Cell division
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This document provides an overview of the different types of cell division: amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. It describes the key characteristics of each type of cell division. Amitosis is the most primitive type and does not involve visible chromosomes. Mitosis, which occurs in somatic cells, involves nuclear division (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) through specific phases. Meiosis is a specialized cell division that reduces the chromosome number and produces haploid gametes through two divisions. The document references several textbooks on genetics and cell biology.
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2. The 3 phases of interphase are G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.
3. The 4 phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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5. Each of the two daughter cells will have 12 chromosomes, the same number as the original parent cell.
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This presentation provides an overview of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis. It defines the cell and cell cycle, describing the stages of interphase and mitosis. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which reduces chromosome number by half to produce gametes. The stages of each type of division are explained in detail. Key differences between mitosis and meiosis are outlined. In conclusion, cell division is explained as essential for growth, development, and reproduction in organisms.
Cell division
Cell division is the process where a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is a vegetative division where each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell. It involves the separation of duplicated chromosomes into two identical sets during nuclear division followed by cytokinesis which divides the cell cytoplasm and organelles. Meiosis results in gamete cells with half the number of chromosomes and involves one round of DNA replication followed by two cell divisions. Both mitosis and meiosis occur in sexually reproducing organisms at some point in their life cycle.
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Biolo Garde Ten Unit Four for High School Students
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Primitive,diffused & advance Nervous system in Non chordata.pptx
The document summarizes the nervous systems of various non-chordate animals. It describes that protozoans lack a nervous system and respond to the environment as single cells. Poriferans are the only multicellular animals without a nervous system. Cnidarians have a diffuse nervous system of sensory, intermediate and motor neurons connected by synapses. Platyhelminthes have a primitive central nervous system consisting of a brain and nerve cords. Aschelminthes have a circumenteric nerve ring around the pharynx. Annelids have a well-developed central nervous system consisting of a nerve ring and ventral nerve cord. Arthropods have a brain, circumoesophageal commissures, and ventral nerve cord. Moll
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Animal Behaviour
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Digestive system of pila
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•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
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Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
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Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
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We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
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Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
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Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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Cell division
- 1. Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya, Junwani , Bhilai Cell Division Dr. Sonia Bajaj (Head of Department)
- 2. Introduction Cell Division Growth and reproduction are characteristic of cells. Indeed of all living organisms. All cell reproduce by dividing into two, with each parental cell giving rise to two daughter cells each time they divided. These newly formed daughter cells can be themselves grow and divide, giving rise to a new cell population that is formed by the growth and division of a single parental cell and its progeny. In other words, such cycle of growth and division allow a single cell to form a structure consisting of millions of cells. Rudolf Virchow- proposed the cell lineage theory. Cell lineage theory states “omnis cellula e cellula “i.e. cell arise from pre-existing cells. Rudolf Virchow failed to prove the theory. Starsburger -New nuclei arise by division of pre-existing nuclei .
- 3. Types of Cell division A. Amitosis or Direct division B. Mitosis or Indirect cell division C. Meiosis or Reduction cell division A. Amitosis Name Amitosis was given by remake and detail of amitosis is given by Flemming. It is most primitive type of the cell division. Chromosome are not visible during division. It is process of division without recognizable chromosome. Amitosis does not involve the formation of spindle. Division of nucleus is direct. In amitosis division may be equal and unequal. Amitosis is fastest cell division which may complete in 20 - 30 minute.
- 4. Division of cytoplasm and nucleus occur simultaneously by the constriction. Amitosis cell division of prokaryotes. But exceptionally also occurs in some eukaryotes. eg. Yeast- budding occurs by a mitosis. In Amoeba Multiple Fission occurs by amitosis . In Paramecium division of mega nucleus. In mammals growth of fetal membrane (amnion, chorion, allantois & yolksac). Division of Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- 5. B. Mitosis It is also known as equational cell division as the two daughter cells formed have the same number of chromosome as that of the parent cell. Term mitosis was given by Flemming. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells. eg.(skin cell, bone marrow cells ) Mitosis is completed in phases-Karyokinesis or nuclear division and Cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division. Karyokinesis-it comprises of 4 phases Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis- Cytokinesis involves division of cytoplasm and organelles. It take place in animal and plant cells.
- 6. C. Meiosis The term Meiosis was proposed by farmer and Moore. The specialized kind to cell division that reduced the chromosome number by half results in the production of haploid daughter cells. This kind of division is called meiosis. Meiosis ensures the production of applied phase in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms whereas fertilization restores the diploid phase. In Meiosis during gametogenesis in plant and animals, leads to the formation of haploid gametes. Gametes are formed specialized diploid cells. Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called meiosis I and meiosis II but only a single cycle of DNA replication.
- 7. References Genetics by PS Verma Jantu Vigyan- S.M. sexsena Jantu Vigyan- Dr.H.N. Baijal