the structure and function of each organelle.
Here are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
- Have circular DNA located in the nucleoid region
- Typically smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Include bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Have a clearly defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
- Contain membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
- Have linear DNA packaged with histone proteins into chromosomes within the nucleus
- Include plant and animal cells as well as protists, fungi and algae
1. The document discusses cells, which are the fundamental units of life. Cells come in different sizes, shapes, and structures depending on their function.
2. Cells can be either unicellular, consisting of a single cell, like euglena and paramecium, or multicellular, composed of multiple cells organized into tissues and organs, as seen in plants, animals, and fungi.
3. All cells contain a nucleus that houses the genetic material and controls cell functions, cytoplasm that contains organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and a plasma membrane that encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. The structures and components of cells allow them to carry out life-
Cell organelles, plant and animal cell,Anoushka196
This document is a presentation about cell organelles, plant and animal cells, and tissues. It provides multiple choice questions about cell organelles like the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and vacuoles. It notes that plant cells have a bigger single vacuole while animal cells contain lysosomes. Tissues are made up of cells, and the four main types of tissues are connective, muscle, and nervous, but not circulatory tissue.
Cell is the basic unit of life and the smallest unit that can replicate independently. The human body is formed of different organ systems composed of tissues, which are made of cells. Cells come in various shapes and sizes. A cell contains organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. While plant and animal cells share some similarities, plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts, and typically have larger vacuoles.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of cell biology. It outlines the learning objectives which are to understand basic cell biology concepts, how molecules cooperate to create living systems, and core cell biology principles. The document also describes the various topics that will be covered in the course, including cellular structures and functions, as well as expectations for students to gain essential knowledge and apply concepts in cell biology.
There are 50-100 trillion cells in the human body that come in around 200 different types ranging widely in size, from 2 microns up to over 1 meter. The key components of cells include the plasma membrane, nucleus, organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as cytosol containing water, ions, nutrients, and waste. The plasma membrane is a fluid bilayer that uses various mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and transport proteins to control what enters and exits the cell. Organelles perform vital functions - the nucleus houses DNA, ribosomes perform protein synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum packages proteins and lipids, mitochondria generate energy, and the
Cells are the smallest living units that make up living things, either as a single cell (unicellular) or many cells (multicellular). Cells come in different shapes and sizes and have parts like a membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The membrane covers the cell, the nucleus controls the cell, and the cytoplasm is between the nucleus and membrane.
This document provides information about cell size, shape, and types of eukaryotic cells. It states that cells vary significantly in size, from the smallest Mycoplasma cell at 0.1 μm to the largest ostrich egg cell at 18 cm. Cell shape also varies depending on function, with human red blood cells being circular to pass through capillaries and nerve cells having branches to conduct impulses. The document outlines the basic structures of eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria and vacuoles. It provides details on the structures and functions of these key cellular components.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by listing the key objectives, which are to describe plant and animal cell structure, differentiate between the two cell types, and explain the functions of selected cell organelles. It then discusses the components of cells, comparing plant and animal cells and identifying common structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and vacuoles. The document explains how cells vary in size but are generally microscopic, and discusses cell functions like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It also introduces the concepts of tissues, organs, and organ systems being composed of many cells working together.
All living things are made up of small units called cells that are the smallest living units and can only be seen under a microscope. Cells come in two types: unicellular organisms that are single cells and multicellular organisms that are made up of many cells. Plant and animal cells share components like a nucleus that controls the cell, a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves, and cytoplasm where chemical reactions happen, while plant cells also have a cell wall that protects and shapes the cell and chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
This document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells. Plant cells contain a cell wall, vacuoles, and chloroplasts which animal cells do not have. Both plant and animal cells contain a nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm but plant cells have additional structures like a cell wall, vacuoles, and chloroplasts that animal cells lack.
The document discusses the basic components and structures of plant and animal cells. It describes that cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Plant cells also have a cell wall. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and controls its metabolic processes and cell division. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack organized nuclei and nuclear membranes. Eukaryotic cells have organized nuclei bounded by a nuclear membrane. The document also discusses cell shapes, sizes, and organelles like mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, and chloroplasts in plant cells. It provides examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as plant and animal cells.
The document discusses cells, their structure and function. It explains that cells are the basic unit of life and consist of a nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and a plasma membrane. The key components and functions of plant and animal cells are described. Specialized cell types are adapted to their specific functions through differences in shape, structures, and components. Cells combine to form tissues, organs and organ systems that work together to carry out essential life functions.
1. The document discusses the structure and organization of plant and animal cells. It describes the organelles found in typical plant and animal cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Modifications of cells are discussed to allow specialized functions. Examples given are red blood cells for oxygen transport, root hair cells for water absorption, and xylem vessels for water conduction.
3. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and systems to allow the functioning of multicellular organisms. Not all organisms are multicellular - some like amoebas are unicellular.
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and have a nucleus. The main organelles of a eukaryotic cell and their functions are: the nucleus which contains the cell's DNA; mitochondria which produce energy; the endoplasmic reticulum which transports materials; and lysosomes which digest waste. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis and a large central vacuole for storage.
1. Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells come only from pre-existing cells, and cells contain the basic components necessary for life.
2. Cells vary in size but have limitations based on their surface area to volume ratio. As cells increase in size, their ability to exchange materials decreases. Multicellular organisms overcome this through specialized tissues, organs and circulatory systems.
3. Cells carry out the basic functions of life including metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis, growth, response to stimuli, waste removal and nutrition. Unicellular organisms carry out all life functions
This document discusses cells, tissues, and organs. It begins by defining the goals of describing plant and animal cell structures and functions, differences between plant and animal cells, and specialized cell structures. Diagrams of liver and leaf cells show key structures. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not. Descriptions of red blood, muscle, ciliated, xylem, and root hair cell structures and functions are provided. Tissues are groups of similar cells performing shared functions, while organs are groups of tissues working together. Organ systems are groups of organs coordinating related functions.
Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining slices of cork under a microscope. He described the structures as "little boxes". Anton van Leeuwenhoek later discovered living cells. The Cell Theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells vary in size from bacteria at 0.1-0.5 micrometers to ostrich egg cells at 170mm by 130mm. They also vary in shape from round to elongated to branched. Cells are either eukaryotic, containing a nucleus and organelles, or prokaryotic, lacking these structures. The basic parts of a cell are the cell
The document discusses cell structure and function. It defines cells as the basic units of life and describes two main types - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains key differences like eukaryotes having a nucleus and organelles while prokaryotes do not. The rest of the document details organelles found in typical animal and plant cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall. It provides information on the structure and function of each organelle.
Here are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
- Have circular DNA located in the nucleoid region
- Typically smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Include bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Have a clearly defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
- Contain membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
- Have linear DNA packaged with histone proteins into chromosomes within the nucleus
- Include plant and animal cells as well as protists, fungi and algae
1. The document discusses cells, which are the fundamental units of life. Cells come in different sizes, shapes, and structures depending on their function.
2. Cells can be either unicellular, consisting of a single cell, like euglena and paramecium, or multicellular, composed of multiple cells organized into tissues and organs, as seen in plants, animals, and fungi.
3. All cells contain a nucleus that houses the genetic material and controls cell functions, cytoplasm that contains organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and a plasma membrane that encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. The structures and components of cells allow them to carry out life-
Cell organelles, plant and animal cell,Anoushka196
This document is a presentation about cell organelles, plant and animal cells, and tissues. It provides multiple choice questions about cell organelles like the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and vacuoles. It notes that plant cells have a bigger single vacuole while animal cells contain lysosomes. Tissues are made up of cells, and the four main types of tissues are connective, muscle, and nervous, but not circulatory tissue.
Cell is the basic unit of life and the smallest unit that can replicate independently. The human body is formed of different organ systems composed of tissues, which are made of cells. Cells come in various shapes and sizes. A cell contains organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. While plant and animal cells share some similarities, plant cells also contain a cell wall and chloroplasts, and typically have larger vacuoles.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of cell biology. It outlines the learning objectives which are to understand basic cell biology concepts, how molecules cooperate to create living systems, and core cell biology principles. The document also describes the various topics that will be covered in the course, including cellular structures and functions, as well as expectations for students to gain essential knowledge and apply concepts in cell biology.
There are 50-100 trillion cells in the human body that come in around 200 different types ranging widely in size, from 2 microns up to over 1 meter. The key components of cells include the plasma membrane, nucleus, organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as cytosol containing water, ions, nutrients, and waste. The plasma membrane is a fluid bilayer that uses various mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and transport proteins to control what enters and exits the cell. Organelles perform vital functions - the nucleus houses DNA, ribosomes perform protein synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum packages proteins and lipids, mitochondria generate energy, and the
Cells are the smallest living units that make up living things, either as a single cell (unicellular) or many cells (multicellular). Cells come in different shapes and sizes and have parts like a membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The membrane covers the cell, the nucleus controls the cell, and the cytoplasm is between the nucleus and membrane.
This document provides information about cell size, shape, and types of eukaryotic cells. It states that cells vary significantly in size, from the smallest Mycoplasma cell at 0.1 μm to the largest ostrich egg cell at 18 cm. Cell shape also varies depending on function, with human red blood cells being circular to pass through capillaries and nerve cells having branches to conduct impulses. The document outlines the basic structures of eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria and vacuoles. It provides details on the structures and functions of these key cellular components.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by listing the key objectives, which are to describe plant and animal cell structure, differentiate between the two cell types, and explain the functions of selected cell organelles. It then discusses the components of cells, comparing plant and animal cells and identifying common structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and vacuoles. The document explains how cells vary in size but are generally microscopic, and discusses cell functions like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It also introduces the concepts of tissues, organs, and organ systems being composed of many cells working together.
All living things are made up of small units called cells that are the smallest living units and can only be seen under a microscope. Cells come in two types: unicellular organisms that are single cells and multicellular organisms that are made up of many cells. Plant and animal cells share components like a nucleus that controls the cell, a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves, and cytoplasm where chemical reactions happen, while plant cells also have a cell wall that protects and shapes the cell and chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
This document compares and contrasts plant and animal cells. Plant cells contain a cell wall, vacuoles, and chloroplasts which animal cells do not have. Both plant and animal cells contain a nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm but plant cells have additional structures like a cell wall, vacuoles, and chloroplasts that animal cells lack.
The document discusses the basic components and structures of plant and animal cells. It describes that cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Plant cells also have a cell wall. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and controls its metabolic processes and cell division. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack organized nuclei and nuclear membranes. Eukaryotic cells have organized nuclei bounded by a nuclear membrane. The document also discusses cell shapes, sizes, and organelles like mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, and chloroplasts in plant cells. It provides examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as plant and animal cells.
The document provides information about cell structure and organization. It defines cells as the basic structural and functional units of living things. It then describes the structures and functions of key animal cell organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. It also compares the structures of typical animal and plant cells, noting additional structures like the cell wall and chloroplasts in plant cells. Finally, it discusses how cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems to carry out specific body functions.
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels by applying principles of chemistry. Biochemistry emerged in the early 20th century by combining biology, chemistry and physiology. The document outlines that cells are the basic units of living organisms and discusses the structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also summarizes the major classes of small biomolecules like amino acids, sugars, fatty acids and the types of biochemical reactions that occur in cells, including how cells obtain and use energy.
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles that allow them to carry out functions necessary for life.
3. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack these structures.
This document provides information on cell organelles and their functions:
- It describes the nucleus, which houses DNA and directs cell activities, and the ribosomes, which synthesize proteins following RNA instructions from the nucleus.
- The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together to synthesize, modify, and transport proteins and lipids within the cell. Lysosomes digest wastes and the cytoplasm contains mitochondria for energy production.
- Plant cells contain additional structures like a cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis not present in animal cells. The document compares and contrasts the basic components of plant and animal cells.
Eukaryotic cells have organelles that compartmentalize functions. Key organelles include the nucleus, which contains DNA; mitochondria and chloroplasts, which generate energy; and the endomembrane system of ER, Golgi, and vesicles, which modifies and transports proteins. The cytoskeleton, including microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, maintains cell shape and enables movement. Plant cells have additional structures like cell walls and plasmodesmata between cells.
Lecture 1 Introduction to Cell Structure and Composition.pdfotienowhitney445
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Cell Biology course SBL 203. It outlines the course goals, learning outcomes, delivery mode, assessment, references and reading materials, course outline, and contact information for the lecturer. The course aims to provide an introduction to basic cell biology principles including the structure and function of cellular components in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cellular division processes, and the synthesis of biomolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins. Students will learn through lectures, group work, assignments, essays and practical experiments. Their performance will be evaluated through exams, tests, and practical assessments.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - animal cells and plant cells. Cells have several organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. Organelles include the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts and cell membrane. In multicellular organisms, cells combine to form tissues like muscle and epithelial tissue. Multiple tissue types combine to create organs such as the heart and liver. Organ systems such as the circulatory and respiratory systems are made of different organs working together. The human body contains many organ systems that function as a whole to form a living organism.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - animal cells and plant cells. Cells have several organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. Organelles include the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts and cell membrane. In multicellular organisms, cells combine to form tissues like muscle and epithelial tissue. Multiple tissue types combine to create organs such as the heart and liver. Organ systems such as the circulatory and respiratory systems are made of different organs working together. The human body contains many organ systems that function as a whole to form a living organism.
This document provides information on organelles found in eukaryotic cells. It discusses the structure and functions of 9 major organelles - Golgi complex, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, vacuoles, centrioles, chloroplasts (in plant cells), and plastids (in plant cells). The Golgi complex packages and modifies proteins and lipids, vesicles transport materials within the cell, and lysosomes digest foreign particles and old cell components. Mitochondria generate energy for the cell, while chloroplasts and plastids are involved in photosynthesis and storage in plant cells. The document also compares key differences between plant and animal cells as well as prokaryotic and eukary
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and contain organelles that carry out specialized functions. The key components of cells include the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
3. Over time, scientists developed the cell theory which states that all living things are made of cells, cells only come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. The development of advanced microscopes helped reveal the internal structures and components of cells.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The modern cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, all cells come from preexisting cells, and all cells contain DNA. The document then describes key aspects of cell structure, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, and nucleus. It also summarizes several important cell functions such as transport, digestion, synthesis of cellular structures, energy production, and movement.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All living things are composed of cells, which carry out functions necessary to sustain life. The cell theory states that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and that all cells come from preexisting cells. Key aspects of cell structure include a plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles that carry out specialized functions. Cells vary greatly in size, shape, and internal structures depending on their function in multicellular organisms.
This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
The document discusses the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document also provides details on the structures and functions of cell membranes and other cellular components in prokaryotic cells.
The document discusses the cell theory, which proposes that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The document also provides details on the structures and functions of cell membranes, cell walls, inclusion bodies, and appendages in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the key discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory, including Hooke's observation of "little boxes" under a microscope and van Leeuwenhoek's observation of living cells. The document then describes the basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles. It explains the structures and functions of important organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes. In concluding, it compares the overall structures of plant and animal cells.
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
2. Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and they contain organelles that carry out specialized functions to keep the cell alive.
3. Key cellular structures include the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains DNA and controls cellular activities, while the cytoplasm and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts carry out metabolic functions.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Chapter Outline
(a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical
plant and animal cells from diagrams,
photomicrographs and as seen under the light
microscope using prepared slides and fresh material
treated with an appropriate temporary staining
technique:
• chloroplasts
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• cytoplasm
• cell vacuoles
• nucleus
3. Chapter Outline
(b) identify the following organelles from diagrams and
electronmicrographs:
• mitochondria
• ribosomes
(c)state the functions of the organelles identified
above
(d)compare the structure of typical animal and plant
cells
4. Chapter Outline
(e) state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell
function and cell structure for the following:
• absorption – root hair cells
• conduction and support – xylem vessels
• transport of oxygen – red blood cells
(f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system
5. What is a cell?
• Building blocks of life
• Simplest units of life
• Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us
alive
8. Other Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
9. Cells
What does a cell consists of?
Each living cell consists of living material called
protoplasm.
Protoplasm:
• Water makes up 70% of protoplasm
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
15. Cell Surface Membrane
• Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell
• Partially permeable membrane
– Allows some substances but not all to move in
and out of the cell
16. Nucleus
• Surrounded by a membrane
called the nuclear
envelope
• Contains one or more
nucleoli
• Contains chromatin
Functions of the nucleus:
1. Controls cell activities such as
cell growth and the repair of
worn-out parts
2. Essential for cell division
Nucleolus
17. Cytoplasm
• Between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus
• Contains enzymes and organelles
18. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Chloroplasts (only in plant cells)
• Cell vacuoles
19. Mitochondria
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria
• Energy production
• Energy used to perform cell activities such as
growth and reproduction
21. Vacuoles in Animal Cells
• A vacuole is a fluid-filled space
enclosed by a membrane
• Animal cells have many small
vacuoles that contain water and food
substances such as proteins and
carbohydrates
25. Differences Between Animal
and Plant Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Cell wall absent Cell wall present
Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present
Vacuoles are small,
temporary in animal cells
Vacuoles are large, sap-
filled in plant cells
26. Cell Wall
• Surrounds the cell surface
membrane
• Cell wall is made of
cellulose
• Protects the cell from injury
• Gives the plant cell a fixed
shape
• Cell wall is fully permeable
27. Chloroplasts
• Found only in plant
cells
• Chloroplasts contain a
green pigment called
chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll is essential
for photosynthesis, the
process by which plants
make food
28. Vacuoles in Plant Cells
• Plant cells usually have
a large central vacuole
which contains a liquid
called cell sap
• Cell sap contains
dissolved substances
such as sugars, mineral
salts and amino acids
32. Cell Differentiation
The process by which cells develop special
structures or lose certain structures to
enable them to carry out specific functions.
Hence, cells become differentiated to form
specialised cells.
The structure of each cell is adapted to
perform the specific functions of the cell.
34. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
Carry more haemoglobin
which leads to increased
transport of oxygen.
Circular biconcave shape Increased surface area
to volume ratio of the
cell. Hence, increased
transport of oxygen.
No nucleus
Haemoglobin transports
oxygen from the lungs to
all parts of the body.
Contains haemoglobin
1) Red Blood Cell
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
35. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
Adaptation to Function
Enables water to move
easily through the lumen.
Lignin strengthens the
walls and prevents the
xylem vessels from
collapsing.
2) Xylem Vessel
Cell Structure
Long hollow tubes (no
protoplasm)
Lignified walls
36. How is cell structure
related to cell function?
soil.
Adaptation to Function
Increased surface area
to volume ratio of the cell
which leads to increased
absorption of water and
mineral salts from the
3) Root Hair Cell
Cell Structure
Long and narrow
Specialised Plant and Animal Cells:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
37. How do cells
work together in
a multi-cellular
organism?
Organisation in Living Things:
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
38. Tissue
A tissue is a group of similar cells which work together
to perform a specific function.
Examples of tissues:
•Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the
lungs, phloem, root hair tissue
Connective
Tissue
39. Organ
Different tissues may be combined together to form
organs.
An organ is a structure made up of different tissues
working together to perform a specific function.
Examples of organs:
• Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root
Lungs
40. An organ is a structure made up of different
tissues working together to perform a
specific function.
41. Organ System
Organs work together to
form organ systems.
Various systems work
together to make up the
entire organism.
Examples of organ systems:
•Circulatory system,
respiratory system,
digestive system, nervous
system and reproductive
system
Circulatory System
44. Pop Quiz!
Q1. Write out the order of cell
organisation within an organism.
Q2. Give an example of an animal
system with the order of cell
organisation stated above.
46. Pop Quiz!
Q2. Give an example of an animal
system with the order of cell
organisation stated above.
• Intestinal cell intestinal muscle
small intestine digestive
system human
• Nerve cell nerve tissue eye
sensory system bird