International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document provides information about electrical theory, AC and DC power generation and distribution, AC waveforms, RMS values, and three-phase power systems. It explains that three-phase power systems are more efficient and economical than single-phase systems as they allow for smaller conductor sizes while delivering the same power and provide constant power delivery to motors. It also describes the Y and Delta connections in three-phase systems and how the voltage and current values differ between the two configurations.
This document provides an overview of electrostatics and electric current concepts. It defines electrostatics as electricity from the Greek word for amber, where static electricity is generated by rubbing materials together. The key concepts covered include:
- Coulomb's law which describes the force between electric charges.
- The properties of electric fields and field intensity.
- How capacitors store electric charge and the differences between capacitors connected in parallel versus series.
- Definitions of electric current, resistance, voltage, and potential drop in circuits.
This document discusses delta-star and star-delta transformations of electrical networks. It provides derivations of the transformation formulas and explains that a delta network can be converted to an equivalent star network, and vice versa, using the formulas. It also discusses advantages like reduced starting current and disadvantages like reduced starting torque of star-delta connections. Additionally, it explains the relationships between line and phase voltages in star and delta networks.
Three phase inverter - 180 and 120 Degree Mode of ConductionMalarselvamV
The document describes the operation of a 3-phase inverter that generates 3-phase AC voltage from a DC source using switches in both 180 degree and 120 degree conduction modes. In the 180 degree mode, each switch is closed for 180 degrees before the next switch closes. In the 120 degree mode, each switch is closed for 120 degrees. Tables show the switch states and resulting phase and line voltages for each 60 degree period. While the output waveforms are not pure sine waves, they approximate the desired 3-phase voltages. The inverter circuit provides a simple example for understanding 3-phase inverter operation.
The document summarizes the design of a buck converter circuit using an LM2596 IC. It includes the circuit diagram and descriptions of the key components: a variable resistor for adjustable output voltage, a high frequency diode for the switch return path, input and output capacitors to smooth the voltage, and an inductor to filter the output. It also explains the IC's two operation modes - continuous mode for large loads and discontinuous mode for smaller loads/inductors. Finally, it outlines the under voltage lockout feature to keep the IC off until the input voltage reaches 1.6V.
Ekeeda Provides Online Electronics Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-Engineering
The document discusses three-phase circuits and their analysis. It covers balanced and unbalanced three-phase configurations, power in balanced systems, and analyzing unbalanced systems using PSpice. The objectives are to understand different three-phase connections, distinguish balanced and unbalanced circuits, calculate power in balanced systems, analyze unbalanced systems, and apply the concepts to measurement and residential wiring. Key points covered include wye-wye, wye-delta, delta-delta, and delta-wye connections for both sources and loads.
Three phase supply systems consist of three sinusoidal voltage waveforms with 120° phase differences between each phase. These voltages can be supplied via a 3-wire or 4-wire system, forming the basis for vector group configurations in three phase transformers. Common vector groups include Delta-Star (DYN11), where the primary is Delta and secondary is Star/Wye, and the number indicates the phase difference between primary and secondary voltages. Different phase differences are produced by varying the start/finish connections of the windings. More complex configurations like Zig-Zag are required to produce a zero phase shift between primary and secondary.
The document provides information about electrical theory, AC and DC power generation and distribution, AC waveforms, RMS values, and three-phase power systems. It explains that three-phase power systems are more efficient and economical than single-phase systems as they allow for smaller conductor sizes while delivering the same power and provide constant power delivery to motors. It also describes the Y and Delta connections in three-phase systems and how the voltage and current values differ between the two configurations.
This document provides an overview of electrostatics and electric current concepts. It defines electrostatics as electricity from the Greek word for amber, where static electricity is generated by rubbing materials together. The key concepts covered include:
- Coulomb's law which describes the force between electric charges.
- The properties of electric fields and field intensity.
- How capacitors store electric charge and the differences between capacitors connected in parallel versus series.
- Definitions of electric current, resistance, voltage, and potential drop in circuits.
This document discusses delta-star and star-delta transformations of electrical networks. It provides derivations of the transformation formulas and explains that a delta network can be converted to an equivalent star network, and vice versa, using the formulas. It also discusses advantages like reduced starting current and disadvantages like reduced starting torque of star-delta connections. Additionally, it explains the relationships between line and phase voltages in star and delta networks.
Three phase inverter - 180 and 120 Degree Mode of ConductionMalarselvamV
The document describes the operation of a 3-phase inverter that generates 3-phase AC voltage from a DC source using switches in both 180 degree and 120 degree conduction modes. In the 180 degree mode, each switch is closed for 180 degrees before the next switch closes. In the 120 degree mode, each switch is closed for 120 degrees. Tables show the switch states and resulting phase and line voltages for each 60 degree period. While the output waveforms are not pure sine waves, they approximate the desired 3-phase voltages. The inverter circuit provides a simple example for understanding 3-phase inverter operation.
The document summarizes the design of a buck converter circuit using an LM2596 IC. It includes the circuit diagram and descriptions of the key components: a variable resistor for adjustable output voltage, a high frequency diode for the switch return path, input and output capacitors to smooth the voltage, and an inductor to filter the output. It also explains the IC's two operation modes - continuous mode for large loads and discontinuous mode for smaller loads/inductors. Finally, it outlines the under voltage lockout feature to keep the IC off until the input voltage reaches 1.6V.
Ekeeda Provides Online Electronics Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-Engineering
The document discusses three-phase circuits and their analysis. It covers balanced and unbalanced three-phase configurations, power in balanced systems, and analyzing unbalanced systems using PSpice. The objectives are to understand different three-phase connections, distinguish balanced and unbalanced circuits, calculate power in balanced systems, analyze unbalanced systems, and apply the concepts to measurement and residential wiring. Key points covered include wye-wye, wye-delta, delta-delta, and delta-wye connections for both sources and loads.
Three phase supply systems consist of three sinusoidal voltage waveforms with 120° phase differences between each phase. These voltages can be supplied via a 3-wire or 4-wire system, forming the basis for vector group configurations in three phase transformers. Common vector groups include Delta-Star (DYN11), where the primary is Delta and secondary is Star/Wye, and the number indicates the phase difference between primary and secondary voltages. Different phase differences are produced by varying the start/finish connections of the windings. More complex configurations like Zig-Zag are required to produce a zero phase shift between primary and secondary.
This document discusses sinusoidal waves and AC voltages. It defines key characteristics of sine waves like period, frequency, amplitude, and phase angle. It explains that period is the time for one full cycle and frequency is the number of cycles per second. Amplitude refers to the maximum voltage swing and is usually expressed as peak or RMS values. Phase angle represents the shift between two signals with the same frequency, with lagging signals reaching zero later than the reference.
Vector groups define the phase relationship between primary and secondary windings in transformers. There are 24 possible vector groups depending on whether the windings are star or delta connected. The vector group of transformers must be carefully selected to avoid circulating currents when transformers are connected in parallel, and to ensure the overall phase shift in a power system is zero at the distribution level. Vector groups are also chosen to allow proper grounding of generation, transmission and distribution networks.
The document discusses three-phase circuits and provides information on:
- The advantages of three-phase supply systems such as higher efficiency of power transfer and smoother load characteristics.
- Key concepts like phase sequence, balanced/unbalanced supply and load, and the relationships between line and phase voltages and currents.
- How to calculate power in a balanced three-phase system and use two wattmeters to measure total power and power factor.
Three-phase systems have multiple voltages or currents that are displaced in time by 120 degrees. They provide advantages over single-phase systems like higher power capacity, self-starting motors, and more constant power output.
A 3-phase generator produces 3 voltages displaced by 120 degrees through its winding configuration. The voltages can be connected in either a star or delta configuration. In a star connection, the winding ends meet at a central neutral point. In a delta connection, the windings are connected in a closed loop.
Power in a 3-phase circuit can be measured using either 3 wattmeters connected to each phase, or 2 wattmeters connected across different phase combinations to calculate total power.
Simulink Analysis of Vector groups of Transformers installed at 132kV Grid St...sunny katyara
This document discusses the simulation of vector groups of transformers installed at a 132kV grid station in Hyderabad, Pakistan using MATLAB Simulink. It analyzes the effects of changing the vector groups of the installed transformers. The station contains four transformers connected in parallel to meet load demand. All transformers currently have a vector group of Dyn11. The document builds a Simulink model to simulate the station and analyze different scenarios of changing the vector groups.
Three-phase circuits use three conductors with voltages displaced 120 degrees from each other to transmit power. Balanced three-phase systems have equal voltages of the same frequency and magnitude but displaced in phase by 120 degrees. Common connections for three-phase systems include wye (Y) and delta (Δ). Power calculations can be performed for balanced and unbalanced Y-Y, Y-Δ, and Δ-Y connections. Transformations between Y and Δ configurations are also described.
This presentation was presented to Dr. Chongru Liu in North China Electric Power University,Beijing,China by Mr. Aazim Rasool. This presentation will help to understand the control of HVDC system. Animations are not working like ppt. so I apologize on this.
The document summarizes key aspects of transmission line design and components. It discusses the methodology for designing transmission lines, including gathering design data, selecting reliability levels, and calculating loads. It also covers the selection and design of various transmission line components such as conductors, insulators, towers, and grounding systems. Design considerations include voltage levels, safety clearances, mechanical requirements, and optimization of costs.
This document discusses ammeters and voltmeters and how they are used in electric circuits. It explains that ammeters must be connected in series to measure current, while voltmeters are connected in parallel to measure potential difference. Examples are given of correctly and incorrectly connecting these instruments in series and parallel circuits. Key points are that in series circuits, current is the same but potential difference varies, while in parallel circuits the potential difference is the same but current can vary. Practice problems are provided to help understand how to use ammeters and voltmeters to solve circuit problems.
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
Elements of electrical engineering dc circuitsHardik Lathiya
This document provides an overview of elements of electrical engineering, including DC circuits. It discusses common circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It describes their properties and symbols used to represent them in schematics. The document also covers resistor networks and how to calculate equivalent resistances for resistors in series and parallel. Kirchhoff's laws and techniques for solving resistor networks like star-delta transformations are presented. Examples of calculating equivalent resistances and currents in circuits are provided.
This document discusses star-delta (wye-delta) transformations of electrical circuits. It begins by introducing star and delta networks, then defines star-delta transformation as a method to simplify complex 3-phase resistive circuits. Six equations are presented to convert between star and delta configurations by relating resistances between nodes. An example calculation is shown to find the delta resistances RA, RB, and RC given the star resistances R1=80Ω, R2=120Ω, and R3=40Ω.
This document discusses techniques for measuring high resistance and inductance. It describes difficulties in measuring high resistance due to very small currents and leakage currents. It introduces guard circuits to eliminate errors from leakage currents. It also covers various bridges used to measure inductance through comparison, including Maxwell, capacitance comparison, and Anderson bridges. The balance equations for these bridges relate the product and sum of phase angles in the opposite arms.
Interleaved High Step-Down Synchronous Convertertheijes
For low output voltage, high output current systems applications, Synchronous switching power converters give better performance than non synchronous converters. This paper presents an interleaved synchronous buck converter which has low switch voltage stress with high conversion ratio. The input current can be shared among the inductors so that high reliability and efficiency can be obtained and ripples also reduced, the converter performance can be improved. Thus converter features automatic uniform current sharing characteristic of the interleaved phases without adding extra circuitry or complex control methods. Capacitors switching circuits are combined with interleaved four-phase buck converter for getting a high step-down conversion ratio without adopting an extreme short duty ratio. Synchronous rectifier technology is adopted to increase the converter efficiency. A 30V input voltage, 1.8V output voltage, circuit is simulated to verify the performance. The simulation is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK R2012a.
Electrical elements are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electrical components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, used in the analysis of electrical networks. All electrical networks can be analyzed as multiple electrical elements interconnected by wires.
Three phase power distribution has advantages over single phase power distribution. It requires less copper, allows for smaller and self-starting motors, and has more uniform power transfer. There are three main methods to measure power in a three phase system: single wattmeter, three wattmeter, and two wattmeter. The two wattmeter method is commonly used, connecting the current coils of two wattmeters in series across two lines to measure the total power irrespective of the load type or connection.
- The document is an electrical and electronics laboratory manual containing instructions for various experiments.
- It includes two parts - Part A contains experiments related to basic circuit theorems like superposition, reciprocity, Thevenin's, Norton's theorems. Part B includes experiments on basic electronic components like PN junction, diode characteristics.
- The given experiment is about verifying Thevenin's and Norton's theorems for a given circuit. It describes the circuit diagram, theoretical background, procedure to determine equivalent Thevenin's voltage and resistance or Norton's current and resistance.
1) DC circuits can be linear or non-linear depending on whether their parameters such as resistance, inductance, and capacitance remain constant or change with voltage and current.
2) Kirchhoff's laws, including Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law, are important laws for analyzing electrical circuits and networks.
3) Circuit analysis methods such as mesh analysis, nodal analysis, and Thevenin's theorem allow circuits to be simplified to aid in calculation of voltage and current.
This document discusses star and delta connections in 3-phase power systems. It provides symbols and diagrams to illustrate star and delta configurations. Key differences are noted, such as star connections providing a neutral point and being used for lower voltages, while delta connections having no neutral and being used for higher voltages. Formulas are presented relating line and phase voltages and currents for each connection type. Examples are worked through applying the formulas to calculate line voltage from phase voltage in a star-connected motor, and to calculate line current from phase current in a delta-connected motor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study characterizing the anodized film developed on titanium plates in a KOH bath. Key findings:
1. Anodizing titanium in a KOH bath between 20-72V produced films with colors ranging from blue to yellow to purple to green.
2. Analysis found the film consisted mainly of TiO2 and Ti2O3 and was uniform and compact.
3. Corrosion testing showed the film anodized at 50-52V exhibited the best corrosion resistance in salt spray, acid, and impedance tests, while films at lower and higher voltages had decreasing resistance.
This document discusses sinusoidal waves and AC voltages. It defines key characteristics of sine waves like period, frequency, amplitude, and phase angle. It explains that period is the time for one full cycle and frequency is the number of cycles per second. Amplitude refers to the maximum voltage swing and is usually expressed as peak or RMS values. Phase angle represents the shift between two signals with the same frequency, with lagging signals reaching zero later than the reference.
Vector groups define the phase relationship between primary and secondary windings in transformers. There are 24 possible vector groups depending on whether the windings are star or delta connected. The vector group of transformers must be carefully selected to avoid circulating currents when transformers are connected in parallel, and to ensure the overall phase shift in a power system is zero at the distribution level. Vector groups are also chosen to allow proper grounding of generation, transmission and distribution networks.
The document discusses three-phase circuits and provides information on:
- The advantages of three-phase supply systems such as higher efficiency of power transfer and smoother load characteristics.
- Key concepts like phase sequence, balanced/unbalanced supply and load, and the relationships between line and phase voltages and currents.
- How to calculate power in a balanced three-phase system and use two wattmeters to measure total power and power factor.
Three-phase systems have multiple voltages or currents that are displaced in time by 120 degrees. They provide advantages over single-phase systems like higher power capacity, self-starting motors, and more constant power output.
A 3-phase generator produces 3 voltages displaced by 120 degrees through its winding configuration. The voltages can be connected in either a star or delta configuration. In a star connection, the winding ends meet at a central neutral point. In a delta connection, the windings are connected in a closed loop.
Power in a 3-phase circuit can be measured using either 3 wattmeters connected to each phase, or 2 wattmeters connected across different phase combinations to calculate total power.
Simulink Analysis of Vector groups of Transformers installed at 132kV Grid St...sunny katyara
This document discusses the simulation of vector groups of transformers installed at a 132kV grid station in Hyderabad, Pakistan using MATLAB Simulink. It analyzes the effects of changing the vector groups of the installed transformers. The station contains four transformers connected in parallel to meet load demand. All transformers currently have a vector group of Dyn11. The document builds a Simulink model to simulate the station and analyze different scenarios of changing the vector groups.
Three-phase circuits use three conductors with voltages displaced 120 degrees from each other to transmit power. Balanced three-phase systems have equal voltages of the same frequency and magnitude but displaced in phase by 120 degrees. Common connections for three-phase systems include wye (Y) and delta (Δ). Power calculations can be performed for balanced and unbalanced Y-Y, Y-Δ, and Δ-Y connections. Transformations between Y and Δ configurations are also described.
This presentation was presented to Dr. Chongru Liu in North China Electric Power University,Beijing,China by Mr. Aazim Rasool. This presentation will help to understand the control of HVDC system. Animations are not working like ppt. so I apologize on this.
The document summarizes key aspects of transmission line design and components. It discusses the methodology for designing transmission lines, including gathering design data, selecting reliability levels, and calculating loads. It also covers the selection and design of various transmission line components such as conductors, insulators, towers, and grounding systems. Design considerations include voltage levels, safety clearances, mechanical requirements, and optimization of costs.
This document discusses ammeters and voltmeters and how they are used in electric circuits. It explains that ammeters must be connected in series to measure current, while voltmeters are connected in parallel to measure potential difference. Examples are given of correctly and incorrectly connecting these instruments in series and parallel circuits. Key points are that in series circuits, current is the same but potential difference varies, while in parallel circuits the potential difference is the same but current can vary. Practice problems are provided to help understand how to use ammeters and voltmeters to solve circuit problems.
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
Elements of electrical engineering dc circuitsHardik Lathiya
This document provides an overview of elements of electrical engineering, including DC circuits. It discusses common circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It describes their properties and symbols used to represent them in schematics. The document also covers resistor networks and how to calculate equivalent resistances for resistors in series and parallel. Kirchhoff's laws and techniques for solving resistor networks like star-delta transformations are presented. Examples of calculating equivalent resistances and currents in circuits are provided.
This document discusses star-delta (wye-delta) transformations of electrical circuits. It begins by introducing star and delta networks, then defines star-delta transformation as a method to simplify complex 3-phase resistive circuits. Six equations are presented to convert between star and delta configurations by relating resistances between nodes. An example calculation is shown to find the delta resistances RA, RB, and RC given the star resistances R1=80Ω, R2=120Ω, and R3=40Ω.
This document discusses techniques for measuring high resistance and inductance. It describes difficulties in measuring high resistance due to very small currents and leakage currents. It introduces guard circuits to eliminate errors from leakage currents. It also covers various bridges used to measure inductance through comparison, including Maxwell, capacitance comparison, and Anderson bridges. The balance equations for these bridges relate the product and sum of phase angles in the opposite arms.
Interleaved High Step-Down Synchronous Convertertheijes
For low output voltage, high output current systems applications, Synchronous switching power converters give better performance than non synchronous converters. This paper presents an interleaved synchronous buck converter which has low switch voltage stress with high conversion ratio. The input current can be shared among the inductors so that high reliability and efficiency can be obtained and ripples also reduced, the converter performance can be improved. Thus converter features automatic uniform current sharing characteristic of the interleaved phases without adding extra circuitry or complex control methods. Capacitors switching circuits are combined with interleaved four-phase buck converter for getting a high step-down conversion ratio without adopting an extreme short duty ratio. Synchronous rectifier technology is adopted to increase the converter efficiency. A 30V input voltage, 1.8V output voltage, circuit is simulated to verify the performance. The simulation is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK R2012a.
Electrical elements are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electrical components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, used in the analysis of electrical networks. All electrical networks can be analyzed as multiple electrical elements interconnected by wires.
Three phase power distribution has advantages over single phase power distribution. It requires less copper, allows for smaller and self-starting motors, and has more uniform power transfer. There are three main methods to measure power in a three phase system: single wattmeter, three wattmeter, and two wattmeter. The two wattmeter method is commonly used, connecting the current coils of two wattmeters in series across two lines to measure the total power irrespective of the load type or connection.
- The document is an electrical and electronics laboratory manual containing instructions for various experiments.
- It includes two parts - Part A contains experiments related to basic circuit theorems like superposition, reciprocity, Thevenin's, Norton's theorems. Part B includes experiments on basic electronic components like PN junction, diode characteristics.
- The given experiment is about verifying Thevenin's and Norton's theorems for a given circuit. It describes the circuit diagram, theoretical background, procedure to determine equivalent Thevenin's voltage and resistance or Norton's current and resistance.
1) DC circuits can be linear or non-linear depending on whether their parameters such as resistance, inductance, and capacitance remain constant or change with voltage and current.
2) Kirchhoff's laws, including Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law, are important laws for analyzing electrical circuits and networks.
3) Circuit analysis methods such as mesh analysis, nodal analysis, and Thevenin's theorem allow circuits to be simplified to aid in calculation of voltage and current.
This document discusses star and delta connections in 3-phase power systems. It provides symbols and diagrams to illustrate star and delta configurations. Key differences are noted, such as star connections providing a neutral point and being used for lower voltages, while delta connections having no neutral and being used for higher voltages. Formulas are presented relating line and phase voltages and currents for each connection type. Examples are worked through applying the formulas to calculate line voltage from phase voltage in a star-connected motor, and to calculate line current from phase current in a delta-connected motor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study characterizing the anodized film developed on titanium plates in a KOH bath. Key findings:
1. Anodizing titanium in a KOH bath between 20-72V produced films with colors ranging from blue to yellow to purple to green.
2. Analysis found the film consisted mainly of TiO2 and Ti2O3 and was uniform and compact.
3. Corrosion testing showed the film anodized at 50-52V exhibited the best corrosion resistance in salt spray, acid, and impedance tests, while films at lower and higher voltages had decreasing resistance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes the design, implementation, and simulation of a 2-GHz low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA is designed using both lumped elements and distributed elements approaches. Key steps in the design process are discussed, including the use of the MESFET transistor, input and output matching networks, and performance analysis using the Smith Chart. The LNA provides a noise figure of 0.358 dB, gain of 16.778 dB, and meets other specifications. Simulation results show that the lumped elements approach achieves better performance than the distributed elements approach. The document outlines the design process and evaluation of LNAs to meet requirements for wireless communication systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses the applications of robotics in medicine. It describes how robotic surgery can accomplish tasks with more precision and repeatability than human surgeons. Robots are being used for minimally invasive surgeries of the heart, brain, spine, and other areas. The document also discusses how surgical planning works using imaging and 3D modeling to plan robotic procedures. It explains the registration process that aligns the robotic system to the patient. Finally, it briefly discusses developing technologies like nanorobotics and potential future applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a system for extracting Punjabi words from machine printed document images. It begins with an introduction to optical character recognition (OCR) and a literature review of prior work recognizing characters of various scripts, including Gurmukhi (the script used for Punjabi). The proposed system first preprocesses images through steps like binarization, noise removal, and skew detection. It then segments images into lines, words, and characters. Features are extracted from character segments and classified using a neural network to recognize the Punjabi words. The system takes scanned documents as input and outputs the extracted Punjabi words with the goal of high accuracy. It was developed using MATLAB and aims to help with processing literature and texts in the Punjabi
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a network device driver in Linux using NAPI (New API) to improve performance. It begins with an introduction to network device drivers and challenges with high interrupt loads. It then describes NAPI and how it uses polling instead of interrupts to process packets. The rest of the document provides details on the specific NAPI implementation for an ARM920T processor, including advantages like reduced interrupt processing and packet dropping. It evaluates the performance improvement from using NAPI during high packet loads. In summary, NAPI is a technique for network device drivers to improve Linux performance under heavy network traffic by reducing interrupt processing and using polling.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of sinusoidal and space vector pulse width modulation techniques for a ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper compares and evaluates the performance of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width
Modulation (SVPWM) techniques for a three-level inverter by cascading two two-level inverters. In this topology, four power
semiconductor switches are used per phase and a total of twelve switches are required. The simulation study shows that SVPWM is
superior to SPWM in the aspects of better DC-bus utilization and offering better spectral performance.
Index Terms: space vector modulation, multi-level inverters, sine-triangle modulation, and cascaded inverter
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Modeling and Simulation of SVPWM Based ApplicationIJAPEJOURNAL
Recent developments in power electronics and semiconductor technology have lead to widespread use of power electronic converters in the power electronic systems. A number of Pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes are used to obtain variable voltage and frequency supply from a three-phase voltage source inverter. Among the different PWM techniques proposed for voltage fed inverters, the sinusoidal PWM technique has been popularly accepted. But there is an increasing trend of using space vector PWM (SVPWM) because of their easier digital realization, reduced harmonics, reduced switching losses and better dc bus utilization. This project focuses on step by step development of SVPWM technique. Simulation results are obtained using MATLAB/Simulink software for effectiveness of the study.
Application of SVM Technique for Three Phase Three Leg Ac/Ac Converter TopologyIOSR Journals
This paper presents a simulation of a three-phase three-leg AC/AC converter topology using nine IGBTs and space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) technique. The proposed topology reduces the number of switches compared to conventional back-to-back and matrix converters. Simulation results show the converter provides sinusoidal input and output voltages with unity power factor under constant frequency and variable frequency operation. Experimental results from a 5kVA prototype verify the validity of the proposed scheme.
This document describes a simulation project of a space vector PWM inverter. It provides details of the system configuration including IGBT switches, DC link voltage, frequencies, and load components. It then provides an in-depth explanation of space vector PWM technique, including the principle of PWM, representation of voltage vectors in the dq reference frame, and algorithm for determining switching times. State-space equations for the L-C output filter are also derived. The overall purpose is to simulate and analyze a three-phase PWM inverter using space vector modulation in MATLAB/Simulink.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
A Sub-Region Based Space Vector Modulation Scheme for Dual 2-Level Inverter S...IJECEIAES
This paper deals the implementation of 3-level output voltage using dual 2level inverter with control of sub-region based Space Vector Modulation (SR-SVM). Switching loss and voltage stress are the most important issues in multilevel inverters, for keep away from these problems dual inverter system executed. Using this proposed system, the conventional 3-level inverter voltage vectors and switching vectors can be located. In neutral point clamped multilevel inverter, it carries more load current fluctuations due to the DC link capacitors and it requires large capacitors. Based on the subregion SVM used to control IGBT switches placed in the dual inverter system. The proposed system improves the output voltage with reduced harmonic content with improved dc voltage utilisation. The simulation and hardware results are verified using matlab/simulink and dsPIC microcontroller.
A novel four wire inverter system using SVPWM technique for ups applicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes a novel four-wire inverter system using space vector pulse width modulation (SVM) technique for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. It introduces the concept of SVM for four-wire voltage source inverters. A four-wire inverter provides a neutral connection for three-phase four-wire systems to handle neutral current from unbalanced or non-linear loads. The SVM technique approximates the reference voltage vector during each sampling interval using the three nearest inverter switching state vectors. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink analyze the performance of the four-wire SVM inverter under different loading conditions in terms of total harmonic distortion.
Implementation of Space Vector PWM for Hybrid DSTATCOMIRJET Journal
This document discusses the implementation of space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) for a hybrid distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM). SVPWM is considered superior to other PWM techniques for DSTATCOM as it allows for better utilization of the DC bus voltage. The paper proposes a DSTATCOM topology using a three-phase voltage source inverter with an LCL filter. It describes the SVPWM technique which aims to generate the desired output voltage vector from the inverter's six active state vectors and two null state vectors. Simulation results show that SVPWM improves current compensation and reduces harmonic distortion compared to an uncompensated system.
Analysis and hardware implementation of five level cascaded H Bridge inverterIJERA Editor
The cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI) has gained much attention in recent years due to its advantages in high
voltage and high power with low harmonics applications. A standard cascaded multilevel inverter requires n DC
sources for 2n+1levels at the output, where n is the number of inverter stages. This paper presents a topology to
control cascaded multilevel inverter that is implemented with multiple DC sources to get 2"+1_ 1 levels. Without
using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique, the firing circuit can be implemented using Microcontroller
which greatly reduces the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and switching losses. To develop the model of a
cascaded hybrid multilevel inverter, a simulation is done based on MATLAB/SIMULINK software and
hardware implementation was also done. Their integration makes the design and analysis of a hybrid multilevel
inverter more complete and detailed.
Two leg three-phase inverters (FSTPIs) have been proposed to be used in low-power; low-cost applications because of the reduced number of semiconductor devices, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) techniques have also been introduced to control FSTPIs. However, high-performance controllers are needed to implement complicated SVPWM algorithms, which limit their low-cost applications. To simplify algorithms and reduce the cost of implementation, an equivalent scalar method for SVPWM of FSTPIs is proposed. SVPWM for FSTPIs is actually a sine PWM by modulating two sine waves of 600 phase difference with a triangle wave, but in this method third harmonics doesn’t eliminated. So as to eliminate the third harmonics we have to compose a high frequency sine wave to on existing sine waves. So such a special sine PWM can be used to control FSTPIs. The Mathematical and simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/authors/126814
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses the design and simulation of a three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter. It describes the topology of the NPC inverter, which uses twelve IGBT switches and diodes arranged into three phases to generate a three-phase AC output from a DC input voltage. An open-loop pulse width modulation control scheme is used to switch the IGBTs. Simulation results show the output voltages achieve less than 1.1% total harmonic distortion, demonstrating the NPC inverter's ability to reduce harmonics compared to other inverter types. The document concludes the NPC inverter is well-suited for applications like solar power due to its high efficiency and power quality.
Total Harmonic Distortion of Dodecagonal Space Vector ModulationIJPEDS-IAES
Space vector modulation technique is one of the best PWM techniques which have been implemented to the Multilevel inverter circuit to get the purely sinusoidal cuurent. This is a important algorithm which is implemented in open wind induction motor. This type of I.M has great impact on Electric Drive system. SVM is nothing but the technique of switching algorithm. The Hexagonal space vector modulation has been implemented before, but elimination of higher order harmonics is not possible. Torque pulsation arises. Speed control of Induction motor was not smooth. So Dodecagonal (12) structure developed. A 12 side polygonal space vector structure is meant for eliminating (6n±1) harmonics in the phase current waveform throughout the modulating range. A high resolution of PWM technique is proposed involving multiple 12 sided polygonal (Dodecagonal) structure that can generate highly sinusoidal voltage at a reduced switching frequency. In this paper different values of frequencies have been taken for harmonic analysis. SVM method features a higher level of dc-bus voltage utilization compared to the conventional PWM.
The document discusses pulse width modulation (PWM) variable speed drives that are increasingly used in industrial applications. It describes how PWM is used to generate variable voltage and frequency for AC drives from a three-phase voltage source inverter. Space vector PWM (SVPWM) is highlighted as it provides superior harmonic quality and larger modulation range compared to sinusoidal PWM. SVPWM represents the inverter states as voltage space vectors to calculate duty cycles for adjacent vectors and zero vectors to synthesize the desired output voltage vector. The document outlines the theory of SVPWM and compares different sequencing methods. It also discusses simulations and advantages of PWM including proportional average value, fast switching, noise resistance and less heat.
This document presents a comparative study of five-level and seven-level diode-clamped inverters controlled by space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). MATLAB/SIMULINK models of the two inverter topologies were developed. SVPWM control algorithms based on symmetrical sequence were used for each inverter. Both inverters were simulated driving an induction motor. The results showed that the seven-level inverter produced less harmonic distortion and torque fluctuations in the motor, while the five-level inverter had lower commutation losses. The seven-level inverter provided better motor dynamic response.
Analysis of SVPWM for Inverter fed DTC of Induction motor DriveIJSRED
This document analyzes and compares space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) for controlling an induction motor drive using direct torque control (DTC). It finds that SVPWM reduces harmonic content in voltages and currents compared to SPWM, allowing for higher output voltage. The document simulates an induction motor drive using SVPWM and proportional-integral control in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show SVPWM provides improved torque waveform quality over SPWM and DTC with a PI controller alone.
Three phase Nine Level Inverter with Minimum Number of Power Electronic Compo...IJMTST Journal
This paper presents a new configuration of a three-phase nine-level multilevel voltage-source inverter. This
topology constitutes three-phase two-level bridge with three bidirectional switches. A multilevel dc link using
fixed dc voltage supply and cascaded half-bridge is connected in such a way that the proposed inverter
outputs the required output voltage levels. This topology has the advantage of increasing the number of
voltage levels with reduced number of power electronic components. For the purpose of increasing the
number of voltage levels with fewer number of power electronic components, the extended structure suggests
different methods to determine the magnitudes of utilized dc voltage supplies. The proposed multi-level
inverter is designed and implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK, and required number of voltage levels are
obtained.
The document describes the design and simulation of three-phase three-level diode clamped and improved inverter configurations feeding an asynchronous motor drive. It discusses the operation of different multilevel inverter topologies including diode clamped and improved inverters. The topologies are analyzed under single phase one leg voltage circuit analysis. A split-single phase asynchronous motor model is used as the load. Simulation results of the inverter-motor drive systems using Matlab/Simulink are presented, including rotor currents, stator currents, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque, and three-phase output voltages. The number of circuit components in each inverter topology is also compared.
This document analyzes a transistor clamped H-bridge split phase PWM inverter. It presents the circuit diagram of the proposed inverter which uses coupled inductors to prevent short circuits and reduce reverse recovery losses. A double reference single carrier modulation technique is used to generate PWM signals from two reference signals and a triangular carrier, producing a five-level output voltage. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show the five-level output voltage waveform and total harmonic distortion of 8.43%, demonstrating reduced harmonics compared to conventional inverters. The proposed inverter topology and modulation control method aim to improve efficiency, reliability and output waveform quality.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
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During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
Cd35455460
1. K. Lavanya et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.455-460
www.ijera.com 455 | P a g e
A Novel Technique For Simulation & Analysis Of SVPWM Two
&Three Level Inverters
K. Lavanya*, V. Rangavalli**
* Asst. Prof (Dept. of EEE, ANITS, Visakhapatnam, India)
** Asst. Prof (Dept. of EEE, ANITS, Visakhapatnam, India)
ABSTRACT:
This paper proposes a software implementation for two level & three level inverter using space vector
modulation techniques. This software implementation is performed by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
This paper gives comparison between SVPWM Three phase two level & three level inverter. Two level inverter
is the basic technique to implement any level. The main advantage of the two level inverter is simple in
computation and also switching device selection is simple. It is becomes difficult in high voltage & high power
applications due to the increased switching losses and limited rating of the dc link voltage. Multilevel inverters
are used in high voltage and high power applications with less harmonic contents. The harmonic contents of a
three level inverter are less than that of two level inverters. And also rating of the dc link voltage is high. The
simulation study reveals that three level inverter generates less THD compared to two-level inverter.
Key words—SVPWM, THD, TWO LVEL &THREE LEVEL INVERTERS
I. INTRODUCTION
Three phase voltage-fed PWM inverters are
recently growing popularity for multi-Megawatt
industrial drive applications. The main reasons for this
popularity are easy Sharing of large voltage between
the series devices and the improvement of the
harmonic quality at the output as compared to a two
level inverter. The Space Vector PWM of a three level
inverter provides the additional advantage of superior
harmonic quality. Increasing the number of voltage
levels in the inverter without requiring higher ratings
on individual devices can increase the power rating.
As the number of voltage levels increases, the
harmonic content of the output voltage waveform
decreases significantly. It is well known that multi-
level inverters are suitable in high voltage and high
power applications due to their ability to synthesize
waveforms with better harmonic spectrum and attains
higher voltages with limited maximum device ratings.
As the number of levels is increased, the amount of
switching devices and other component are also
increased, making the inverter becoming more
complex and costly [6].
In case of the conventional two level inverter
configurations, the harmonic contains reduction of an
inverter output is achieved mainly by raising the
switching frequency. However in the field of high
voltage, high power applications, and the switching
frequency of the power device has to be restricted
below 1 KHz due to the increased switching losses. So
the harmonic reduction by raised switching frequency
of a two-level inverter becomes more difficult in high
power applications. In addition, as the D.C. link
voltage of a two-level inverter is limited by voltage
rating of the switching device. From the aspect of
harmonic reduction and high Dc-link voltage level,
three-level approach looks like a most alternative.
II. ANALYSIS OF TWO LEVEL
SVPWM INVERTER
Figure.1 Three phase two level voltage source inverter
Space Vector Modulation (SVM) [1] was
originally developed as vector approach to Pulse
Width Modulation for three phase inverters. It is a
more sophisticated technique for generating sine wave
that provides higher voltages with lower total
harmonic distortion. The circuit model of a typical
three-phase two level voltage source PWM inverter is
shown in “Figure.1”. S1 to S6 are the six power
switches that shape the output, which are controlled by
the switching variable a, a’, b, b’, c and c’. When an
upper transistor is switched on, i.e., when a, b or c is 1,
the corresponding lower transistor is switched on, i.e.,
the corresponding a’, b’ or c’ is zero .Therefore, the on
and off states of the transistors can be used to
determine the output voltage. In this PWM
technique1800
conduction is used for generating the
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. K. Lavanya et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.455-460
www.ijera.com 456 | P a g e
gating signals. If two switches, one upper and one
lower switch conduct at the same time such that the
output voltage is ± Vs. the switch state is 1.If these
two switches are off at the same time, the switch state
is 0.
2.1 .SWITCHING STATES
Figure.2 Switching states of two level inverter [5]
The total number of switching states in an
“N” level inverter is “N3”
.So the total number of
switching states in a “2” level inverter is “23”
that is 8
switching states. . They are S0, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6,
and S7. S0 and S7 are called as zero switching states
because during which there is no power flow from
source to load.S1 to S6 are called as active switching
states.
2.2 SPACE VECTOR DIAGRAM OF TWO-
LEVEL INVERTER
Figure.3 Space vector diagram of two level inverter
[5]
Space vector diagram is divided into six sectors. The
duration of each sector is 600
. V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6
are active voltage vectors and V0 & V7 are zero
voltage vectors. Zero vectors are placed at origin. The
lengths of vectors V1 to V6 are unity and lengths of V0
and V7 are zero. The space vector Vs constituted by the
pole voltage Vao, Vbo, and Vco is defined as [4]
Vs = Vao + Vbo e j (2π/3)
+ Vco e j (4 Π/3)
Vao=Van + Vno , Vbo=Vbn + Vno and Vco=Vcn+ Vno
Van+Vbn+Vcn=0
Vno= (Vao+Vbo+Vco) /3
The relation between the line voltages and the pole
voltages is given by
Vab = Vao – Vbo , Vbc = Vbo – Vco , Vca = Vco – Vao
FOR example voltage vector V1 that is 100
Vao=Vdc, Vbo=0and Vco=0, then Vn=
(Vdc+0+0)/3=Vdc/3)
Van=Vao-Vno = (2/3) Vdc, Vbn=Vbo-Vno= (-1/3) Vdc,
Vcn=Vco-Vno= (-1/3) Vdc
Vab=Vao-Vbo=Vdc , Vbc=Vbo-Vco=0 & Vca=Vco-Vao=-Vdc
TABLE.I
SWITCHING VECTORS, PHASE VOLTAGES,
OUTPUT VOLTAGES
(Note: Resp. voltages should be multiplied by Vdc)
III. ANALYSIS OF THREE LEVEL
INVERTER
Figure.4. Three Phase three level voltage source
inverter
The circuit [2] employs 12 power switching
devices and 6 clamping diodes. Each arm contains
four IGBTs, four anti parallel diodes and two neutral
clamping diodes. And the dc bus voltage is split into
three levels by two series connected bulk capacitors
C1, C2 two capacitors have been used to divide the DC
link voltage into three voltage levels, thus the name of
3-level.The middle point of the two capacitors can be
defined as the neutral point 0.
The output voltage Vao has three different
states: Vdc/2, 0 and -Vdc/2.For voltage level +Vdc/2,
switches S1 & S2 need to be turned on .For voltage
level 0, switches S2 & S3 need to be turned on. For
voltage level -Vdc/2 switches S3 & S4 need to be turned
Voltage
Vectors
Switching
vectors
Line to neutral
voltages
Line to line
voltages
a b c Van Vbn Vcn Vab Vbc Vca
V0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
V1 1 0 0 2/3 -1/3 -1/3 1 0 -1
V2 1 1 0 1/3 1/3 -2/3 0 1 -1
V3 0 1 0 -1/3 2/3 -1/3 -1 1 0
V4 0 1 1 -2/3 1/3 1/3 -1 0 1
V5 0 0 1 -1/3 -1/3 2/3 0 -1 1
V6 1 0 1 1/3 -2/3 1/3 1 -1 0
V7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
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on. We can define these states as 2, 1, and 0. Using
switching variable Sa and dc bus voltage Vdc, the
output phase voltage Vao [2] is obtained as follows:
Vao = (Sa-1)/2 × Vdc
TABLE.II
THE SWITCHING VARIABLES OF PHASE A
Vao Sa1 Sa2 Sa3 Sa4 Sa
+Vdc/2 1 1 0 0 2
0 0 1 1 0 1
-Vdc/2 0 0 1 1 0
TABLE III
SWITCHING STATES OF THREE LEVEL
INVERTER
Switching
states
Sa Sb Sc Voltage
Vectors
S1 0 0 0 V0
S2 1 1 1 V0
S3 2 2 2 V0
S4 1 0 0 V1
S5 1 1 0 V2
S6 0 1 0 V3
S7 0 1 1 V4
S8 0 0 1 V5
S9 1 0 1 V6
S10 2 1 1 V7
S11 2 2 1 V8
S12 1 2 1 V9
S13 1 2 2 V10
S14 1 1 2 V11
S15 2 1 2 V12
S16 2 1 0 V13
S17 1 2 0 V14
S18 0 2 1 V15
S19 0 1 2 V16
S20 1 0 2 V17
S21 2 0 1 V18
S22 2 0 0 V19
S23 2 2 0 V20
S24 0 2 0 V21
S25 0 2 2 V22
Sa26 0 0 2 V23
S27 2 0 2 V24
3.1 SPACE VECTOR DIAGRAM OF THREE
LEVEL SVPWM INVERTER
The plane can be divided into 6 major
triangular sectors (І to VІ) by large voltage vectors and
zero voltage vectors. Each major sector represents
600
of the fundamental cycle. Within each major
sector, there are 4 minor triangular sectors. There are
totally 24 minor sectors in the plane. Large voltage
vectors are V13, V14, V15, V16, V17, and V18. Medium
voltage vectors are V7, V8, V9, V10, V11, and V12.
Small voltage vectors are V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6.
Zero voltage vector is V0. Each major sector can be
identified by using space vector phase angle. α is
calculated and then sector , in which the command
vector V* is located , is determined as:
If α is between 0 ≤ α < 600
, and V* will be in
major sector I. If α is between 60 ≤ α < 1200
, and V*
will be in major sector II. If α is between 120 ≤ α <
1800
, and V* will be in major sector III. If α is
between 180 ≤ α < 2400
, and V* will be in major
sector IV. If α is between 240 ≤ α < 3000
, and V* will
be in major sector V. If α is between 300 ≤ α < 3600
,
and V* will be in major sector VI.
Figure.5 space vector diagram of three level inverter
3.2 DETERMINATION OF REGION IN A
PARTICULAR SECTOR
For example we are taking the space vector
diagram of sector I for determining the particular
region in a sector 1. Sector І contains 4 minor
triangular sectors. D1, D7, D13 and D14 are 4 minor
triangular sectors. In each of the four minor regions,
the reference vector Vref is located in one of the 4
regions, where each region is limited by three adjacent
vectors. Then
Vref = V* = Vx (Tx/ Ts) + Vy (Ty/ Ts) + Vz (Tz/ Ts)
Tx / Ts + Ty/ Ts + Tz/ Ts = 1,
Tx / Ts = X , Ty/ Ts = Y and Tz/ Ts = Z
Tx + Ty + Tz = Ts
Based on the principle of vector synthesis, the
following equations can be written as:
X + Y + Z = 1
Vx X + Vy Y + Vz Z = V*
Modulation ratio M = (V* / 2/3 Vdc) = (3 V* /2 Vdc)
As shown in figure.5, the boundaries of modulation
ratio are Mark1, Mark 2, and Mark3.The equation [2]
forms of them are obtained as follows:
Mark 2 ,
,
Mark3
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3.3 CALCULATION OF ACTIVE VECTOR
SWITCHING TIME PERIOD
a) When the modulation ratio M < Mark1, then the
rotating voltage vector V* will be in sector D1 (Region
1). In a three level inverter, switching time calculation
is based on the location of reference vector with in a
sector. In one sampling interval, the output voltage
vector V* can be written
V * = Vx (Tx/ Ts) + Vy (Ty/ Ts) + Vz (Tz/ Ts).As shown
in figure.5 V* is synthesized by V0, V1, and V2. In
sector D1, the length of zero voltage vector V0 is zero
and length of large voltage vector is 1. Then
V* Ts = V1 (T1/Ts) + V2 (T2/Ts) + V0 (T0/ Ts)
V1 X + V2 Y + V0 Z = V* V* = M (cos θ + j sin θ),
V1 = ½, V2 = ½ (cos 600
+ j sin 600
) and V0 = 0.
M (cos θ + j sin θ) = ½ X + ½ (cos 600
+ j sin 600
) Y
(1)
X + Y + Z = 1
(2) Using (1) & (2), we can obtain X, Y and Z as
follows
b) Similarly when the modulation ratio Mark1<M<
Mark2, then V* will be in sector D7 (Region 2). V*
can be synthesized by V1, V2, and V7.
V * = Vx (Tx/ Ts) + Vy (Ty/ Ts) + Vz (Tz/ Ts)
In sector D7, the length of zero voltage vector V7 is
zero, and length of large voltage vector is 1
V* Ts = V1 (T1/Ts) + V2 (T2/Ts) + V7 (T7/ Ts)
V1 X + V2 Y + V7 Z = V* (3)
Using (3) & (2), we can obtain X, Y, and Z as
follows
c) Similarly When the modulation ratio Mark2 < M <
Mark3 and 0 <θ < 30 deg, then V* will be in sector
D13 (Region 3). V1, V13 and V7 are selected to
synthesize V*.
V * = Vx (Tx/ Ts) + Vy (Ty/ Ts) + Vz (Tz/ Ts)
In sector D7, the length of zero voltage vector V7 is
zero, and length of large voltage vector is 1.
V* Ts = V1 (T1/Ts) + V13 (T13/Ts) + V7 (T7/ Ts)
V1 X + V13 Y + V7 Z = V* (4)
Using (4) & (2), we can obtain X, Y, and Z as follows
d) When the modulation ratio Mark2 < M < Mark3
and 0 <θ < 30 deg, then V* will be in sector D13
(Region 3). V2, V7 and V14 are selected to synthesize
V*.
V * = Vx (Tx/ Ts) + Vy (Ty/ Ts) + Vz (Tz/ Ts)
In sector D14, the length of zero voltage vector V7 is
zero, and length of large voltage vector is 1
V* Ts = V1 (T1/Ts) + V13 (T13/Ts) + V7 (T7/ Ts)
V1 X + V13 Y + V7 Z = V* (5)
Using (5) & (2), we can obtain X, Y, and Z as follows
IV. SIMULINK MODEL OF THREE
LEVEL SVPWM INVERTER
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V. SIMULINK MODLE OF TWO
LEVEL SVPWM INVERTER
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure.6THD waveforms of 2 level inverter voltage
Figure.7 THD waveforms of 2 level inverter current
Figure.8 THD waveforms of 2 level inverter load
voltage
Figure.9 THD waveforms of 3 level inverter voltages
Figure.10THD waveforms of 3 level inverter load
voltage
Figure.11 THD waveforms of 3 level inverter current
TABLE.IV
COMPARISION OF 2 LEVEL & 3 LEVEL
INVERTERS
Type Vab
inverter
Vab load Inverter
current
TWO LEVEL
INVERTER
38.74% 13.12% 11.80%
THREE
LEVEL
INVERTER
12.27% 6.19% 4.86%
The simulation results suggest that three-level
SVPWM can achieve less harmonic distortion
compared to two-level SVPWM. And also these