International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses Wi-Fi offloading as a solution for mobile operators facing increasing data traffic over cellular networks. It describes how 3GPP has standardized some initiatives to improve Wi-Fi/cellular interworking like authentication protocols and the ANDSF framework. However, 3GPP has not been able to fully address Wi-Fi offloading needs due to complexity and lack of vision. This gap has led to new business models that support offloading in a way compatible with 3GPP standards without losing operator control. Key requirements for such a system include seamless handover, optimized network selection, same security for Wi-Fi and cellular, and accounting/billing solutions.
A proposal to enhance cellular and wifiIJCNCJournal
WiFi offloading is becoming one of the key enablers to help the network operators dealing with the exponentially growing demand of mobile data. The idea of using WiFi to offload data traffic from cellular network has proposed for many years. However, the interoperability issue between the two networks needs to be enhanced so that WiFi can efficiently supplement for the cellular network in case of congestion or outage. In this paper, we propose a novel network roaming and selection scheme based on 3GPP TS 24.312 and IEEE 802.11k, u standards to enhance cellular and WiFi interworking. The proposed scheme is aimed at enhancing the network roaming and selection so that WiFi network can serve as a supplement and backup access network for the cellular not only for congestion control but also in case of unexpected network failure event. We also model and evaluate the proposed scheme in a typical HetNet with interworking WiFi access points and cellular base stations. The simulation result shows that our proposed scheme quickly detects unexpected network failure event and assists active UEs to perform handoff to preferable alternative point of access. As a result, service disruption is substantially reduced and quality of experience (downlink/uplink’s throughput) is improved. Therefore, our proposed scheme can be used for a more reliable HetNet in terms of congestion control and disruption tolerance.
Telecommunications network operators around the world are increasingly looking to decommission older legacy networks as new technologies are deployed and network traffic grows rapidly. The document discusses the key findings of a global study on network decommissioning conducted by PwC in 2012. Key points include:
- Nearly 90% of wireline and over 60% of wireless operators surveyed planned to decommission legacy networks in the next 5 years.
- Primary drivers for decommissioning are reducing operating costs and improving customer experience.
- Over 90% of wireless network decommissioning will involve 2G technologies, while wireline decommissioning will focus on copper networks.
- Approaches to decommissioning include turning networks off, physical removal of
Pedestrain Monitoring System using Wi-Fi Technology And RSSI Based Localizationijwmn
This document describes a pedestrian monitoring system that uses Wi-Fi signals from smartphones to track pedestrian movement on streets. The system consists of sniffing stations that capture Wi-Fi packets from smartphones and measure signal strength. Data on MAC addresses and signal strength is sent to a tracking server over 3G networks. The document discusses challenges like packet loss and analyzing different scanning and hopping times to maximize packet capture while smartphones move. Test results show that scanning intervals of 1-5 seconds and hopping times that yield a ratio of channels scanned to time of around 14 captured the most packets.
An Ericsson ConsumerLab report reveals the impact of network speed on the satisfaction and loyalty of Saudi consumers towards their mobile operators in the kingdom. Report findings show that network speed in Saudi Arabia also impacts the adoption of advanced services – more users on faster networks are accessing data services like mobile payment and video calls.
The quality of service of the deployed LTE technology by mobile network opera...IJECEIAES
In this study, the real-world performance analysis of four Nigerian mobile network operators (MNOs), namely MTN, GLO, Airtel, and 9Mobile longterm evolution (LTE) cellular network, were analyzed and compared. The Nigerian MNOs utilize 5 MHz, 10 MH, and 20 MHz channel bandwidths based on third-generation partnership project’s (3 GPPs) recommendation. The presented analysis shows the uplink (UL), and downlink (DL) throughputs gaps in mobility condition as well as other LTE’s system quality of service (QoS) key performance indicators (KPI’s) of: Connection drop rate, connection failure rate, peak physical downlink throughput, minimum radio link control (RLC) downlink throughput threshold and latency are not strictly followed. The reason may be due to a lack of regulatory oversight enforcement. The comparative studies showed that MTN provides the best QoS. The introduction of novel LTE QoS metrics herein referred to as national independent wireless broadband quality reporting (NIWBQR) is the significant contribution of this study. The goal of this study is to show the quality of the network as it affects the user's experience. Important observation showed that all the MNOs are not adhering to the 3 GPPs specified user plane latency of 30 ms and control plane latency of 100 ms, respectively, which makes video streaming and low latency communication a near-impossible task.
Year 2016 will see 3G subscription surpassing 2G subscription and will be more than 220million.
Countrywide launch by 3G/4G/LTE Services by Indian Telecom Operators will take Broadband Subscriber base to 600million by 2020. Further Digital India Initiative by Government of India to Rural India will take Broadband Subscriber to 1 Billion by 2023.
The document discusses Wi-Fi offloading as a solution for mobile operators facing increasing data traffic over cellular networks. It describes how 3GPP has standardized some initiatives to improve Wi-Fi/cellular interworking like authentication protocols and the ANDSF framework. However, 3GPP has not been able to fully address Wi-Fi offloading needs due to complexity and lack of vision. This gap has led to new business models that support offloading in a way compatible with 3GPP standards without losing operator control. Key requirements for such a system include seamless handover, optimized network selection, same security for Wi-Fi and cellular, and accounting/billing solutions.
A proposal to enhance cellular and wifiIJCNCJournal
WiFi offloading is becoming one of the key enablers to help the network operators dealing with the exponentially growing demand of mobile data. The idea of using WiFi to offload data traffic from cellular network has proposed for many years. However, the interoperability issue between the two networks needs to be enhanced so that WiFi can efficiently supplement for the cellular network in case of congestion or outage. In this paper, we propose a novel network roaming and selection scheme based on 3GPP TS 24.312 and IEEE 802.11k, u standards to enhance cellular and WiFi interworking. The proposed scheme is aimed at enhancing the network roaming and selection so that WiFi network can serve as a supplement and backup access network for the cellular not only for congestion control but also in case of unexpected network failure event. We also model and evaluate the proposed scheme in a typical HetNet with interworking WiFi access points and cellular base stations. The simulation result shows that our proposed scheme quickly detects unexpected network failure event and assists active UEs to perform handoff to preferable alternative point of access. As a result, service disruption is substantially reduced and quality of experience (downlink/uplink’s throughput) is improved. Therefore, our proposed scheme can be used for a more reliable HetNet in terms of congestion control and disruption tolerance.
Telecommunications network operators around the world are increasingly looking to decommission older legacy networks as new technologies are deployed and network traffic grows rapidly. The document discusses the key findings of a global study on network decommissioning conducted by PwC in 2012. Key points include:
- Nearly 90% of wireline and over 60% of wireless operators surveyed planned to decommission legacy networks in the next 5 years.
- Primary drivers for decommissioning are reducing operating costs and improving customer experience.
- Over 90% of wireless network decommissioning will involve 2G technologies, while wireline decommissioning will focus on copper networks.
- Approaches to decommissioning include turning networks off, physical removal of
Pedestrain Monitoring System using Wi-Fi Technology And RSSI Based Localizationijwmn
This document describes a pedestrian monitoring system that uses Wi-Fi signals from smartphones to track pedestrian movement on streets. The system consists of sniffing stations that capture Wi-Fi packets from smartphones and measure signal strength. Data on MAC addresses and signal strength is sent to a tracking server over 3G networks. The document discusses challenges like packet loss and analyzing different scanning and hopping times to maximize packet capture while smartphones move. Test results show that scanning intervals of 1-5 seconds and hopping times that yield a ratio of channels scanned to time of around 14 captured the most packets.
An Ericsson ConsumerLab report reveals the impact of network speed on the satisfaction and loyalty of Saudi consumers towards their mobile operators in the kingdom. Report findings show that network speed in Saudi Arabia also impacts the adoption of advanced services – more users on faster networks are accessing data services like mobile payment and video calls.
The quality of service of the deployed LTE technology by mobile network opera...IJECEIAES
In this study, the real-world performance analysis of four Nigerian mobile network operators (MNOs), namely MTN, GLO, Airtel, and 9Mobile longterm evolution (LTE) cellular network, were analyzed and compared. The Nigerian MNOs utilize 5 MHz, 10 MH, and 20 MHz channel bandwidths based on third-generation partnership project’s (3 GPPs) recommendation. The presented analysis shows the uplink (UL), and downlink (DL) throughputs gaps in mobility condition as well as other LTE’s system quality of service (QoS) key performance indicators (KPI’s) of: Connection drop rate, connection failure rate, peak physical downlink throughput, minimum radio link control (RLC) downlink throughput threshold and latency are not strictly followed. The reason may be due to a lack of regulatory oversight enforcement. The comparative studies showed that MTN provides the best QoS. The introduction of novel LTE QoS metrics herein referred to as national independent wireless broadband quality reporting (NIWBQR) is the significant contribution of this study. The goal of this study is to show the quality of the network as it affects the user's experience. Important observation showed that all the MNOs are not adhering to the 3 GPPs specified user plane latency of 30 ms and control plane latency of 100 ms, respectively, which makes video streaming and low latency communication a near-impossible task.
Year 2016 will see 3G subscription surpassing 2G subscription and will be more than 220million.
Countrywide launch by 3G/4G/LTE Services by Indian Telecom Operators will take Broadband Subscriber base to 600million by 2020. Further Digital India Initiative by Government of India to Rural India will take Broadband Subscriber to 1 Billion by 2023.
DIGITALLY CONNECTING RURAL INDIA BY 2018Kumar Ranjan
People in rural India has to first feel, learn benefits of Internet and start consuming Internet driven E-services. Government need to get all of its department ready to deliver various E-Governance and get eco-system ready & contents developed for various E-Services.
This document summarizes Long Term Evolution (LTE), the next generation wireless communication standard. It describes LTE's key features such as being packet-switched only, supporting variable bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and realizing high speeds of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink. The document outlines LTE's technologies like OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, and support for multiple antennas. It also describes LTE's evolved packet core network architecture and how it can accommodate different wireless systems through policy and charging functions. In conclusion, LTE realizes high-speed wireless access through these technologies and network improvements.
This report analyzes the impact of data traffic off-loading on the demand for wireless broadband spectrum in Europe. It finds that the volume of data traffic off-loaded, chiefly to Wi-Fi in the home, already exceeds traffic on mobile networks and is growing faster. This off-loading generates significant cost savings for mobile network operators by reducing network usage. However, sufficient spectrum and backhaul capabilities are needed for Wi-Fi and small cells to realize their potential. The report recommends actions to address impediments to off-loading, including making more spectrum available for Wi-Fi, promoting broadband deployment, and reducing administrative burdens on network deployment.
Chinese Taipei's regulatory update provides the following information:
1) Chinese Taipei has announced a Digital Convergence Policy Initiative to enhance broadband quality and develop the digital convergence industry, including plans to reach 100% household access to 100Mbps broadband by 2013 and complete digitization of cable TV by 2014.
2) Chinese Taipei will release 4G mobile broadband licenses by December 2013 based on technological neutrality and will analyze mobile broadband access rates nationwide in 2013.
3) Chinese Taipei approved an IPv6 Upgrade and Promotion Program in 2011 to facilitate the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 given the depletion of IPv4 addresses.
SAMENA Response to Iraq CMC fixed wireless consultationroberto ercole
The document summarizes SAMENA's response to Iraq's Communications & Media Commission regarding proposed fixed wireless broadband licensing and spectrum allocation. Key points:
1. SAMENA believes licenses should allow both fixed and mobile broadband to promote broader access and a viable business case. Restricting licenses to just fixed use may undermine commercial deployment.
2. There may be cross-border interference issues, particularly with neighboring countries using all TDD networks in the 2.6GHz band. Band plans should be harmonized as much as possible to minimize interference.
3. The proposed amount of spectrum for fixed wireless may exceed market needs. A combined mobile/fixed approach could better support broadband access through economies of scale for operators.
Frontiers of Wireless and Mobile CommunicationsSai Varrshini
This document discusses emerging wireless technologies and their impact. It provides an overview of key technologies like MIMO, cooperative communications, and dynamic spectrum access. It summarizes the evolution of radio technologies from 2G to 4G standards and increasing link speeds. It also examines short-range wireless technologies and research challenges in building cognitive radios and software-defined radios to efficiently utilize spectrum.
Y-Roam is a provider of 4G and 3G data services in over 100 countries. Using the revolutionary cloud-sim technology in our new YR4 Mobile Wi Fi device you can stay connected without the risk of excessive data roaming charges. Select from one of our great value worldwide data packages and benefit from a flat rate data charge across the globe.
hi guys!! check out the details about the tele communication and community services in urban infrastructure. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
Ericsson Mobility Report, November 2015 – Regional report South East Asia and...Ericsson
In South East Asia and Oceania, urbanization will continue to drive the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. There will be more than 450 million people living in urban areas by 2021, compared to around 400 million today South East Asia and Oceania is a dynamic region for ICT.
Driven by smartphone and mobile broadband growth, internet adoption continues to grow in the region. Australia and Singapore are the leading countries, with internet penetration (mobile and fixed) at over 80 percent.2 In other parts of the region, internet penetration can be expected to continue rising.
Despite smartphone and mobile broadband potential there are still challenges, especially in the region’s developing markets. The next wave of smartphone users are expected to come from rural or remote areas, raising issues on how to bring services to these lower-income populations in a cost-effective way. In order to guarantee a good user experience, mobile operators’ ability to address mobile data growth will be key.
Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast UpdateMr Nyak
The document is a presentation by Cisco on their Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast for 2012-2017. The key points summarized are:
1) Global mobile data traffic is forecast to increase 13 times from 2012 to 2017, reaching 11.2 exabytes per month by 2017. Mobile data traffic grew 70% year-over-year in 2012.
2) By 2017, over 66% of the world's mobile data traffic will be from mobile video. Mobile cloud traffic will account for 84% of total mobile data traffic.
3) Factors driving mobile data traffic growth include more mobile users, devices and connections, faster mobile speeds increasing 7 fold, and the rise of
IRJET- Bluetooth based Traffic Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document proposes a Bluetooth-based traffic tracking system for indoor environments like tunnels where GPS signals are degraded. Bluetooth beacons placed along roads would broadcast location data to passing vehicles equipped with Bluetooth modules.
2. When a vehicle passes a beacon, its Bluetooth module receives location data and sends it to a microcontroller for display and storage. The microcontroller also sends data to an SD card for later processing and comparison with actual GPS data.
3. The system aims to provide accurate indoor vehicle tracking as an alternative to GPS. It would use inexpensive Bluetooth technology and be easy to implement compared to other alternatives like WiFi-based systems.
This document discusses cost-effective deployment of relay stations in WiMAX networks. It first outlines the costs associated with base stations and relay stations, including capital expenditures and operational expenditures. It then discusses challenges in planning relay station placement to both improve quality of service and reduce costs. Specifically, it examines dividing the network into zones based on signal strength and using different modulation and coding schemes in each zone. The goal is to determine optimal relay station locations and configurations to enhance network performance while minimizing overall deployment costs.
This document analyzes the performance of routing algorithms for an integrated Wi-Fi/WiMAX heterogeneous network. It begins with an introduction describing the need for such integrated networks to provide uninterrupted wireless service. It then provides overviews of the Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) technologies that would be integrated. Several routing algorithms are described, including Bellman-Ford, AODV, DYMO, OLSRv2, RIP, and OSPFv2. The document then discusses how to statistically analyze the performance of the integrated network using these various routing algorithms, focusing on metrics like throughput, packet loss probability, and distortion. The analysis will
High frequency of low noise amplifier architecture for WiMAX application: A r...IJECEIAES
The low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit is exceptionally imperative as it promotes and initializes general execution performance and quality of the mobile communication system. LNA's design in radio frequency (R.F.) circuit requires the trade-off numerous imperative features' including gain, noise figure (N.F.), bandwidth, stability, sensitivity, power consumption, and complexity. Improvements to the LNA's overall performance should be made to fulfil the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) specifications' prerequisites. The development of front-end receiver, particularly the LNA, is genuinely pivotal for long-distance communications up to 50 km for a particular system with particular requirements. The LNA architecture has recently been designed to concentrate on a single transistor, cascode, or cascade constrained in gain, bandwidth, and noise figure.
This document discusses speed adaptive mobile IP over wireless LAN. It first analyzes the relationship between performance and moving speed for mobile IP over wireless LAN, showing that current mobile IP is not suitable for rapid movement. It then proposes a speed adaptive mobile IP protocol that extends registration messages with speed information to allow the network behavior to automatically adapt based on node speed, improving performance for rapid movement without high resource costs. The protocol is emulated and shown to greatly improve mobile IP performance for rapid movement over wireless LAN.
The Assessments and Challenges of LED Generated Data Traffic using Li-Fi Tech...AM Publications
Internet today will be highly integrated with many aspects of our daily needs making it a corner stone in modern life. This dependency increased the demand on having internet services with higher Bandwidth, higher Bit Rates and lower Congestion problems. As a result, more and more applications will be widely realized for Internet based in the future, either in custom or dedicated fashion. As a result, the Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology - that is considered in this paper - refers to the technology that can transfer data in a faster reliable way; utilizing Light Emitted Diode (LED) bulb which is the source of illumination. The method of communication is through transfer data pulses instead of radio frequencies signals, thus providing an economic advantage by eliminating the need for complex wireless networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses VoIP in mobile communication. It provides an overview of how VoIP works using packet switching instead of circuit switching. It then discusses mobile communication standards like GSM and 3G. It explores how VoIP can be used with wireless phones and whether VoIP is likely to be adopted by mobile carriers. While mobile VoIP is growing, the document argues that mobile carriers will not adopt VoIP themselves due to bandwidth constraints and lack of technological advantages over existing standards like GSM.
The document concludes that VoIP subscriber growth is entering the mainstream in the US, especially for residential and business use over the next few years, though full migration will take much longer as traditional phone networks still dominate mobile communication globally.
IRJET - Network Selection and Spectrum Handoff based on Adaptive Weights in C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses network selection and spectrum handoff in cognitive wireless networks using adaptive weights. It proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to minimize handoff delay and increase throughput. The technique allows secondary users to utilize unused licensed spectrum. Simulation results show the proposed PSO-based algorithm, called PHSCR, performs better than other methods in terms of handoff delay and throughput. The document also discusses using multiple attribute decision making methods like the grey relational analysis method to help cognitive radios select the optimal network for spectral handoff.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DIGITALLY CONNECTING RURAL INDIA BY 2018Kumar Ranjan
People in rural India has to first feel, learn benefits of Internet and start consuming Internet driven E-services. Government need to get all of its department ready to deliver various E-Governance and get eco-system ready & contents developed for various E-Services.
This document summarizes Long Term Evolution (LTE), the next generation wireless communication standard. It describes LTE's key features such as being packet-switched only, supporting variable bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and realizing high speeds of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink. The document outlines LTE's technologies like OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, and support for multiple antennas. It also describes LTE's evolved packet core network architecture and how it can accommodate different wireless systems through policy and charging functions. In conclusion, LTE realizes high-speed wireless access through these technologies and network improvements.
This report analyzes the impact of data traffic off-loading on the demand for wireless broadband spectrum in Europe. It finds that the volume of data traffic off-loaded, chiefly to Wi-Fi in the home, already exceeds traffic on mobile networks and is growing faster. This off-loading generates significant cost savings for mobile network operators by reducing network usage. However, sufficient spectrum and backhaul capabilities are needed for Wi-Fi and small cells to realize their potential. The report recommends actions to address impediments to off-loading, including making more spectrum available for Wi-Fi, promoting broadband deployment, and reducing administrative burdens on network deployment.
Chinese Taipei's regulatory update provides the following information:
1) Chinese Taipei has announced a Digital Convergence Policy Initiative to enhance broadband quality and develop the digital convergence industry, including plans to reach 100% household access to 100Mbps broadband by 2013 and complete digitization of cable TV by 2014.
2) Chinese Taipei will release 4G mobile broadband licenses by December 2013 based on technological neutrality and will analyze mobile broadband access rates nationwide in 2013.
3) Chinese Taipei approved an IPv6 Upgrade and Promotion Program in 2011 to facilitate the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 given the depletion of IPv4 addresses.
SAMENA Response to Iraq CMC fixed wireless consultationroberto ercole
The document summarizes SAMENA's response to Iraq's Communications & Media Commission regarding proposed fixed wireless broadband licensing and spectrum allocation. Key points:
1. SAMENA believes licenses should allow both fixed and mobile broadband to promote broader access and a viable business case. Restricting licenses to just fixed use may undermine commercial deployment.
2. There may be cross-border interference issues, particularly with neighboring countries using all TDD networks in the 2.6GHz band. Band plans should be harmonized as much as possible to minimize interference.
3. The proposed amount of spectrum for fixed wireless may exceed market needs. A combined mobile/fixed approach could better support broadband access through economies of scale for operators.
Frontiers of Wireless and Mobile CommunicationsSai Varrshini
This document discusses emerging wireless technologies and their impact. It provides an overview of key technologies like MIMO, cooperative communications, and dynamic spectrum access. It summarizes the evolution of radio technologies from 2G to 4G standards and increasing link speeds. It also examines short-range wireless technologies and research challenges in building cognitive radios and software-defined radios to efficiently utilize spectrum.
Y-Roam is a provider of 4G and 3G data services in over 100 countries. Using the revolutionary cloud-sim technology in our new YR4 Mobile Wi Fi device you can stay connected without the risk of excessive data roaming charges. Select from one of our great value worldwide data packages and benefit from a flat rate data charge across the globe.
hi guys!! check out the details about the tele communication and community services in urban infrastructure. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
Ericsson Mobility Report, November 2015 – Regional report South East Asia and...Ericsson
In South East Asia and Oceania, urbanization will continue to drive the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. There will be more than 450 million people living in urban areas by 2021, compared to around 400 million today South East Asia and Oceania is a dynamic region for ICT.
Driven by smartphone and mobile broadband growth, internet adoption continues to grow in the region. Australia and Singapore are the leading countries, with internet penetration (mobile and fixed) at over 80 percent.2 In other parts of the region, internet penetration can be expected to continue rising.
Despite smartphone and mobile broadband potential there are still challenges, especially in the region’s developing markets. The next wave of smartphone users are expected to come from rural or remote areas, raising issues on how to bring services to these lower-income populations in a cost-effective way. In order to guarantee a good user experience, mobile operators’ ability to address mobile data growth will be key.
Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast UpdateMr Nyak
The document is a presentation by Cisco on their Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast for 2012-2017. The key points summarized are:
1) Global mobile data traffic is forecast to increase 13 times from 2012 to 2017, reaching 11.2 exabytes per month by 2017. Mobile data traffic grew 70% year-over-year in 2012.
2) By 2017, over 66% of the world's mobile data traffic will be from mobile video. Mobile cloud traffic will account for 84% of total mobile data traffic.
3) Factors driving mobile data traffic growth include more mobile users, devices and connections, faster mobile speeds increasing 7 fold, and the rise of
IRJET- Bluetooth based Traffic Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document proposes a Bluetooth-based traffic tracking system for indoor environments like tunnels where GPS signals are degraded. Bluetooth beacons placed along roads would broadcast location data to passing vehicles equipped with Bluetooth modules.
2. When a vehicle passes a beacon, its Bluetooth module receives location data and sends it to a microcontroller for display and storage. The microcontroller also sends data to an SD card for later processing and comparison with actual GPS data.
3. The system aims to provide accurate indoor vehicle tracking as an alternative to GPS. It would use inexpensive Bluetooth technology and be easy to implement compared to other alternatives like WiFi-based systems.
This document discusses cost-effective deployment of relay stations in WiMAX networks. It first outlines the costs associated with base stations and relay stations, including capital expenditures and operational expenditures. It then discusses challenges in planning relay station placement to both improve quality of service and reduce costs. Specifically, it examines dividing the network into zones based on signal strength and using different modulation and coding schemes in each zone. The goal is to determine optimal relay station locations and configurations to enhance network performance while minimizing overall deployment costs.
This document analyzes the performance of routing algorithms for an integrated Wi-Fi/WiMAX heterogeneous network. It begins with an introduction describing the need for such integrated networks to provide uninterrupted wireless service. It then provides overviews of the Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) technologies that would be integrated. Several routing algorithms are described, including Bellman-Ford, AODV, DYMO, OLSRv2, RIP, and OSPFv2. The document then discusses how to statistically analyze the performance of the integrated network using these various routing algorithms, focusing on metrics like throughput, packet loss probability, and distortion. The analysis will
High frequency of low noise amplifier architecture for WiMAX application: A r...IJECEIAES
The low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit is exceptionally imperative as it promotes and initializes general execution performance and quality of the mobile communication system. LNA's design in radio frequency (R.F.) circuit requires the trade-off numerous imperative features' including gain, noise figure (N.F.), bandwidth, stability, sensitivity, power consumption, and complexity. Improvements to the LNA's overall performance should be made to fulfil the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) specifications' prerequisites. The development of front-end receiver, particularly the LNA, is genuinely pivotal for long-distance communications up to 50 km for a particular system with particular requirements. The LNA architecture has recently been designed to concentrate on a single transistor, cascode, or cascade constrained in gain, bandwidth, and noise figure.
This document discusses speed adaptive mobile IP over wireless LAN. It first analyzes the relationship between performance and moving speed for mobile IP over wireless LAN, showing that current mobile IP is not suitable for rapid movement. It then proposes a speed adaptive mobile IP protocol that extends registration messages with speed information to allow the network behavior to automatically adapt based on node speed, improving performance for rapid movement without high resource costs. The protocol is emulated and shown to greatly improve mobile IP performance for rapid movement over wireless LAN.
The Assessments and Challenges of LED Generated Data Traffic using Li-Fi Tech...AM Publications
Internet today will be highly integrated with many aspects of our daily needs making it a corner stone in modern life. This dependency increased the demand on having internet services with higher Bandwidth, higher Bit Rates and lower Congestion problems. As a result, more and more applications will be widely realized for Internet based in the future, either in custom or dedicated fashion. As a result, the Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology - that is considered in this paper - refers to the technology that can transfer data in a faster reliable way; utilizing Light Emitted Diode (LED) bulb which is the source of illumination. The method of communication is through transfer data pulses instead of radio frequencies signals, thus providing an economic advantage by eliminating the need for complex wireless networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses VoIP in mobile communication. It provides an overview of how VoIP works using packet switching instead of circuit switching. It then discusses mobile communication standards like GSM and 3G. It explores how VoIP can be used with wireless phones and whether VoIP is likely to be adopted by mobile carriers. While mobile VoIP is growing, the document argues that mobile carriers will not adopt VoIP themselves due to bandwidth constraints and lack of technological advantages over existing standards like GSM.
The document concludes that VoIP subscriber growth is entering the mainstream in the US, especially for residential and business use over the next few years, though full migration will take much longer as traditional phone networks still dominate mobile communication globally.
IRJET - Network Selection and Spectrum Handoff based on Adaptive Weights in C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses network selection and spectrum handoff in cognitive wireless networks using adaptive weights. It proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to minimize handoff delay and increase throughput. The technique allows secondary users to utilize unused licensed spectrum. Simulation results show the proposed PSO-based algorithm, called PHSCR, performs better than other methods in terms of handoff delay and throughput. The document also discusses using multiple attribute decision making methods like the grey relational analysis method to help cognitive radios select the optimal network for spectral handoff.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a technique called "tiny video representation" to classify and retrieve video frames and videos. The proposed method involves preprocessing videos by splitting them into frames, removing black bars, resizing frames to 32x32 pixels, and using affinity propagation to cluster unique frames. This creates a "tiny video database" that can be used for content-based copy detection, video categorization through classification of frames, and retrieval of related videos through nearest neighbor searches. Experimental results showed the tiny video database approach improved classification precision and recall compared to using individual frames or videos.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study characterizing the anodized film developed on titanium plates in a KOH bath. Key findings:
1. Anodizing titanium in a KOH bath between 20-72V produced films with colors ranging from blue to yellow to purple to green.
2. Analysis found the film consisted mainly of TiO2 and Ti2O3 and was uniform and compact.
3. Corrosion testing showed the film anodized at 50-52V exhibited the best corrosion resistance in salt spray, acid, and impedance tests, while films at lower and higher voltages had decreasing resistance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes the design, implementation, and simulation of a 2-GHz low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA is designed using both lumped elements and distributed elements approaches. Key steps in the design process are discussed, including the use of the MESFET transistor, input and output matching networks, and performance analysis using the Smith Chart. The LNA provides a noise figure of 0.358 dB, gain of 16.778 dB, and meets other specifications. Simulation results show that the lumped elements approach achieves better performance than the distributed elements approach. The document outlines the design process and evaluation of LNAs to meet requirements for wireless communication systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a network device driver in Linux using NAPI (New API) to improve performance. It begins with an introduction to network device drivers and challenges with high interrupt loads. It then describes NAPI and how it uses polling instead of interrupts to process packets. The rest of the document provides details on the specific NAPI implementation for an ARM920T processor, including advantages like reduced interrupt processing and packet dropping. It evaluates the performance improvement from using NAPI during high packet loads. In summary, NAPI is a technique for network device drivers to improve Linux performance under heavy network traffic by reducing interrupt processing and using polling.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
Dynamic Data Offloading : Connect Intelligently With ANDSFGreen Packet
The arrival of varied smartphones and devices has inevitably encouraged greater data consumption.
Users are now more sophisticated and demand nothing less than best network performance. Smartphone generally accounts for higher ARPU and represents potential new revenue streams for enabling quad play services. Operators are aggressively addressing these challenges and improving the quality of their solution to retain existing customers and offering better service experience to build loyalty.
WiFi adoption as data offloading is gaining momentum as it improves user experience while lowering the cost of service providers. Correctly implemented, it can ease up to 20% of traffic with substantial impact of freeing up the spectrum and load balancing. Offloading data to WiFi hotspots is economically attractive, because many carriers already operate a substantial number of hotspots.
In this paper, we will examine how dynamic data offloading can be further optimized with 3GPP based Access Network Discovery Selection Function (ANDSF). ANDSF describes how the inter-system mobility between 3GPP systems and non-3GPP systems (ie: WLAN, WiMAX, CDMA) policies and priorities can control the conditions for which a device (UE) connects to which wireless network.
Dynamic data offloading_connect_intelligently_with_andsfGreen Packet
WiFi data offloading can help reduce traffic loads on 3G networks and improve user experience. Dynamic data offloading using ANDSF allows intelligent switching between 3G and WiFi networks based on policies and network conditions. This helps optimize network usage and minimize congestion. ANDSF provides visibility and control over offloaded data traffic. Offloading to WiFi can support more users per site and lower operator infrastructure costs compared to additional 3G cell sites.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Development of the Wi-Fi Offloading Business Concept within the African Marke...Beneyam Haile
Offloading traffic to Wi-Fi networks is now becoming
an attractive way of alleviating congestion and extending
coverage without the need for significant additional investments for increased mobile network coverage and capacity. While Wi-Fi offloading technology standards are maturing and various vendor solutions being adopted by operators in developed economies, the offloading business models need to be reevaluated for Africa where the Wi-Fi adoption patterns and regulations are a rather different. In this study, we aim to analyze the Wi-Fi offloading business model for the African market context in a holistic manner by identifying plausible offloading scenarios, noting the critical success factors (or barriers) and evaluating the emerging value network configurations. Finally, we present an exemplary business model for an Offloading Service Provider based on an existing offloading vendor solution and using the STOF model as the theoretical framework.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In my project the traditional mobile data offloading transfers cellular users to Wi-Fi networks to relieve the cellular system from the pressure of ever-increasing data traffic load. The spectrum utilization of the network is bound to suffer from potential packet collisions due to its congestion -based access protocol. Due to the number of competing Wi-Fi users grows large. To tackle numerous users problem transfer some users to be served by the LTE-U system. By using cognitive network, admission control algorithm is used for minimizing the traffic. Conventional portable information offloading exchanges cell clients to WiFi systems to alleviate the cell framework from the weight of the continually expanding information activity stack. Be that as it may, the range use of the WiFi system will undoubtedly endure from potential bundle crashes because of its dispute based get to convention, particularly when the quantity of contending WiFi clients develops substantial. To handle this issue, we propose to exchange a few WiFi clients to be served by the LTE framework, as opposed to the customary versatile information offloading which successfully offloads LTE movement to the WiFi arrange. In the interim, utilizing the rising LTE in unlicensed range (LTE-U) innovation, some unlicensed range assets might be apportioned to the LTE framework in remuneration for taking care of more WiFi clients.
Managing Data Offloading Securely Over WLan Access Networks With I-WLanGreen Packet
Cellular operators are increasingly shifting their focus for alternative wireless access methods to manage data offload. Legacy cellular networks were designed for low bandwidth consumption and insufficient to cope with the growth of data requirements today. Although operators continuously upgrade their networks with greater capacity and advanced technologies, heavy investments for cell build is not an economical approach in the longer term.
The availability of Wi-Fi hotspots are highly accessible and appropriate for data offloading. Taking advantage of the unlicensed spectrum and better bandwidth utilization, data offloading can be achieved with lower cost per bit. In this paper, we present I-WLAN to effectively manage data offloading securely between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks. We will also be exploring the different network use scenarios of I-WLAN in enabling simple unified EAP authentication and subscriber policies.
IRJET- An Incentive Framework for Cellular Traffic OffloadingIRJET Journal
This document proposes an incentive framework to motivate cellular users to offload traffic through other intermittent networks like Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) and WiFi hotspots. The framework uses a reverse auction where users bid on how long they are willing to delay downloading data in exchange for discounts on their cellular plan. The goal is to minimize costs for the cellular provider while meeting traffic offloading targets. Models are developed to predict how much traffic individual users could offload based on their data access and mobility patterns for DTNs, and mobility and nearby WiFi availability for WiFi offloading. The proposed incentive framework aims to maximize offloading by prioritizing users with high delay tolerance and offloading potential.
Wi-Fi offload in cellular networks allows mobile data to be carried over both 3GPP cellular networks and non-3GPP networks such as Wi-Fi. The Evolved Packet Core architecture defines how a user equipment can connect to and move between these network types. Key technologies that enable seamless Wi-Fi offload include the Access Network Discovery and Selection Function for network selection policies, EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA authentication over trusted Wi-Fi access, and the enhanced Packet Data Gateway for securing untrusted access via IPsec tunnels. Session continuity is managed through either network-based mobility protocols run independently or client-based protocols using the UE.
Managing data offload over wlan access networks with iwlanJustus @GreenPacket
This document discusses using I-WLAN (Interworking Wireless LAN) to efficiently manage data offloading between 3GPP cellular networks and non-3GPP WiFi networks. I-WLAN allows for seamless connectivity, transparent authentication, application and service mobility to enhance the user experience when offloading data to WiFi networks. It provides a solution for mobile operators to securely offload data traffic from congested cellular networks to available WiFi networks to improve network capacity and the overall quality of service.
Long term evolution (LTE) is replacing the 3G services slowly but steadily and become a preferred choice
for data for human to human (H2H) services and now it is becoming preferred choice for voice also. In
some developed countries the traditional 2G services gradually decommissioned from the service and
getting replaced with LTE for all H2H services. LTE provided high downlink and uplink bandwidth
capacity and is one of the technology like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) being used as the backbone communication infrastructure for vehicle networking applications.
When Compared to VANET and MANET, LTE provides wide area of coverage and excellent infrastructure
facilities for vehicle networking. This helps in transmitting the vehicle information to the operator and
downloading certain information into the vehicle nodes (VNs) from the operators server. As per the ETSI
publications the number of machine to machine communication (MTC) devices are expected to touch 50
billion by 2020 and this will surpass H2H communication. With growing congestion in the LTE network,
accessing the network for any request from VN especially during peak hour is a big challenge because of
the congestion in random access channel (RACH). In this paper we will analyse this RACH congestion
problem with the data from the live network. Lot of algorithms are proposed for resolving the RACH
congestion on the basis of simulation results so we would like to present some practical data from the live
network to this issue to understand the extent RACH congestion issue in the real time scenario.
The document discusses Qualcomm's Connectivity Engine (CnE) framework for managing traffic offloading between 3G/LTE and Wi-Fi networks. The framework includes:
1) A mechanism for dynamically providing operators' policies to guide traffic routing based on evolving 3GPP standards.
2) Algorithms to detect characteristics of unplanned Wi-Fi networks beyond just signal strength to determine optimal offloading.
3) A mechanism enabling seamless handovers between 3G/LTE and Wi-Fi networks.
The CnE makes intelligent decisions about network selection and traffic routing to improve user experience and network resource utilization.
Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff Decision Controller for Future NetworksIJAEMSJORNAL
Abstract— In Next generation wireless Networks, the received signals (RSS) from different networks do not have a same meaning since each network is composed of its specific characteristics and there is no common pilot signal. Then, RSS comparisons are insufficient for handoff decision and may be inefficient and impractical. A more complex decision criterion that combines a large number of parameters or factors such as monetary cost, bandwidth, and power consumption and user profile is necessary. Though there are a lot works available for vertical handoff decision (VHD) for wireless networks, the selection of best network is still challenging problem. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy based vertical handoff decision controller (FVHDC) Which performs handover decision based on the output of fuzzy based rules.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes research on vertical handoff performance in wireless local area networks (WLANs). It examines the data traffic received by different access points as mobile stations move between them. Graphs show how throughput and delay are impacted during handoffs. It also evaluates the performance of file transfer between wireless clients and servers connected by a WLAN backbone network comprising two routers. The document analyzes the effects of station mobility on metrics like traffic, delay, and throughput. In conclusion, it demonstrates vertical handoff triggering between a WiMAX and WLAN network as mobile nodes roam between the base stations.
A heterogeneous short-range communication platform for Internet of Vehicles IJECEIAES
The automotive industry is rapidly accelerating toward the development of innovative industry applications that feature management capabilities for data and applications alike in cars. In this regard, more internet of vehicles solutions are emerging through advancements of various wireless medium access-control technologies and the internet of things. In the present work, we develop a short-range communication–based vehicular system to support vehicle communication and remote car control. We present a combined hardware and software testbed that is capable of controlling a vehicle’s start up, operation and several related functionalities covering various vehicle metric data. The testbed is built from two microcontrollers, Arduino and Raspberry Pi 3, each of which individually controls certain functions to improve the overall vehicle control. The implementation of the heterogeneous communication module is based on the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15 medium access control technologies. Further, a control module on a smartphone was designed and implemented for efficient management. Moreover, we study the system connectivity performance by measuring various important parameters including the coverage distance, signal strength, download speed and latency. This study covers the use of this technology setup in different geographical areas over various time spans.
Zigbee sensor network integrated with 4 g for iot applicationsgoodgood
This document discusses integrating Zigbee wireless sensor networks with 4G technology. It proposes a system where Zigbee sensor nodes in multiple PANs (personal area networks) transmit real-time multimedia data through a processing controller unit connected to a WiMAX base station. This allows data to be transmitted over long distances through the 4G network in a secure manner. The document analyzes the performance of this integrated system by simulating video conferencing, voice, and data applications. The results show low packet delay, jitter, and end-to-end delay, indicating the system can support high-quality multimedia transmission over long distances with minimal delays.
A New Data Offloading Framework Between Mobile Network and Campusijsrd.com
Data offloading is a technique to transfer data between different networks like mobile network to WiFi networks. WiFi or Wi-Max networks are very fast and require no spectrum fees to implement them. Whereas Mobile networks require the spectrum reservations which are highly costly and heavily affect the service charges offered by the cellular service providers. In our proposed scenario, we are using controlled data transfer mechanism to offload data between mobile network and campus wireless network to facilitate the calling facility in the campus for the smart-phone users using Wireless network in the campus.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
1. P.P.Nagaraja Rao et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.565-572
www.ijera.com 565 | P a g e
A Novel Approach for Controlling Mobile Data Offloading
Between 3GPP and Non-3GPP Access Networks.
P. P. Nagarajarao1
, G. Sunil2
1
Associate Professor , Department of ECE,SVPCET,Puttur
2
Associate Professor , Department of ECE,SVPCET,Puttur
ABSTRACT
Mobile network traffic is growing rapidly, and service providers must manage their networks efficiently to meet
consumer demand. Mobile data offloading is the use of complementary network technologies for delivering data
originally targeted for cellular networks. Access network discovery and selection function (ANDSF) is the most
complete 3GPP approach to date for controlling offloading between 3GPP (such as HSPA or LTE) and non-
3GPP access networks (such as Wi-Fi or WIMAX). The purpose of the ANDSF is to assist user devices to
discover access networks in their vicinity and to provide rules (policies) to prioritize and manage connections to
all networks. In this paper, we propose a new ANDSF- assisted Wi-Fi regulator method based on end user’s
high-level motion states, such as driving ,walking, and recognizing whether the user is motionless or not, to
avoid unnecessary Wi-Fi scanning and connections. The client-based Wi-Fi connection manager, which
performs cyclic Wi-Fi scanning, is compared with the proposed method. According to the performance results,
the proposed method shows significant performance enhancement in terms of efficient Wi-Fi control and
connectivity with 3G and Wi-Fi.
Keywords-component; ANDSF, Mobile Data offloading, LTE, Handover, Wi-Fi,WIMAX
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the latest Cisco Visual
Networking Index report [1], monthly global mobile
data traffic will exceed 10 exabytes by 2016; Asia, in
particular Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and China,
will account for 40% of that amount. Furthermore,
the continuous advent of mobile services and the high
speeds of mobile connections are the major factors in
the growth of mobile data traffic.
Today, mobile users frequently use many
smartphone/tablet applications, such as social
networking applications, location based service
applications, and mobile messengers, to communicate
with application servers and peers. It will be unlikely
to change mobile user trends for the use of such
applications, and the traffic volume will be increase
even more. Thus, growing mobile data traffic brings
the requirements of mobile infrastructure
improvement and a new wireless technology, such as
Long Term Evolution (LTE) [2] to fulfill mobile user
demand. Mobile network operators (MNOs) might
have several approaches to deal with the mobile data
traffic explosion. The approaches are additional
spectrum acquisition, existing 3G network upgrades
such as a multichannel assignment, LTE deployment,
and alternative networks, such as Wi-Fi. Since all the
approaches, except the fourth one, are dependent on
MNO policy, thus we limit the discussion to an
alternative network as a solution for mobile data
offloading between 3GPP and non-3GPP access
networks in this paper.
The solutions for mobile data offloading can
be categorized into two solutions, such as a client-
based solution and a server-based solution. Various
Wi-Fi connection managers that are the applications
for connecting the Wi-Fi more easily and quickly are
available on user equipment (UE), and it can be a
client-based solution for mobile data offloading.
However, with the client-based solution, it is
impossible for the MNO to gain visibility and control
over Wi-Fi traffic and the user experience for better
mobile traffic management. In addition, most Wi-Fi
connection managers always require turning on a Wi-
Fi interface on the UE, and thus it can cause
unnecessary Wi-Fi scanning. Therefore, a number of
unnecessary Wi-Fi connections might be established.
Recently, ANDSF has been specified in
3GPP standards 23.402 [3] and 24.312 [4] as a
server-based solution. The ANDSF is an entity within
an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) to assist user
equipment (UE) in discovering non-3GPP access
networks and provide UE with rules and operator
policies to connect to the non-3GPP access networks.
However, the ANDSF server needs to acquire the
current geographical location of the UE to provide
discovery information, which is a list of available
Wi-Fi networks near by the UE’s current location.
Thus, it can also cause an unnecessary energy drain
on the UE owing to its power intensive location
sensing and the synchronizing operations between the
ANDSF server and the UE.
To address the problems of unnecessary Wi-
Fi scanning and improve the energy efficiency of the
ANDSF operation, we propose a novel ANDSF-
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. P.P.Nagaraja Rao et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.565-572
www.ijera.com 566 | P a g e
assisted Wi-Fi control method by considering the
user’s motion states. Since the limitation of Wi-Fi
coverage, the most efficient use of Wi-Fi is in a
stationary state. Thus, we propose a new method of
detecting motion states, such as walking and driving,
and of recognizing whether the user is stationary or
not in a short period time. The aim of the proposed
method is to avoid unnecessary Wi-Fi scanning and
unnecessary Wi-Fi connections while users are
moving. The performance of the ANDSF system that
employs the proposed method is compared to a
client-based Wi-Fi offloading solution that performs
periodic Wi-Fi scanning without considering the
motion states.
The remainder of the paper is organized as
follows. Section II discusses the limitations of the
client-based Wi-Fi offloading approach. Section III
describes the proposed efficient ANDSF-assisted Wi-
Fi control method. Section IV evaluates the
performance of the proposed method. Finally,
Section V concludes the paper.
II. LIMITATIONS OF CLIENT-BASED
WI-FI OFFLOADING APPROACH
This section analyzes a client-based solution
for mobile data offloading. In particular, we highlight
the problems of unnecessary Wi-Fi scanning and
unnecessary Wi-Fi connections with the client-based
solution for mobile data offloading.
A. Client-based Wi-Fi Connection Manager
Recently, various Wi-Fi connection
managers have become available in smart phone
application markets, such as Google Play. Most Wi-
Fi connection managers perform Wi-Fi scanning at
regular intervals between 1 second and 60 seconds.
However, this approach can cause unnecessary Wi-Fi
scanning, and thus a number of unnecessary Wi-Fi
connections might be established. To confirm this
inefficient Wi-Fi scanning and to find the reason why
users turn off the Wi-Fi interface, we did some
simple user experience tests. As the first test, we
turned on the Android Wi-Fi connection manager and
listened to Internet radio (NHK Radio World) for 5
minutes while walking around in Tokyo with passing
several Wi-Fi hotspot zones. During the 5 minutes,
the device switched six times between 3G and Wi-Fi,
and 49.6% (Total: 1,986,627 bytes) of the traffic was
downloaded through the Wi-Fi access network as
shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1. Received traffic with Android Wi-Fi
connection manager
Although, almost 50% of the traffic is
offloaded through the Wi-Fi access network, it leads
to a bad user experience since the Internet radio
service was interrupted and delayed many times due
to frequent switching between 3G and Wi-Fi. Fig. 2
shows the received Internet radio traffic without the
Android Wi-Fi connection manager. In this test, we
turned off the Android Wi-Fi connection manager
and confirmed that there was no interruption to the
Internet radio reception. Therefore, it is clear
evidence as to why users turn off the Wi-Fi interface.
Figure 2. Received traffic without Android Wi-Fi
connection manager
B. ANDSF-assisted Wi-Fi Control
To allow UE to know where and how to
choose a non-3GPP access network, such as Wi-Fi,
the Technical Specification 23.402[3] defines the
ANDSF. In addition, to assist UE in discovering non-
3GPP access networks, the ANDSF server provides
ANDSF information, which is represented by the
ANDSF Management Object described in Technical
Specification 24.312[4]. The ANDSF information
includes discovery information, which is a list of Wi-
Fi access networks available to the UE based on the
UE current location and selection rules, which is a
list of prioritized rules that control which Wi-Fi
access networks should be used based on the UE
current location. The exchange of ANDSF
information can be triggered by the client pull mode
or the server push mode. The initial client pull mode
occurs after the UE establishes a 3G connection. At
this point, the UE should provide location
information (geographical location or base station
ID) and request ANDSF information from the
ANDSF server. Then, the ANDSF server processes
this request by sending a prioritized list of Wi-Fi
access networks for the UE current location. A client
pull mode also occurs when the UE moves to another
location. Thus, according to the ANDSF system,
when the UE moves to another location, the UE
needs to retrieve ANDSF information by using the
pull method from the ANDSF server every time.
However, in the case of the user motion state of
walking and driving, remaining within the 3G
coverage area is much better than Wi-Fi access due to
the limitations of Wi-Fi coverage. As a result, with
the current ANDSF system, intensive ANDSF
3. P.P.Nagaraja Rao et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.565-572
www.ijera.com 567 | P a g e
information retrievals will be accrued. To confirm
this inefficient ANDSF information retrieval, we
tested the ANDSF information retrieval operation by
using the ANDSF server and client developed
according to the TS 24.402 and the TS 24.312. Fig. 3
shows the cumulative ANDSF information retrieval
traffic and the time for policy retrieval attempts for
44 minutes.
We measured the ANDSF information
retrieval traffic while riding on a train and walking.
In the test result, the ANDSF information was
retrieved 33 times between the ANDSF server and
the client, and the cumulative ANDSF information
retrieval traffic increased as shown in Fig. 3. As we
pointed out before, a ANDSF information retrieval
operation while the user is moving is not necessary
since it can cause unnecessary energy drain on the
UE owing to its power intensive location sensing and
the ANDSF information retrieval operations between
the ANDSF server and the client.
Figure 3. Cumulative ANDSF Information Retrieval
Traffic
III. ANDSF-ASSISTED WI-FI
CONTROL FOR MOBILEDATA
OFFLOADING
In this section, the proposed ANDSF-
assisted Wi-Fi control method is described.
A. Discussion on ANDSF Limitations and
Alternatives
Figure 4. The ideal case of Wi-Fi Control
The ideal case of Wi-Fi control is to turn on
the Wi-Fi interface automatically when the user is
stationary, which provides good quality Wi-Fi as
shown in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, the three different types of
Wi-Fi are installed in each place and only the orange
color coded Wi-Fi is acceptable to the user. This Wi-
Fi information can be delivered by the ANDSF
server, which is one of the benefits of the server-
based mobile data offloading solution compared to
the client-based solution. To achieve this, the
following requirements should be fulfilled. At first,
the UE needs the latest ANDSF information,
including good quality Wi-Fi information, when the
UE is ready to access the Wi-Fi network. Thus, the
most appropriate time for the policy retrieval is not
when the UE moves to another location but when the
UE is stationary. Second, the UE needs a new
function to detect the user’s high-level motion state
of walking or driving and recognizing whether the
user stationary or not in a short period. Current
positioning technologies can be used for detecting the
user’s high-level motion states but GPS [5] is
extremely power hungry due to its power intensive
location sensing, and the Wi-Fi-based positioning
method [6] always needs to keep turning on the Wi-
Fi interface, which can also cause an unnecessary
energy drain on the UE, as well as unnecessary Wi-Fi
scanning. To address these problems, we propose a
new user high-level motion detection and tracking
method based on 3G/4G(CDMA, WCDMA, LTE)
RSSI (received signal strength indicator) variation.
With the user’s high-level motion detection, periodic
3G/4G RSSI measurement by the UE is a natural and
essential behavior; thus, the energy drain by periodic
RSSI measuring is unavoidable among the total
energy consumption. We measured the 3G RSSI and
BSID variations while moving and remaining in one
location, respectively, using three different types of
smartphones (HTC ISW13HT, Sony Xperiaacro HD,
and Kyosera Urbano). Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the 3G
RSSI/BSID variations in the moving state and the
stationary state, respectively.
4. P.P.Nagaraja Rao et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.565-572
www.ijera.com 568 | P a g e
Figure 5. 3G RSSI/BSID Variation of Moving State
Figure 6. 3G RSSI/BSID Variation of Stationary
State
In Fig. 5, the 3G RSSI/BSID changes irregularly
during the measurement time period. In contrast,
there are relatively low variations in 3G RSSI values
as shown in Fig. 6. With this analysis, we confirm
that the RSSI/BSID variations can be used to decide
whether a user is stationary or not.
B. Proposed Automatic Wi-Fi Control
Mechanism
To improve Wi-Fi control in terms of
avoiding unnecessary ANDSF information retrieval
and unnecessary Wi-Fi scanning, we propose a
method for automatic Wi-Fi control that consists of
the following steps: 3G RSSI/BSID measuring during
a given time interval; decision on the user’s motion
state using 3G RSSI/BSID variations; prevention of
duplicated Wi-Fi scans in the same place; ANDSF
policy retrieval; and selective Wi-Fi connections
based on Wi-Fi RSSI. The first step is the decision on
the user’s motion state using 3G RSSI/BSID
variations. To turn on the Wi-Fi interface
automatically when a user is stationary only, the UE
needs to observe the variations in 3G RSSI/BSID
during given time intervals as shown in Fig. 7.
Figure 7. An example of decision on user’s motion
state
For each 3G RSSI/BSID checkpoint time,
the UE compares current 3G RSSI/BSID values with
the previous 3G RSSI/BSID values. If both 3G
RSSI/BSID variations are within the acceptable 3G
RSSI variation threshold, the UE detects the current
motion state as stationary (Line 2 in Fig. 8). The
second step is prevention of duplicated Wi-Fi scans
in the same location (Line 4 in Fig. 8). Fig. 7 shows
an example of the Wi-Fi scanning rule. Although the
UE is stationary after check time interval 3, it does
not perform a Wi-Fi scanning. The reason is that in
comparison to the previous result (Check Time
Interval 2), the 3G BSID is unchanged, and the 3G
RSSI variations of the previous 3G RSSI value and
the current 3G RSSI value are within the range of the
acceptable 3G RSSI variation (ex. ±2 dBM) so that
the UE detects that the user is stationary. Here, since
there were no available Wi-Fi APs in the previous
Wi-Fi scan results (Check Time Interval 2), the UE
should not perform a Wi-Fi scan after Check Time
Interval 3. The third step is the ANDSF policy
retrieval (Line 15 in Fig. 8). If the UE detects that it
moves to another location and is then stationary, the
UE requests the ANDSF policy for the current
location, which is at least a different ANDSF policy
retrieval method compared to the current ANDSF
system. The final step is the Wi-Fi scanning and
connection considering the Wi-Fi RSSI. If the Wi-Fi
RSSI is under the predefined Wi-Fi RSSI threshold,
the UE terminates the Wi-Fi connection according to
the proposed algorithm.
RC: Current Measured 3G RSSI
RP: Previous Measured 3G RSSI
RT: Acceptable 3G RSSI Variation Threshold
between RCand RP BC: Current Measured 3G BSID
BP: Previous Measured 3G BSID
1: Measuring 3G RSSI/BSID variation during given
time interval;
2: IFRC‐RPwithinRTandBC=BP// Decision on User s
5. P.P.Nagaraja Rao et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.565-572
www.ijera.com 569 | P a g e
motion state
3: User motion state: stationary detected;
4:
IF Rp‐RP-1withinRTandBp=BP-1// Prevention of
duplicated WiFi scan
5: Check Previous WiFi scan result;
6: IF Available WiFi exists
7: Turn ON WiFi Interface;
8:Perform WiFi Connection considering WiFi RSSI;
9: ELSE
10:RP= RP-1
11:RC= NULL
12:Bp= BP-1
13:END
14:ELSE
15:
Request ANDSF Information; // Start
ANDSF policy retrevial
16:IF Available WiFi exists in vicinity of UE
17:Turn ON WiFi Interface;
18:
Perform WiFi Connection considering WiFi
RSSI;
19:ELSE
20:RP= RP-1
21 RC= NULL
22:Bp= BP-1
23:END
24: ELSE
25:RP= RP-1
26:RC= NULL
27:Bp= BP-1
28: END
Figure 8. Algorithm for automatic Wi-Fi control
method
IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Figure 9. ANDSF Information and User’s motion
detection function
To evaluate the performance of the proposed
automatic Wi-Fi control method, we developed a
prototype of the ANDSF server and client running
the Android OS. The performance of the proposed
method was compared to the Android Wi-Fi
connection manager, which is a client-based Wi-Fi
offloading solution that performs periodic Wi-Fi
scanning.
Fig. 9 shows the ANDSF policy delivered by the
ANDSF server and the user’s motion detection
function running on the Android OS. An ANDSF
policy consists of the policy ID, including relevant
parameters, such as a prioritized access network list
and the validity period for the policy and scenario ID,
including a list of available Wi-Fi information in the
vicinity of the UE.
To validate the proposed automatic Wi-Fi control
method and find the most appropriate values (3G
RSSI check interval, and acceptable 3G RSSI range)
for user motion detection, the proposed method was
evaluated in terms of the number of Wi-Fi scans and
the time cost for the Wi-Fi connection in a real
environment with a fixed period of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
and 60 seconds respectively.
6. P.P.Nagaraja Rao et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.565-572
www.ijera.com 570 | P a g e
Figure 10. Route for Wi-Fi scan and connection test
(Ikebukuro in Tokyo)
For the number of Wi-Fi scan tests, we moved along
the selected route as shown in Fig. 10 in order to
confirm how many times Wi-Fi scans were
performed while we were moving. In addition, the
time cost for the Wi-Fi connection was also tested in
a location that provided a good quality of Wi-Fi in
the Ikebukuro area.
Figure 11. Number of Wi-Fi scan test results (3G
RSSI check interval from 10 to 30 seconds)
Table 1. Time cost for Wi-Fi connections (3G RSSI
check interval from 10 to 30 seconds)
Figure 12. Number of Wi-Fi scan test results (3G
RSSI check interval from 40 to 60 seconds)
Table 2. Time cost for Wi-Fi connections (3G RSSI
check interval from 10 to 30 seconds)
Interval
3G RSSI_40 3G RSSI_50
3G
RSSI_60
Time
RSSI
Range 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 89 49 89 410 59 159 189 70 310
2nd 89 50 130 260 59 109 130 144 129
3 d
49 90 90 320 170 59 130 129 70
4 h 89 49 129 - - - - - -
5th 209 89 49 - - - - - -
6 h
50 50 49 - - - - - -
Interval
3G RSSI_10 3G RSSI_20 3G RSSI_30
Time
RSSI
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Range
1st 28 19 20 59 49 49 349 69 40
2nd 43 30 19 89 39 49 99 40 40
3 d 59 20 29 69 50 44 159 43 39
4 h 49 29 42 49 49 29 279 40 39
5th 29 50 49 30 29 30 39 73 39
6 h
34 39 18 49 69 63 279 69 99
7 h
29 19 40 29 49 29 69 39 69
8th 31 25 53 89 30 29 69 39 40
9 h 49 39 20 70 29 79 39 39 39
10 h
19 30 20 109 49 30 40 69 39
Average 37 30 31 64.2 44.2 43.1 142 52 48.3
7. P.P.Nagaraja Rao et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.565-572
www.ijera.com 571 | P a g e
7 h 210 89 49 - - - - - -
8th 59 60 49 - - - - - -
9th 169 49 49 - - - - - -
10 h
49 89 49 - - - - - -
Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 show the results of the number of
Wi-Fi scan tests. With this result, we confirmed that
the number of Wi-Fi scans decreased and the time
cost for the Wi-Fi connection increased by increasing
the 3G RSSI check interval time as shown in Table 1
and Table 2. Considering the above results, we
decided that the 3G RSSI check interval time was 30
seconds and the acceptable 3G RSSI
variation was ±2 dBM for the configuration values of
the proposed automatic Wi-Fi control method since
the combination of these two values had good
performance compared to the others.
Comulative ANDSF Information Retrival Traffic (Existing ANDSF)
Comulative ANDSF Information Retrival Traffic (Proposed ANDSF)
Figure 13. Cumulative Policy Retrieval Traffic
To verify the efficient ANDSF information retrieval
operation of the proposed ANDSF-assisted system,
the cumulative ANDSF information traffic was
measured while riding on a train and walking for 44
minutes as shown in Fig. 13. Since the ANDSF
information retrieval, only starts when the UE detects
the motion state as stationary, a number of
unnecessary ANDSF policy retrievals are not ever
going to happen while users are moving. Thus, the
intensive ANDSF information requests will be
decreased dramatically compared to the existing
ANDSF system.
Table 3. Average results of Wi-Fi scans and
connection in Fig. 14
Number Of Wi-Fi Scan Number of Wi-Fi Connection
Android CM Proposed CM Android CM Proposed CM
8.1 2.5 8.6 0.3
To verify the efficient Wi-Fi scanning and connection
of the proposed automatic Wi-Fi control method, the
proposed method was compared to the Android Wi-
Fi connection manager, which performed periodic
network scanning. The 10 tests were performed in the
Ikebukuro area as shown in Fig. 10. According to the
performance evaluation results, the proposed method,
the number of Wi-Fi scans and connections was
fewer than the number from the Android Wi-Fi
connection manager. Table 3 shows the average
results of Wi-Fi scans and connections.
Figure 14. Comparison of a number of Wi-Fi scans
and connections
Table 4 shows the average results of Wi-Fi scans and
connections on the train. We also evaluated the
proposed method with the Android Wi-Fi connection
manager while riding on the train for around one
hour.
Table 4. Average results of Wi-Fi scanning and
connection on the train
Number Of Wi-Fi Scan Number of Wi-Fi Connection
Android CM Proposed CM Android CM Proposed CM
180 17 17 3
This is a result of the fact that the proposed automatic
Wi-Fi control method can reduce the number of
unnecessary Wi-Fi scans and connections while the
user is moving so that it can prevent an unnecessary
energy drain on the UE owing to its frequent Wi-Fi
scanning.
I. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we proposed a novel automatic
Wi-Fi control method in order to decide when a Wi-
Fi scan and the ANDSF policy retrieval should be
performed by the UE. Performance results confirmed
that the number of unnecessary Wi-Fi scans and
ANDSF information retrievals were dramatically
reduced. Therefore, the proposed automatic Wi-Fi
control method can lead to user experience
enhancement, and thus mobile data offloading
through Wi-Fi can be realized.
Average 109 66 73 330 96 109 149 114 169
50000
45000
40000
35000
Byte
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 1801 2001 2201 2401 2601
8. P.P.Nagaraja Rao et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.565-572
www.ijera.com 572 | P a g e
REFERENCES
[1] Cisco, Visual Networking Index: Global
Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2011–
2016, February 2012.
[2] Muntean, V.H., Marius Otesteanu,
"WiMAX versus LTE - An overview of
technical aspects for Next Generation
Networks technologies," ISETC 2010,
November 2010.
[3] 3GPP TS 23.402, “Architecture
Enhancement for Non-3GPP Accesses
(Release 11),” December 2011.
[4] 3GPP TS 24.312, "Access Network
Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF)
Management Object (MO) (Release 11),"
December 2011.
[5] JeongyeupPaek, Joongheon Kim, Ramesh
Govindan, "Energy-efficient rate-adaptive
GPS-based positioning for smartphones,"
MobiSys 2010, June 2010.
[6] Place lab: A privacy-observant location
system. http://www.placelab.org/.