The document discusses several advantages of CDMA technology, including frequency reuse, large coverage area, high spectrum capacity, privacy, soft handoff, good voice quality, and smooth migration to 3G. It also provides details on ZTE's involvement with CDMA technology development and key components of a CDMA network such as the BSC, BTS, MSC, VLR, and HLR.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
Basic Telecom concepts
Various Wireless Technologies
Cellular concepts & Principal of cellular Comm.
GSM Network Architecture
GSM channel Architecture
Call Flows in GSM
GSM Planning steps (Nominal Plan & RF surveys)
Alternative means of wireless communication
Walkie - Talkie
Pagers
Trunked private radios
Mobile Phone - the magic technology that enables everyone to communicate anywhere with anybody.
Till 1982 Cellular Systems were exclusively Analog Radio Technology.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
U.S. standard on the 800 MHz Band
Total Access Communication System (TACS)
U.K. standard on 900 MHz band
Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT)
Scandinavian standard on the 450 & 900 MHz band
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
Basic Telecom concepts
Various Wireless Technologies
Cellular concepts & Principal of cellular Comm.
GSM Network Architecture
GSM channel Architecture
Call Flows in GSM
GSM Planning steps (Nominal Plan & RF surveys)
Alternative means of wireless communication
Walkie - Talkie
Pagers
Trunked private radios
Mobile Phone - the magic technology that enables everyone to communicate anywhere with anybody.
Till 1982 Cellular Systems were exclusively Analog Radio Technology.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
U.S. standard on the 800 MHz Band
Total Access Communication System (TACS)
U.K. standard on 900 MHz band
Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT)
Scandinavian standard on the 450 & 900 MHz band
1: Direct sequence and frequency hopped spread spectrum, spreading sequence and their correlation functions, Acquisition and tracking of spread spectrum signals.
2: Error probability for DS-CDMA, on AWGN channels, DS-CDMA on frequency selective fading, channels, Performance analysis of cellular CDMA.
3: Capacity estimation, Power control, effect of imperfect power control on DS CDMA performance, Soft Handoffs.
4: Spreading /coding tradeoffs, multi-carrier CDMA, IS-95 CDMA system, third generation CDMA systems, multi-user detection.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
In CDMA , All user share the same radio channel.If one user take more power than it need, then other will be suffer and capacity will be decreased.
This presentation adresses how to tune The CDMA cellular radio network in order to tolarate interference.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...
Cdma presentation
1. ZTE Basic knowledge of CDMA MSC Based WLL (BSNL) Compiled by: M.Pandian, Divisional Engineer CDOT Installation, Salem-1 E-Mail: cdotpandian@rediffmail.com
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3. Advantages of CDMA Frequency reuse facto is 1; network design and expanding become much easier AMPS , D-AMPS , N-AMPS CDMA 30 30 10 kHz 200 kHz 1250 kHz 1 3 1 Users 8 Users 20 Users 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 5 6 1 7 Typical Frequency Reuse N=7 Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 Typical Frequency Reuse N=1 Vulnerability: C/I 17 dB Vulnerability: C/I 12-14 dB Vulnerability: E b /N o 6--7 dB GSM
4. Advantages of CDMA large coverage almost 2 times than GSM, save money for operator Example:cover 1000 km 2 ： GSM need 200 BTS ， CDMA only need 50 BTS Attention: exact result need “ Link Budget ”
5. Advantages of CDMA High spectrum capacity: 8--10 times than AMPS, 4—6 times than GSM FDMA---Different user use different frequency TACS 、 AMPS TDMA---Different user use different time slot of one frequency GSM 、 DAMPS CDMA---Different user use same frequency at the same time,but with different spreading code Frequency Time Power Frequency Time Power Frequency Time Power FDMA TDMA CDMA
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8. Advantages of CDMA Good voice quality, use 8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice coding—the best coding method in the world. Voice quality (MOS) 64k PCM 13k GSM 8k CDMA 13k CDMA 8kEVRC CDMA
9. Advantages of CDMA Perfect Power Control and voice activation make the MS Power low, healthy for humanbody—green mobile phone. Mean Power Max Power GSM: 125mW 2W CDMA: 2mW 200mW
17. Architecture of CDMA system Um E Abis A Q C B N N MS BT S B S C PSTN M S C M S C/SSP VLR HLR AUC MC D MC M MSS BSS Ai
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27. Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) OMC provides operation and maintenance services to the network operator, manages the registered subscriber information and conducts network planning to enhance the overall working efficiency and service quality of the system. Based on the main maintenance functions, there are two types of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S and OMC-R . The OMC-S is mainly responsible for maintenance of MSS while the OMC-R is mainly for BSS. We also call OMC as background . Architecture of CDMA system
44. CDMA MS Call Processing Power-Up Initialization Idle System Access Traffic Mobile station has fully acquired system timing Mobile station receives a Paging Channel message requiring ACK or response, originates a call, or performs registration Mobile station is directed to a Traffic Channel Mobile station ends use of the Traffic Channel Mobile station receives an ACK to an Access Channel transmission other than an Origination Message or a Page Response Message Mobile station is in idle handoff with NGHBR_CONFG equal to ‘011’ or is unable to receive Paging Channel Message
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Editor's Notes
A CDMA system includes four independent subsystems: mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) and mobile switching subsystem (MSS). OMM
BSS is a general term for wireless equipment and wireless channels control equipment serving one or several cells. Usually, BSS consists of one or more Base Station Controllers (BSC) and Base Transceiver Stations (BTS).
AS the central part of cdma system, MSC serves to control the mobile stations that are within its controlling sphere, and to perform the channel switching. It functions as the interface between the mobile system and the other public telecommunication means. MSC provides the network interfaces, the charging function and the function of processing the common channel signaling. It can process the No. 7 signaling between BSS and MSC, and realizes the auxiliary radio resource management and mobile management. In addition, for the sake of establishing the calling route to the mobile station, each MSC can function as a Gateway MSC (GMSC). If a network transfers a call to PLMN, but if it cannot query HLR, then the call will route to a MSC. This MSC will query related HLR, and rout the call to the MSC where the called subscriber is located. This kind of MSC is called a gateway MSC (GMSC). Which MSCs are to be chosen as GMSC depends on the network service carrier.
The VLR is a location register used by MSC for information index. It saves and updates data of mobile subscribers who roam to this VLR service area. VLR can be built together with the MSC or set separately, in the former case, interface B turns to be an internal interface.
The HLR is a location register used for registering identity of subscribers, including subscriber information (ESN, MDN, IMSI, MIN), service information, current location and valid term, etc. HLR can be built together with the MSC or set separately. In case of the former, interface C turns to be an internal interface.
Authentication center is a functional entity for the management of authentication information related to the mobile stations. It functions to authenticate mobile subscribers, save authentication parameters of mobile subscribers and generate and send corresponding authentication parameters in response to the request from MSC/VLR. AUC can be built together with HLR or set separately. In case of the former, interface H turns to be an internal interface.
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