CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
Antigen processing and presentation by Dr K.Geetha, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai Dist.
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
Antigen processing and presentation by Dr K.Geetha, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai Dist.
The ppt covers the following topic-
1.Introduction about antibody.
2. Types of antibody.
3.Genetic basis of antibody diversity.
4. Antibody diversity.
5.Light chain gene segment.
6. Mechanism of variable region DNA rearrangment.
7. Heavy chain gene segment.
8.Alternate splicing.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance which binds specifically with the products (antibodies, T-cells) of the immune system.
Its ability to bind with antibodies is called antigenicity.
Immunogen
It is a substance which produces an immune response as well as binds to its products.
So, immunogen is an antigen as well but antigen need not be immunogen.
The property of producing an immune response is called immunogenicity.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
The ppt covers the following topic-
1.Introduction about antibody.
2. Types of antibody.
3.Genetic basis of antibody diversity.
4. Antibody diversity.
5.Light chain gene segment.
6. Mechanism of variable region DNA rearrangment.
7. Heavy chain gene segment.
8.Alternate splicing.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance which binds specifically with the products (antibodies, T-cells) of the immune system.
Its ability to bind with antibodies is called antigenicity.
Immunogen
It is a substance which produces an immune response as well as binds to its products.
So, immunogen is an antigen as well but antigen need not be immunogen.
The property of producing an immune response is called immunogenicity.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
Adaptive/Acquired Immunity
Antigens – Anything that cases a biological immune response by this system of cells
Specificity – Some antibodies are quite specific to an antigen others are general to a “type” or “form”
Memory – b-memory cells are formed and remain to combat future exposures quickly (Active vs Passive immunity
Antibodies – the proteins formed by b-cells that combat antigens whether chemical or biological
Lymphocytes – cells involved in this response
When a pathogen enters the body, it’s confronted by elements of the innate immune system, which constitute the first line of defense.
Once breached, the adaptive response takes over, but it typically takes few days to be effective.
Immunity is the processes that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules.
Immunity includes:
Inflammation.
Complement activation.
Phagocytosis.
Antibody synthesis.
Effector T lymphocytes.
immunity, types,Innate immunity and Adaptive Immunity, primary and secondary immune response, structure and functions of antibodies, immunoglobulins, hypergammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, bence jones protein, electrophoretic pattern of multiple myeloma.
White blood cells & Immunity (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
Leukocytes or WBCs are the mobile units of the body’s immune defense system.
Immunity is the body’s ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells.
WBC count: 5000 to 11000/ul of blood
GRANULOCYTES
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils 60-70%
Polymorphonuclear eosinophils 2-3%
Polymorphonuclear basophils 0.4%
NON-GRANULOCYTES
Monocytes 5.3%
Lymphocytes 30%
Granulocytes and monocytes are formed and stored only in bone marrow
Lymphocytes and plasma cells are formed and stored mainly in various lymphoid tissue such as lymph node, spleen, thymus and tonsils as well as in bone marrow.
GRANULOCYTES
4 to 8 hours in blood and 4 to 5 days in tissues
MONOCYTES
Monocytes also have a short transit time:
10 to 20 hours in blood and In tissue they swell to much larger size to become tissue macrophages.
LYMPHOCYTES
weeks to months
neutrophil
. 60-70% of leukocytes
nucleus: 2-5 lobes
Counting the number of lobes and grouping them is called Arneth count.
Shift to left means (increase no of young and predominant WBCs) e.g During acute infection.
Shift to right means, old cells are predominant. e.g During recovery phase
NEUTROPENIA
Decrease in neutrophils count
Typhoid
AIDS and viral hepatitis
Kalazar fever
Bone marrow depression by drugs and radiations
NEUTROPHILIA
Increase in neutrophils count
Appendicitis , Tonsillitis, Pneumonia
Burns, Hemorrhage, MI, Pain
Hypoxia, Pregnancy
BASOPHIL
Their cytoplasmic granules take up basic dyes and appear deep blue
MAST CELLS are derived from basophils under the influence of interleukins 3 and 4
Under many allergic conditions basophils and mast cells bursts and releases
Histamine
Bradykinin
Serotonin
Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
Heparin
Lysosomal enzymes
It is the capacity of the human body to resist and destroy the invading organisms or toxins.
Julius Donath and Karl Landsteiner (1904)reported autoantibodies can cause disease by showing that autoantibodies (‘hemolysins’) caused paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.
This is the topic related to basic pathology
In this power point you will get a clear information about the cell and types of cells & what factors will cause damage to cell
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Clonal selection theory
1.
2. Other theory's
• Side chain theory
• Direct template theory
• Indirect template theory
• Natural selection theory
3. Side chain theory
• Ehrlich (1900)
• Cells have surface receptors which have
capability to react with substances having
complementary side chains
• This theory is abandoned when Landsteiner
explained
Antibodies could be formed against
not only natural antigens but also against various
synthetic chemicals (riboflavin, estradiol & L-
thyroxine)
4.
5. Direct template theory
• Breinl & haurowitz
• Alexander
• Mudd
• The antigen enters antibody forming cells and
acts as a template so that antibodies are formed
with complimentary combining sites to antigen
• Pauling 1940 specificity was determined by
folding of the antibody to form tertiary structure
fitting antigen molecule
6.
7. Indirect template theory
• Burnet fenner 1949
• A genocopy of antigenic
determinant was in corporated in
antibody producing cell genome
and transmitted to progeny cells
8. Natural selection theory
• Jerne 1955
• Million globulin molecules are formed in
embryonic life with full range of antigenic
specificities ( natural antibodies)
• Antigen when enters it combines with nearly
matching
• This move on to the antibody producing cells
they get activated and produce same kind of
antibody
9.
10. What clonal selection explains..?
• It explains how the cells of immune
system will react with a specific antigen
that enters body
11. Who introduced it..?
• Australian doctor Frank Macfarlane
Burnet in 1957
• Widely accepted model
12. Postulates
1. Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor
with a unique specificity (by V(D)J
recombination).
2. Receptor occupation is required for cell
activation.
3. The clone cells derived from an activated
lymphocyte will bear receptors of identical
specificity as the parental cell.
4. Forbidden cells will be deleted at an early stage.
13. Primary responseFirst exposure to a foreign antigen, a lag phase occurs in
which no antibody is produced, but activated B cells are
differentiating into plasma cells. (The lag phase can be as
short as 2-3 days, but often is longer, sometimes as long as
weeks or months.)
• The amount of antibody produced is usually low.
• Antibody level declines to the point where it may be
undetectable.
• The first antibody produced is mainly IgM (although small
amounts of Ig G are usually also produced).
14. Secondary Response
• second dose of the same antigen is given days or even
years later, an accelerated immune response (IR)
occurs. (This lag phase is usually very short (e.g. 3 or 4
days) due to the presence of memory cells.)
• The amount of antibody produced rises to a high level.
• Antibody level tends to remain high for longer.
• The main type of antibody produced is IgG (although
small amounts of IgM are sometimes produced).
15. Cell mediated immune response
cellular immunity
T-cell immunity
many cells
• Lymphocytes
• Macrophages
• Nk cells
• No anti
body's
16. Antigen presenting cells
• This induces the invaded microorganism to release
the antigenic materials…& this antigenic material is
presented to T-cells
• Types
1. Macrophages (major role) present in all lymphoid
tissues
2. Dendritic cells
a) Dendritic cells of spleen( filter blood)
b) Follicular dendritic cells lymph node (trapping ag)
c) Langerhans dendritic cells in skin (traps skin
contact organisms
B-lymphocytes antigen receiving & presenting
17. Entry of micro organism
Phagocytosis or APC
Antigen is digested into peptides
Digested peptide binds with HLA in class II MHC molecule present on APC
TCR on T-cell recognizes the antigen and
T-cell activated
Activated T-cell proliferates
Enters circulation
interleukin also released from macrophages
18. T-cells types & role
• Helper T-cells (CD4)
TH1…IL-2 activates other t cells and gamma interferon it
increases the phagocytic activity
TH2…IL4 & 5 B-cell activation, proliferation of plasma cells,
& antibodies by plasma cell
• Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8)(killer T-cells)
Releases cytotoxic substances (lysosomal enzymes)
Destroys own body tissue affected by foreign bodies
• Suppressor T-cells (regulatory T-cells)
Suppress the activity of T-cells (CD8 & CD4)
• Memory T-cells
Not enters circulation remains in tissue.
19. Humoral immune response
Antibody mediated immunity
B-cell immunity
• Antibodies are secreted into body fluids (blood &
lymph)
• Humours (Latin) = fluid
• It is the major defense mechanism againest
bacterial infection
20. Entry of micro organism
Phagocytosis or APC
Antigen is digested into peptides
Digested peptide binds with HLA in class II MHC molecule present on APC
BCR on B-cell recognizes the antigen and
B cell activated
B-cell proliferation
Plasma cells memory cells
interleukin also released from macrophages
21. • Plasma cells
2000 antibodies/sec (immunoglobulins)
• Memory cells
present in all lymph nodes in in-active form until
the body is exposed with same antigen
second exposure to same antigen results in rapid
production of antibodies…. ( This is the principle in
vaccination)