This is the topic related to basic pathology In this power point you will get a clear information about the cell and types of cells & what factors will cause damage to cell

2. By any one of the etiological agents the
injury to the normal cell will happen
If the cell gets the ability to perform the
normal function after the injury then its
called reversible
If the cell doesn't gets the ability to perform
the normal function after the injury then
iots called irreversible

3. Reversible or Irreversible cell injury is
based on fallowing factors
• Type, duration & severity of injurious agent
 Strong acids, bases, drugs causing ischaemia (large
dose/small dose)
• Type, status & adaptability of target cell
 Skeletal muscle / cardiac muscle

4. If the hypoxia is for short duration then the
injury is reversible

5. All the living cells needs continuous
oxygen supply for the generation of ATP
ATP is required for the various cellular
functions
ATP in human cell is derived from the two
sources
• Oxidative phosphorilation in mitochondria
• Anaerobic glycolsis (Absence of oxygen)

6. If blood is not supplied properly its results
in decrease of oxygen & if oxygen is not
supplied properly then it results in the
decreased ATP production
If ATP is not supplied properly then the
normal function of the cell is altered
• Membrane transport
• Protein synthesis
• Lipids transport etc…

7. No oxygen supply
Then anaerobic glycolysis path way is
started
Lactic acid is accumulated in cytoplasm
pH of the cell starts to change
Nuclear chromatin will get clummped

8. Sodium is transported out to the cell
Potassium is transported into the cell
This process done by cell membrane by
utilizing the ATP
If ATP is not produced sufficiently
• Sodium is not transported to outside the cell
• As a results water gets accumulated inside the
cell
• It results in swelling of the cell

9.  As a result from hypoxia if cell swells the golgi
complex and RER also swell up
 Ribosome's are detached form the
endoplsmic reticulum
 Polysomes are degraded to monosomes
 Without these the proteins are not
synthesized
 If the hypoxia for short period then all these
functions are reversible

10. Persistence of hypoxia will results in
irreversible cell damage

11. As a result of hypoxia more ammount of
calcium is transported into the cytoplasm
It results in damage of the mitochondria
Vacuoles are developed inside the
mitochondria and calcium gets deposited

12. Persistence of results in calcium entry into
the cell
Calcium activates the phospholipases of
the cytoplasm
Phospholipases will damage phospholipids
As a result cell wall will gets damaged