The document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies through generations from 2G to 4G. It describes the key characteristics and speed capabilities of each generation. It also provides details on various wireless networking components and concepts such as channel access schemes, radio signals, BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, AuC, EIR and SMSC.

1. SAY HELLO TO THE FUTURE !
PTCL
REPORT
Wireless, Switching & Transmission
Muhammad Saim Nasir Siddiqui
Syed Sheraz Ghayoor

2. WIRELESS COMM. (WLL)
3G-Generations
Roughly every ten years new mobile phone technology and infrastructure involving a change in
the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology,
higher peak data rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz
becomes available. These transitions are referred to as generations. The first mobile data services
became available during the second generation (2G).
Second generation (2G) from 1991:
Speeds in kbit/s down and up
• GSM CSD 9.6 kbit/s
• CDPD up to 19.2 kbit/s
• GSM GPRS (2.5G) 56–115 kbit/s
• GSM EDGE (2.75G) up to 237 kbit/s
Third generation (3G) from 2001:
Speeds in Mbit/s down up
• UMTS W-CDMA 0.4 Mbit/s
• UMTS HSPA 14.4 5.8
• UMTS TDD 16 Mbit/s
• CDMA2000 1xRTT 0.3 0.15

3. • CDMA2000 EV-DO 2.5–4.9 0.15–1.8
• GSM EDGE-Evolution 1.6 0.5
Fourth generation (4G) from 2006:
Speeds in Mbit/s down up
• HSPA+ 21–672 5.8–168
• Mobile WiMAX (802.16) 37–365 17–376
• LTE 100–300 50–75
• LTE-Advanced:
• moving at higher speeds 100 Mbit/s
• not moving or moving at lower speeds up to 1000 Mbit/s
• MBWA (802.20) 80 Mbit/s
The download (to the user) and upload
radio signals:
Radio is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of
a frequency significantly below that ofvisible light, in the radio frequency range, from about
30 kHz to 300 GHz. These waves are called radio waves. Electromagnetic radiation travels by
means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space

4. CHANNEL ACCESS SCHEMES:
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio
communication technologies.
CDMA is an example of multiple access, which is where several transmitters can send
information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to
share a band of frequencies To permit this to be achieved without undue interference between the
users CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each
transmitter is assigned a code).
spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which a signal (e.g. an electrical, electromagnetic,
or acoustic signal) generated with a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency
domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth. These techniques are used for a variety of
reasons, including the establishment of secure communications, increasing resistance to
natural interference, noiseand jamming, to prevent detection, and to limit power flux density (e.g.
in satellite downlinks).
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
The frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) channel-access scheme is based on
the frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme, which provides different frequency bands
to different data-streams. In the FDMA case, the data streams are allocated to different nodes or
devices. An example of FDMA systems were the first-generation (1G) cell-phone systems,
where each phone call was assigned to a specific uplink frequency channel, and another
downlink frequency channel. Each message signal (each phone call) is modulated on a
specific carrier frequency.
A related technique is wavelength division multiple access (WDMA), based on wavelength-
division multiplexing (WDM), where different datastreams get different colors in fiber-optical
communications. In the WCDMA case, different network nodes in a bus och hub network get a
different color.
An advanced form of FDMA is the orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)
scheme, for example used in 4G cellular communication systems. In OFDMA, each node may
use several sub-carriers, making it possible to provide different quality of service (different data
rates) to different users. The assignment of sub-carriers to users may be changed dynamically,
based on the current radio channel conditions and traffic load.
it is a method of encoding a digital data on multiple carrier frequencies.

5. Time division multiple access (TDMA)
The time division multiple access (TDMA) channel access scheme is based on the time-division
multiplexing (TDM) scheme, which provides different time-slots to different data-streams (in the
TDMA case to different transmitters) in a cyclically repetitive frame structure. For example,
node 1 may use time slot 1, node 2 time slot 2, etc. until the last transmitter. Then it starts all
over again, in a repetitive pattern, until a connection is ended and that slot becomes free or
assigned to another node. An advanced form is Dynamic TDMA (DTDMA), where a scheduling
may give different timesometimes but some times node 1 may use time slot 1 in first frame and
use another time slot in next frame.
As an example, 2G cellular systems are based on a combination of TDMA and FDMA. Each
frequency channel is divided into eight timeslots, of which seven are used for seven phone calls,
and one for signalling data.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent
signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the
transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating
pattern

6. NETWORK CONNECTIVITY:
BTS(BASE TRANSRECIEVER STATION):
A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece of equipment that
facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices
like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless
internet connectivity, WiFiand WiMAX devices and others. The network can be that of any of
the wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA,Wireless local
loop, WAN, WiFi, WiMAX, etc.
the BTS Consists of
1)ANTENNAS:
there are three types of antennas:
 SECTOR ANTENNAS
 MICROWAVE DISH ANTENNAS
 GPS ANTENNAS

7. SECTOR ANTENNAS:
the sector antennas are used for MS(mobile system) RF signals coverage .there are three
atennas are mounted on the BTS TOWER . they are mounted at 120 degree apart
MICROWAVE DISH ANTENNAS:
The microwave dish antennas are used to transmit and recieve the RF signals through a medium.
this medium is also called LOS(LINE OF SIGHT) which need a K-FACTOR of approx 60%.
Engineers mount these dish antennas by calculating their environment , geographically suitable
and also the K FACTOR.
GPS ANTENNAS:
GPS(global positioning systemantennas) are used to synchronized the circuit switched
network at the same time by using via satellite
BOARD & MODULES:
BCIM (bts control interface module):
the BCIM connects the BTS & the BSC and supports:
 Transmission through E1,T1 and FE cables
 thevoice.
BCKM (bts control& clock module):
It controls and manages
 Main control
 operation and synchronization
 maintenance
CCPM (Compactbts channel process module):
The ccpm is CDMA 2000 service processing board. It process CDMA 2000 service data on the
forward and reverse channel.

8. CECM (Compactbts EV-DO channel process module):
The cECm is CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO service processing board. It process CDMA 2000 service
data on the forward and reverse channel.
HECM (heard ethernet control module):
The main function of HECM board is to seperate voice and data in packets.
CMTR (Compactbts Multicarrier transrecievermodule):
The CMTR implements the modulation/demodulation and up/doen conversion of base band
signal in the multicarrier mode.
CMPA (Compactbts Multicarrier poweramplifier):
The CMPA amplifes and modulated RF SIGNALS output by the CMTR and monitors the power
amplifier
PSU (Power supply unit):
the psu supplies power to the cabinet and monitors the power supply
Pulse-code modulation(PCM)
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It
is the standard form digital telephony and other digital audio applications. In a PCM stream,
the amplitude of the analog signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, and each sample
is quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps.
PCM streams have two basic properties that determine their fidelity to the original analog signal:
the sampling rate, the number of times per second that samples are taken; and the bit depth,
which determines the number of possible digital values that each sample can take.
there are three stages in PCM to convert the analgue signals to digital.
 Sampling
 Leveling
 Quantization
SAMPLING:

9. first we make samples of given analogue signal by using different techniques and
circuitory
Leveling
we level all the samples made in an analogue signals.
Quantization:
the analogue signal is now converted into a digital signal
BASE STATION CONTROLLER:
The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs.
Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles
allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and controls
handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC handover in which case control
is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC). A key function of the BSC is to act as
a concentrator where many different low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low
utilisation) become reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching
center (MSC) (with a high level of utilisation). Overall, this means that networks are often
structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected
to large centralised MSC sites.

10. The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio channel setup,
frequency hopping, and handovers. The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC.
The BSC also translates the 13 Kbps voice channel used over the radio link to the standard 64
Kbps channel used by the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSDN) or ISDN.
It assigns and releases frequencies and time slots for the MS. The BSC also handles intercell
handover. It controls the power transmission of the BSS and MS in its area. The function of the
BSC is to allocate the necessary time slots between the BTS and the MSC. It is a switching
device that handles the radio resources. Additional functions include:
 Control of frequency hopping
 Performing traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from the MSC
 Providing an interface to the Operations and Maintenance Center for the BSS
 Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs
 Time and frequency synchronization
 Power management
 Time-delay measurements of received signals from the MS
Mobile switching center (MSC)
Description
The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for GSM/CDMA,
responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls,
FAX and circuit switched data).
The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over
requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account
monitoring.
In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and data
information is sent directly digitally encoded to the MSC. Only at the MSC is this re-coded into
an "analogue" signal (although actually this will almost certainly mean sound encoded digitally
as PCM signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot
The Gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber
who is being called is currently located at. It also interfaces with the PSTN. All mobile to mobile
calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a G-MSC. The term is only valid in the
context of one call since any MSC may provide both the gateway function and the Visited MSC

11. function, however, some manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which do not have
any BSSs connected to them. These MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for many of the calls
they handle.
The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is currently located.
The VLR associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it.
The anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been initiated. The target MSC is the
MSC toward which a Handover should take place. A mobile switching centre server is a part of
the redesigned MSC concept starting from 3GPP Release 4.
Other GSM core network elements connected to the MSC
The MSC connects to the following elements:
 The home location register (HLR) for obtaining data about the SIM and mobile servicesISDN number
(MSISDN; i.e., the telephone number).
 The base station subsystem (BSS) which handles the radio communication with 2G and 2.5G mobile
phones.
 The UMTS terrestrial radio accessnetwork (UTRAN) which handles the radio communication
with 3G mobile phones.
 The visitor location register (VLR) for determining where other mobile subscribers are located.
Visitor location register (VLR)
Description
The visitor location is a database of the subscribers who have roamed into the jurisdiction of the MSC (Mobile
Switching Center) which it serves. Each main base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR, hence
a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.
The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the MS (Mobile station).
In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly to the V-MSC and, where this is
not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the MSC via a proprietary interface. Whenever an MSC detects a
new MS in its network, in addition to creating a new record in the VLR, it also updates the HLR of the mobile
subscriber, apprising it of the new location of that MS. If VLR data is corrupted it can lead to serious issues with
text messaging and call services.
Home location register (HLR)
The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber
that is authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public
land mobile network (PLMN), though one international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be
associated with only one logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time.

12. The HLRs store details of every SIM card issued by the mobile phone operator. Each SIM has a unique
identifier called an IMSI which is the primary key to each HLR record.
Another important item of data associated with the SIM are the MSISDNs, which are the telephone
numbers used by mobile phones to make and receive calls. The primary MSISDN is the number used for
making and receiving voice calls and SMS, but it is possible for a SIM to have other secondary MSISDNs
associated with it for fax and data calls. Each MSISDN is also a primary key to the HLR record. The HLR data
is stored for as long as a subscriber remains with the mobile phone operator.
Authentication centre (AuC)
Description
The authentication centre (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the
GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is
allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is
subsequently used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and
the GSM core network.
If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination of SIM card and mobile
phone operator attempted. There is an additional form of identification check performed on the serial number of
the mobile phone described in the EIR section below, but this is not relevant to the AuC processing.
Equipment identity register (EIR)
The equipment identity register is often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones
(identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network or monitored. This is designed to allow
tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all data about all stolen mobile phones should be distributed to all
EIRs in the world through a Central EIR.
Billing centre (BC)
The billing centre is responsible for processing the toll tickets generated by the VLRs and HLRs and
generating a bill for each subscriber. It is also responsible for generating billing data of roaming subscriber.
Short message service centre (SMSC)
The short message service centre supports the sending and reception of text messages.
Multimedia messaging service centre (MMSC)
The multimedia messaging service centre supports the sending of multimedia messages (e.g.,
images, audio, video and their combinations) to (or from) MMS-enabled Handsets.
Voicemail system (VMS)
The voicemail system records and stores voicemails.

13. SWITCHING:
SOME IMPORTANT DEVICES WHICH ARE SWITCHED THROUGH MSAN
AND MSAG are as follows
Public switched telephone network (PSTN)
is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks. It consists of telephone
lines, cables, microwave links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea
telephone cables, all interconnected by switching centers, thus allowing any telephone in the
world to communicate with any other. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone
systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core and includes mobile as well
as fixed telephones.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data,
and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network
The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features
that were not available in the classic telephone system. There are several kinds of access
interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Prima ry Rate
Interface (PRI), Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN).
Basic Rate Interface (BRI, 2B+D, 2B1D)
is an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) configuration intended primarily for use
in subscriber lines similar to those that have long been used for plain old telephone service. The
BRI configuration provides 2 bearer channels (B channels) at 64 kbit/s each and 1 data channel
(D channel) at 16 kbit/s. The B channels are used for voice or user data, and the D channel is
used for any combination of data, control/signalling . The 2 B channels can be aggregated
by channel bonding providing a total data rate of 128 kbit/s. The BRI ISDN service is commonly
installed for residential or small business service (ISDN PABX) in many countries.

14. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
is a standardized telecommunications service level within the Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) specification for carrying multipleDS0 voice and data transmissions between a
network and a user.
PRI is the standard for providing telecommunication services to offices. It is based on the T-
carrier (T1) line in the US and Canada, and the E-carrier (E1) line in Europe. The T1 line
consists of 24 channels, while an E1 has 32.
PRI and BRI
The (ISDN) prescribes two levels of service, the BRI, intended for the homes and small
enterprises, and the Primary Rate Interface for large organisations with 30bearer channels and
2xD D CHANNEL (delta channel)) (23 64-kbit/s digital channels + 1 64-kbit/s signaling/control
channel) on a T1 (1.544 Mbit (PRI)), for larger applications. Both rates include a number of B-
channels and a D-channel. Each B-channel carries data, voice, and other services. The D-channel
carries control and signalling information. The Basic Rate Interface consists of two 64-kbit/s B-
channels and one 16-kbit/s D-channel.
The Primary Rate Interface (PRI) consists of 23 64-kbit/s B-channels and one 64-kbit/s D-
channel using a T1 line, often referred to as "23B + D", (North American and Japanese standard)
or 30 B-channels and two D-channels using an E1 line (Europe/rest of world), often referred to
as "30B + 2D". A T1 Primary Rate Interface user would have access to a 1.472-Mbit/s data
service. An E1 Primary Rate Interface user would have access to a 1.920 Mbit/s data service
Larger connections are possible using PRI pairing. A dual PRI could have 24+23= 47 B-channels
and 1 D-channel (often called "47B + D"), but more commonly has 46 B-channels and 2 D-
channels thus providing a backup signaling channel. The concept applies to E1s as well and both
can include more than 2 PRIs. Normally, no more than 2 D-channels are provisioned as
additional PRIs are added to the group.
Application
The Primary Rate Interface channels are typically used by medium to large enterprises
with digital PBXs to provide them digital access to the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN). The 23 (or 30) B-channels can be used flexibly and reassigned when
necessary to meet special needs such as video conferences. The Primary Rate user is
hooked up directly to the telephone company central office..
D channel (delta channel)

15. is a telecommunications term which refers to the ISDN channel in which the control
and signalling information is carried.
The bit rate of the D channel of a basic rate interface is 16 kbit/s, whereas it amounts to 64 kbit/s
on a primary rate interface.
B channel (bearer)
is a telecommunications term which refers to the ISDN channel in which the
primary data or voice communication is carried. It has a bit rate of 64 kbit/s in full.
Plain old telephone service (POTS)
is the voice-grade telephone service that is based on analog signal transmission that was common
before the advent of advanced forms of telephony such as Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN), cellular telephone systems, and voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). It remains the basic
form of residential and small business service connection to the telephone network in many parts
of the world. The term reflects the technology that has been available since the introduction of
the public telephone system in the late 19th century, in a form mostly unchanged despite the
introduction of Touch-Tone dialing, electronic telephone exchanges and fiber-optic
communication into the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
A passive optical network (PON)
is a point-to-multipoint, fiber to the premises network architecture in which unpowered optical
splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve multiple premises, typically 16-128. A
PON consists of an optical line terminal (OLT) at the service provider's central office and a
number of optical network units (ONUs) near end users. A PON reduces the amount of fiber and
central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architectures. A passive optical
network is a form of fiber-optic access network.
Downstream signals are broadcast to all premises sharing multiple fibers. Encryption can prevent
eavesdropping.
Upstream signals are combined using a multiple access protocol, usually time division multiple
access (TDMA). The OLTs "range" the ONUs in order to provide time slot assignments for
upstream communication.

16. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME(MDF)
The Main Distribution Frame located at a central office terminates the cables leading to
subscribers on the one side (line side), and cables leading to active equipment (such as
DSLAMs and telephone switches) on the other (exchange side). Service is provided to a
subscriber by manually wiring a twisted pair (called a jumper wire) between the
subscriber line and the relevant DSL or POTS line circuit. It consists of MDF Frame,
Cable Terminal Blocks, Protector Modules, Central Ground Wire, Column Alarm Unit
(CAU), Sliding Type Stepladder and Insertion Tools.
Digital subscriber line (DSL)
originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of technologies that provide Internet access by
transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network. In telecommunications
marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean asymmetric digital subscriber line
(ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology. DSL service is delivered simultaneously
with wired telephone service on the same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses
higher frequency bands for data. On the customer premises, a DSL filter on each non-DSL outlet
blocks any high frequency interference, to enable simultaneous use of the voice and DSL
services.
The bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to 40 Mbit/s in the
direction to the customer
A digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM,
It connects multiple customer digital subscriber line (DSL) interfaces to a high-speed digital
communications channel using multiplexing techniques.
ROLE
The DSLAM equipment collects the data from its many modem ports and aggregates their voice
and data traffic into one complex composite "signal" via multiplexing. Depending on its device
architecture and setup, a DSLAM aggregates the DSL lines over its Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM), frame relay, and/or Internet Protocol network (i.e., an IP-DSLAM using PTM-TC
[Packet Transfer Mode - Transmission Convergence]) protocol(s) stack.

17. The aggregated traffic is then directed to a telco's backbone switch, via an access network (AN)
also called a Network Service Provider (NSP) at up to 10 Gbit/s data rates.
BRAS (Broadband Remote Access Server)
A broadband remote access server (BRAS, B-RAS or BBRAS) routes traffic to and from
broadband remote access devices such as digital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAM)
on an Internet service provider's (ISP) network. BRAS can also be referred to as a Broadband
Network Gateway (BNG).
PROCESS
A DSLAM collects data traffic from multiple subscribers into a centralized point so that it can be
transported to a switch or router over a Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet connection.
The router provides the logical network termination. Common link access methods include PPP
over Ethernet (PPPoE), PPP over ATM (PPPoA) encapsulated sessions, bridged ethernet over
ATM or Frame Relay (RFC 1483/RFC 1490), or just plain ethernet. In the case of ATM or
Frame Relay based access, individual subscribers are identified by Virtual Circuit IDs.
Subscribers connected over ethernet-based remote access devices are usually identified by
VLAN IDs or MPLS tags. By acting as the network termination point, the BRAS is responsible
for assigning network parameters such as IP addresses to the clients. The BRAS is also the first
IP hop from the client to the Internet.
The BRAS is also the interface to authentication, authorization and accounting systems
Internet service provider (ISP)
also called Internet access provider) is a business or organization that offers users access to the
Internet and related services. Many but not all ISPs are telephone companies or other
telecommunication providers. They provide services such as Internet access, Internet transit,
domain name registration and hosting, dial-up access, leased line access and collocation. Internet
service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned,
non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
is a type of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data communications technology that
enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband
modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone
call.
SPLITTER OR DSL FILTER
allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the

18. same time. ADSL can generally only be distributed over short distances from the telephone
exchange (the last mile), typically less than 4 kilometres (2 mi) but has been known to exceed 8
kilometres (5 mi) if the originally laid wire gauge allows for further distribution.
Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL)
is a digital subscriber line (DSL) technology providing data transmission faster than ADSL over
a single flat untwisted or twisted pair of copper wires (up to 52 Mbit/s downstream and 16 Mbit/s
upstream) and on coaxial cable (up to 85 Mbit/s down- and upstream);[3] using the frequency
band from 25 kHz to 12 MHz.[4] These rates mean that VDSL is capable of supporting
applications such as high-definition television, as well as telephone services (voice over IP) and
general Internet access, over a single connection. VDSL is deployed over existing wiring used
for analog telephone service and lower-speed DSL connections. This standard was approved by
ITU in November 2001.
Second-generation systems (VDSL2; ITU-T G.993.2 approved in February 2006) use
frequencies of up to 30 MHz to provide data rates exceeding 100 Mbit/s simultaneously in both
the upstream and downstream directions. The maximum available bit rate is achieved at a range
of about 300 meters; performance degrades as the loop attenuation increases.
VDSL standards[edit]
A Multi-service access Node (MSAN)
also known as a Multi-service access gateway (MSAG) is a device typically installed in a
telephone exchange (although sometimes in a roadside serving area interface cabinet) which
connects customers' telephone lines to the core network, to provide telephone, ISDN, and
broadband such as DSL all from a single platform.
Prior to the deployment of MSANs, telecom providers typically had a multitude of separate
equipment including DSLAMs to provide the various types of services to customers. Integrating
all services on a single node, which typically backhauls all data streams over IP or Asynchronous
Transfer Mode can be more cost effective and may provide new services to customers quicker
than previously possible.
A typical outdoor MSAN cabinet consists of narrowBand (POTS), broadBand (xDSL) services,
batteries with rectifiers, optical transmission unit and copper distribution frame.

19. NETWORK CONNECTIVITY THROUGH PON:

20. PTCL USES MSAN NGN C5 SWITCH
MODEL NO. HONET UA5000
the income of the broadband service and the private line service is a key revenue
source for carriers and the income is increasing. The UA5000 supports ADSL2+ and VDSL2,
implementing the 100 Mbit/s access rate to the desktop; supports the binding of four-pair EFM
G.SHDSL ports, implementing the high-speed private line service of the enterprise; supports
GE and FE access, implementing the access services for enterprise and community users;
supports the IGMP V2/V3, implementing the smooth access of the IPTV, HDTV, and video
conference;
The UA5000 supports the following advanced broadband access technologies to ensure the profit
of the carriers:
l VDSL2
l ADSL/ADSL2+
l G.SHDSL.BIS
l ATM G.SHDSL
l GE
l FE
l IGMP V2/V3
l Ethernet CFM OAM
the UA5000 MSAN contains two shelves which are called HABA0 & HABA1
each shelve contain 36slots means 36 cards
BOARDS:
BROADBAND & NARROW BAND COMBO BOARDS:

21. NARROWBAND BOARDS:

22. SDH Ring Network
The UA5000 provides the solution to the TDM voice service, implementing the E1 service
transmission between the optical line terminal (OLT) and the optical network unit (ONU)
through the inventory SDH device on the existing network
NETWORKDESCRIPTION:
the UA5000 is connected to the switch through the V5 interface, forming a simple
level-2 networking topology. The UA5000 directly provides the E1 port on the PVM board and
supports the V5 protocol to transmit the narrowband service. The narrowband service is
transmitted to the PSTN switch through the SDH device to implement the call connection. The
SDH self-healing ring network connected between the network devices of the two levels can
provide the flexible communication with high reliability.
The application scenarios of the level-1 networking are as follows:
 The region where the SDH network resources are available and still can be used.
 The region where the E1 ports on the switch are sufficient.

23. TRANSMISSION:
DXX (Digital Cross Connect):
 Bandwidth Manager.
 DXX node can be described as a digital MUX equipped with several Trunks
and Access interfaces.
 Often referred to as a flexible multiplexer or “Flex Mux", reflecting the
flexible implementation of different interface connections.
DXX SYSTEM:
The DXX can cross-connect any E1 line in the system with any other E1 line in the system
Provides cross connections from timeslot level to bit level

24.  Enables the provision of lower/sub rate traffic as compared to other media e.g., from
Digital Exchanges we can provide only Analog voice,
 BRI (2B+D) i.e 128Kbps and PRI (30B+D).
 Can provide a variety of data and speech bands sub and Super-rate multiplexing up to
2Mb/s
 Supports all modern technologies e.g, ATM, FR & ISDN.
Data Transmission Medias:
 Dial Up.
 ISDN
 Local Area Net Work (LAN / WAN)
 Digital Cross Connect (DXX).
 Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL).
 Optical Fiber Access Network (OFAN).
KEY FEATURES:
Super rate :
-Multiplexing of = > 64 K bits / Sec.
Sub-rate :
-Multiplexing of < 64 K bits / Sec.
DXX APPLICATIONS:
 Data applications
 Voice applications

25. Data Applications:
 Leased line data ciruits
 LAN-LAN interconnection
 Point to Point data
 Point to Multipoint data
 Paging Systems
LEASED LINE DATA NODE:
The customer owns or leases the Equipment and subscribes to
various Services.
LAN-
LAN INTERCONNECTION:

26. POINT TO POINT DATA:
Customer owns or leases the Equipment at all end points. Arranges for the WAN connections
from a service provider.
POINT TO MULTIPOINT DATA:
Multimedia i.e Video Conference or to Broad casting centre. Banking (ATM), Paging System
etc. Common Interface speeds for compression 384 Kbps and 768 Kbps.
ADVANTAGES OF DXX:
 Efficient utilization of existing transmission bandwidth/infrastructure.
 Compatible with new emerging standards and future technologies.
Video conferencing, integrated voice, data management, ISDN, ATM, Frame Relay and
SDH back bone network on same platform.

27.  During a major fault, traffic can be re-routed automatically, so that existing traffic is un-
affected
 The operator can also assign various service categories to the customers so that the
operator's most valuable business is always protected
 Both of the systems Newbridge & Tellabs have compatibility for frame relay and ATM
technology, which is expected to come to Pakistan in near future
DXX Systems in Pakistan:
Vendor Nodes System Software
Tellabs/martiss Dxx 129 Windows NT based
NewBridge 131 Solaries O.S
LOOP Telecom. 421 Windows Based 2000 system
CARDS USED IN DXX SYSTEM:
 Media / Back Bone Cards. System,
 Control and Cross Connection cards.
 Line Driving / Access or Subscriber Cards

28. OFC-1
OPTIC FIBER COMMUNICATIONS:
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded
glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or
“light pipe” to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical
fibers is known as fiber optics
USES:
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over
longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication.
Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are
also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are
wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined
spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications,
including sensors and fibber
OPTIC FIBER COMMUNICATION:
 Optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and computer
networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especially
advantageous for long-distance communications, because light propagates through the
fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. This allows long distances to be
spanned with few repeaters.
 The per-channel light signals propagating in the fiber have been modulated at rates as
high as 111 gigabits per second (GBPS) by NTT, although 10 or 40 Gbit/s is typical in
deployed systems
 Each fiber can carry many independent channels, each using a different wavelength of
light (wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
 For short distance application, such as a network in an office building, fiber-optic cabling
can save space in cable ducts. This is because a single fiber can carry much more data
than electrical cables such as standard category 5 Ethernet cabling, which typically runs
at 100 Mbit/s or 1 Gbit/s speeds.
 Fiber is also immune to electrical interference; there is no cross-talk between signals in
different cables, and no pickup of environmental noise. Non-armored fiber cables do not
conduct electricity, which makes fiber a good solution for protecting communications

29. equipment in high voltage environments, such as power generation facilities, or metal
communication structures prone to LIGHTNING SIGHTS.
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE:
 In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a tough resin buffer layer, which
may be further surrounded by a jacket layer, usually glass.
 These layers add strength to the fiber but do not contribute to its optical wave guide
properties. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass between
the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another.
 This reduces cross-talk between the fibers, or reduces flare in fiber bundle imaging
applications
 Fiber cable can be very flexible, but traditional fiber's loss increases greatly if the fiber is
bent with a radius smaller than around 30 mm.
TERMINATION & SPLICING:
 Optical fibers are connected to terminal equipment by optical fiber connectors. These
connectors are usually of a standard type such as FC,SC, ST, LC, MTRJ, or SMA, which
is designated for higher power transmission
ARC-FUSION METHOD
Optical fibers may be connected to each other by connectors or by splicing, that is, joining two
fibers together to form a continuous optical waveguide. The generally accepted splicing method
is arc fusion splicing, which melts the fiber ends together with an electric arc. For quicker
fastening jobs, a “mechanical splice” is used.
Fusion splicing is done with a specialized instrument that typically operates as follows: The two
cable ends are fastened inside a splice enclosure that will protect the splices, and the fiber ends
are stripped of their protective polymer coating (as well as the more sturdy outer jacket, if
present). The ends are cleaved (cut) with a precision cleaver to make them perpendicular, and are
placed into special holders in the splicer. The splice is usually inspected via a magnified viewing
screen to check the cleaves before and after the splice. The splicer uses small motors to align the
end faces together, and emits a small spark between electrodes at the gap to burn off dust and
moisture. Then the splicer generates a larger spark that raises the temperature above the melting
point of the glass, fusing the ends together permanently. The location and energy of the spark is
carefully controlled so that the molten core and cladding do not mix, and this minimizes optical

30. loss. A splice loss estimate is measured by the splicer, by directing light through the cladding on
one side and measuring the light leaking from the cladding on the other side. A splice loss under
0.1 dB is typical. The complexity of this process makes fiber splicing much more difficult than
splicing copper wire.
Advantages of Optical Fiber over Conventional Copper System
The advantages of optical fiber communication with respect to copper wire systems are:-
1. Broad Bandwidth
Broadband communication is very much possible over fiber optics which means that audio
signal, video signal, microwave signal, text and data from computers can be modulated over light
carrier wave and demodulated by optical receiver at the other end. It is possible to transmit
around 3,000,000 full-duplex voice or 90,000 TV channels over one optical fiber.
2. Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference
Optical fiber cables carry the information over light waves which travel in the fibers due to the
properties of the fiber materials, similar to the light traveling in free space. The light waves (one
form of electromagnetic radiation) are unaffected by other electromagnetic radiation nearby. The
optical fiber is electrically non-conductive, so it does not act as an antenna to pick up
electromagnetic signals which may be present nearby. So the information traveling inside the
optical fiber cables is immune to electromagnetic interference e.g. radio transmitters, power
cables adjacent to the fiber cables, or even electromagnetic pulses generated by nuclear devices.
3. Low attenuation loss over long distances
There are various optical windows in the optical fiber cable at which the attenuation loss is found
to be comparatively low and so transmitter and receiver devices are developed and used in these
low attenuation region. Due to low attenuation of 0.2dB/km in optical fiber cables, it is possible
to achieve long distance communication efficiently over information capacity rate of 1 Tbit/s.
4 Electrical Insulator
Optical fibers are made and drawn from silica glass which is nonconductor of electricity and so
there are no ground loops and leakage of any type of current. Optical fibers are thus laid down
along with high voltage cables on the electricity poles due to its electrical insulator behavior.