International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
Finite element analysis of frame with soil structure interactioneSAT Journals
Abstract
For the analysis of a building frame, the columns at the foundation level are considered as fixed. But in real condition it is not the case. While considering soil in the analysis of building frame 100% fixity may not be ensured. Because of the settlement and rotation of foundation, shear force and bending moment in superstructure get altered. This effect is called as “Soil Structure Interaction” Present work is to study behavior of bare frame & in-filled frame having soil beneath. In these cases three types of soils are considered, soft, medium stiff and hard. Also in-filled panel is of brick masonry only. Various cases frames are studied. The following are the cases:
1] Analysis of bare frame with soil.2] Analysis of In-filled frame with Soil.3] Analysis of Bare frame without Soil.4] Analysis of In-filled frame without Soil Frame with different combinations mentioned above (with/without infill panel, with/without soil) is analyzed by using ANSYS 14.5. These results are comprised with SSI and without SSI.
Keywords: Soil Structure Interaction, In-Filled Frame, Bare Frame.
10 simple mathematical approach for granular fill Ahmed Ebid
improving soil parameters using dynamic
compaction of was intensively studied by many researchers since
1980’s. Earlier researchers depended on statistical analysis of
many case studies and soil dynamic principals to develop
empirical formula used in designing dynamic compaction
procedure. Recent researchers used different finite element
models to describe the behavior of soil under dynamic
compaction; those models varied between 1-D simple model and
up to 3-D sophisticated ones. The aim of this research is to
introduce a simple mathematical approach to simulate ground
deformations and soil parameters improvement due to dynamic
compaction. The proposed approach consists of two equations, the
1st one used to calculate the ground settlement due to one temper
drop, the 2nd one used to calculate the updated soil parameters
due to the ground settlement from the previous drop. By applying
the two equations successively, both ground settlement and soil
parameters improvement could be calculated after each tamper
drop. The proposed approach was applied on four case studies and
its results were so close to measured ones. The proposed approach
could be used in designing or testing the dynamic compaction
procedures and also in monitoring the quality of execution by
comparing the measured settlement after each drop with
calculated one.
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In general the seismic design of building frame structures the designers will consider only the results of fixed base condition the effect of flexibility is ignored. In post-earthquake study the framed structure reveals that the interaction of soil and foundation plays an important role in damage of the building frame structures. In this regard a literature survey has been done on frame structures supported on various foundations such as isolated, combined, raft & pile foundations. To examine the literature revels the few investigations were done on asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footing. So in this paper is an attempt to the study of dynamic behavior of asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footings. The modeling and analysis is done by using “finite element method software” SAP2000 VERSION 14, by considering the different soil conditions, (soft, medium, hard) different soil parameters (passion’s ratio, young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus) different height ratio’s, different span ratio’s & fixed base conditions. The response of the building frame structure is obtained in terms of fundamental natural period, lateral displacement and seismic base shear. Keywords: Soil structure interaction, Fundamental natural period, Base shear, Lateral displacement….
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract Reinforced concrete building structure consist of horizontal member (beam & slab) and vertical members (columns & walls), and supported by foundation. The structure is subjected to loads of self-weight, live load, wind load and earthquake load etc. The structural strength of slab and the brick walls is not normally considered in the analysis of the structure Generally the foundation support is assumed as either hinged or fixed support, while foundations transmit the load to the soil medium which undergoes a settlement (vertical) depending on the loads from the structure and characteristics of the soil medium, causing the additional forces in structure. However, this effect is normally neglected in the structural analysis due to its complicated analysis. An attempt is made to analyze the structure considering the foundation soil settlement as define like soil medium by spring. The structure is analyzed for various seismic zones of India. (II, III, IV,&V), sub grade modulus of soil (Gs) from 12000kN/m3 to 60,000kN/m3.The results of the above analysis are used to study the effect of soil – structure interaction on horizontal displacement ‘훿x’ at each floor, and vertical displacement ‘훿y’ at the supports of a building. From the study, it is observed that the maximum percentage of variation in x- trans is 337 percentage with respect to fixed support condition at sub grade modulus of 12,000 kN /m2/m at seismic zone V and the maximum percentage of variation in y- trans is 1420 percentage with respect to fixed support at sub grade modulus 12,000 kN/m2/m at seismic zone V. From pilot study, concluded that effect of soil – structure interaction has to consider especially for lower sub grade modulus of soil at higher seismic intensities. KeyWords: Soil structure interaction (SSI), R.C.frame, Seismic load, High rise buildings etc…
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
Finite element analysis of frame with soil structure interactioneSAT Journals
Abstract
For the analysis of a building frame, the columns at the foundation level are considered as fixed. But in real condition it is not the case. While considering soil in the analysis of building frame 100% fixity may not be ensured. Because of the settlement and rotation of foundation, shear force and bending moment in superstructure get altered. This effect is called as “Soil Structure Interaction” Present work is to study behavior of bare frame & in-filled frame having soil beneath. In these cases three types of soils are considered, soft, medium stiff and hard. Also in-filled panel is of brick masonry only. Various cases frames are studied. The following are the cases:
1] Analysis of bare frame with soil.2] Analysis of In-filled frame with Soil.3] Analysis of Bare frame without Soil.4] Analysis of In-filled frame without Soil Frame with different combinations mentioned above (with/without infill panel, with/without soil) is analyzed by using ANSYS 14.5. These results are comprised with SSI and without SSI.
Keywords: Soil Structure Interaction, In-Filled Frame, Bare Frame.
10 simple mathematical approach for granular fill Ahmed Ebid
improving soil parameters using dynamic
compaction of was intensively studied by many researchers since
1980’s. Earlier researchers depended on statistical analysis of
many case studies and soil dynamic principals to develop
empirical formula used in designing dynamic compaction
procedure. Recent researchers used different finite element
models to describe the behavior of soil under dynamic
compaction; those models varied between 1-D simple model and
up to 3-D sophisticated ones. The aim of this research is to
introduce a simple mathematical approach to simulate ground
deformations and soil parameters improvement due to dynamic
compaction. The proposed approach consists of two equations, the
1st one used to calculate the ground settlement due to one temper
drop, the 2nd one used to calculate the updated soil parameters
due to the ground settlement from the previous drop. By applying
the two equations successively, both ground settlement and soil
parameters improvement could be calculated after each tamper
drop. The proposed approach was applied on four case studies and
its results were so close to measured ones. The proposed approach
could be used in designing or testing the dynamic compaction
procedures and also in monitoring the quality of execution by
comparing the measured settlement after each drop with
calculated one.
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In general the seismic design of building frame structures the designers will consider only the results of fixed base condition the effect of flexibility is ignored. In post-earthquake study the framed structure reveals that the interaction of soil and foundation plays an important role in damage of the building frame structures. In this regard a literature survey has been done on frame structures supported on various foundations such as isolated, combined, raft & pile foundations. To examine the literature revels the few investigations were done on asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footing. So in this paper is an attempt to the study of dynamic behavior of asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footings. The modeling and analysis is done by using “finite element method software” SAP2000 VERSION 14, by considering the different soil conditions, (soft, medium, hard) different soil parameters (passion’s ratio, young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus) different height ratio’s, different span ratio’s & fixed base conditions. The response of the building frame structure is obtained in terms of fundamental natural period, lateral displacement and seismic base shear. Keywords: Soil structure interaction, Fundamental natural period, Base shear, Lateral displacement….
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract Reinforced concrete building structure consist of horizontal member (beam & slab) and vertical members (columns & walls), and supported by foundation. The structure is subjected to loads of self-weight, live load, wind load and earthquake load etc. The structural strength of slab and the brick walls is not normally considered in the analysis of the structure Generally the foundation support is assumed as either hinged or fixed support, while foundations transmit the load to the soil medium which undergoes a settlement (vertical) depending on the loads from the structure and characteristics of the soil medium, causing the additional forces in structure. However, this effect is normally neglected in the structural analysis due to its complicated analysis. An attempt is made to analyze the structure considering the foundation soil settlement as define like soil medium by spring. The structure is analyzed for various seismic zones of India. (II, III, IV,&V), sub grade modulus of soil (Gs) from 12000kN/m3 to 60,000kN/m3.The results of the above analysis are used to study the effect of soil – structure interaction on horizontal displacement ‘훿x’ at each floor, and vertical displacement ‘훿y’ at the supports of a building. From the study, it is observed that the maximum percentage of variation in x- trans is 337 percentage with respect to fixed support condition at sub grade modulus of 12,000 kN /m2/m at seismic zone V and the maximum percentage of variation in y- trans is 1420 percentage with respect to fixed support at sub grade modulus 12,000 kN/m2/m at seismic zone V. From pilot study, concluded that effect of soil – structure interaction has to consider especially for lower sub grade modulus of soil at higher seismic intensities. KeyWords: Soil structure interaction (SSI), R.C.frame, Seismic load, High rise buildings etc…
Optimization of 3 d geometrical soil model for multiple footing resting on sandeSAT Journals
Abstract The study of ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) for a group of two or more footings had been made by investigators for the effect of interference of footings by various means, which is not considered in the conventional theories of bearing capacity. The Finite Element Method (FEM) initiated with 2D/3D modelling is being used for such complex problem. In the present study 3D geometrical soil models were developed and tested with multiple footing on cohesion-less soil using 3D FEM simulation software. This paper highlights optimized 3D geometrical soil model for multiple footing on sand. The meshing parameters, soil model size observed to be influencing the displacement and stresses to great extent. Keywords: FEM, geometrical soil model, interference, multiple footings.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Offshore 1D infinite slope modeling in seismic conditions with openseesDAPPOLONIA
Evaluate where to lay an offshore pipeline is complex decision, D'Appolonia developed a model to assess offshore seismic slope stability.
The paper presents a 1D elasto-plastic numerical model developed in OpenSees software to study the dynamic response of a submerged infinite slope in seismic conditions. Results obtained for NC soil column profile are compared with theoretical solution.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...eSAT Journals
Abstract Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) itself is a vast and extensive discipline. It originated from studies of aero and hydro-elasticity, which are often related to aeronautics and aerospace as well as nuclear industries. In practice, within the scope of nuclear, civil, aerospace, ocean, chemical and mechanical engineering, there are many terminologies involved, ie., flow induced vibration, aero-elasticity, hydro-elasticity, fluid structure interaction and fluid solid interaction. Typical problems include structure interaction with surface and sound waves and vibrations and stabilities of cables, pipes, plates and shells. In this paper, the effect of fluid structure interaction on the modal characteristics of a cylindrical steel water tank with and without free surface effect is considered. Acoustic structure interaction using unsymmetric pressure based formulation is used to solve the coupled system using FEM and the procedure is validated using results from published literature. Two tank models (shallow and tall) are modeled using ANSYS and modal analysis was done by considering different conditions like with slosh and without slosh. The effect of fluid mass on the convective and impulsive modes of tall and shallow aspect ratio tanks is shown. Parametric study is done for different fluid levels to characterize the variation of slosh frequencies in both rigid and flexible wall conditions. Free surface is considered in fluid alone model to predict the slosh frequencies employing rigid wall boundary. Then slosh frequencies got from both rigid and flexible wall conditions are compared with design data frequency tabulated from the GSDMA Guidelines. From this we can say that the flexibility of tank wall has a greater effect on the slosh frequencies. Key Words: Fluid-structure Interaction, Impulsive mode, Convective mode, Slosh frequency
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS METHODS TO EVALUATE IMPEDANCE FUNCTION FOR SHA...Samirsinh Parmar
Impedance function, Foundation Vibration, dynamic soil-structure interaction, Barkan, Dominguez, Dobry and Gazetas for evaluation of impedance functions for various modes of vibration of shallow foundation
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under EarthquakesIJMREMJournal
The behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its planner aspect ratio. This paper deals
with an evaluation of the seismic performance of vernacular masonry buildings with different planner aspect
ratio. Rubble stone mud mortar masonry building structures are taken as reference building for this work, which
are available in the rural area of Nepal. Four different planner aspect ratio's buildings are selected for model
with flexible floor diaphragm representing the scenario of the constructed or constructing buildings in rural
areas of our country after 25 April 2015 Earthquake in Nepal. A static non-linear (Pushover) analysis was
performed. Subsequently, the available capacity spectrums are obtained to the corresponding demand spectrum
to demonstrate the pushover responses of the buildings.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study on Soil-Foundation Interaction under a Bridge Pierijtsrd
This study focuses on the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier. In 2016, August 25, a magnitude of 6.8 happened near Bagan region. Pakokku Bridge, the longest of the bridges over the Irrawaddy, is situated on 37.8 miles from the epicentre of 2016 Chauk earthquake. That is why the safety performance of long-span Bridge especially for the safety of the foundation system subjected to soil-foundation interaction is necessary to investigate for static and seismic excitation. So, study on the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction under Bridge pier in static condition is presented in this study. Firstly super structural loadings on the pile cap are estimated by using STAAD PRO V8i. And then, theoretical ultimate soil resistance pcr and pcd due to wedge and flow failure are determined to produce critical depth xcr. Based on the value of critical depth, p-y curves are generated by Reese 1974 method for the static condition. After that, finite element software ABAQUS is used for the analysis of soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier. In this study, the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction such as deflections, settlements, shear stresses and shear strains are produced. According to the analysis results, it is found that the vertical and horizontal displacements at the pile tip are 1.27mm and 4.68mm respectively. Maximum shear stress and strain are found out the base of the pile cap. Finally it is found that the soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier presented in this study is reliable and reasonable with the limitation of AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Zin May Hnin | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Kyaw Kyaw "Study on Soil-Foundation Interaction under a Bridge Pier" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19008.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/19008/study-on-soil-foundation-interaction-under-a-bridge-pier/zin-may-hnin
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of 3 d geometrical soil model for multiple footing resting on sandeSAT Journals
Abstract The study of ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) for a group of two or more footings had been made by investigators for the effect of interference of footings by various means, which is not considered in the conventional theories of bearing capacity. The Finite Element Method (FEM) initiated with 2D/3D modelling is being used for such complex problem. In the present study 3D geometrical soil models were developed and tested with multiple footing on cohesion-less soil using 3D FEM simulation software. This paper highlights optimized 3D geometrical soil model for multiple footing on sand. The meshing parameters, soil model size observed to be influencing the displacement and stresses to great extent. Keywords: FEM, geometrical soil model, interference, multiple footings.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Offshore 1D infinite slope modeling in seismic conditions with openseesDAPPOLONIA
Evaluate where to lay an offshore pipeline is complex decision, D'Appolonia developed a model to assess offshore seismic slope stability.
The paper presents a 1D elasto-plastic numerical model developed in OpenSees software to study the dynamic response of a submerged infinite slope in seismic conditions. Results obtained for NC soil column profile are compared with theoretical solution.
Fixity depth of offshore piles in elastoplastic soft clay under dynamic loadeSAT Journals
Abstract
This work represents study of dynamic behavior of offshore piles embedded in elastoplastic soft clay, and estimating the fixity depth of pile. ABAQUS finite element program which used to simulate the problem. The soil was modeled in two case elastic state model and elastoplastic state model represented by cam-clay model, three dimension element used to represent the interaction between pile and soil, and laboratory tests used to getting the real properties of clayey soil and to descried interface. The results obtained developed two empirical equations used to calculate depth of pile fixity for pile embedded in elastic and elastoplastic soil respectively. Also, show the depth of pile fixity is increase about (40 %) due to change soil model from elastic to plastic, when pile embedded in elastoplastic soil its dependent on soil strength, interface properties and pile rigidity. The pile head displacement is increase about 90 % while the bending moment is decease 10 % at pile head.
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...eSAT Journals
Abstract Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) itself is a vast and extensive discipline. It originated from studies of aero and hydro-elasticity, which are often related to aeronautics and aerospace as well as nuclear industries. In practice, within the scope of nuclear, civil, aerospace, ocean, chemical and mechanical engineering, there are many terminologies involved, ie., flow induced vibration, aero-elasticity, hydro-elasticity, fluid structure interaction and fluid solid interaction. Typical problems include structure interaction with surface and sound waves and vibrations and stabilities of cables, pipes, plates and shells. In this paper, the effect of fluid structure interaction on the modal characteristics of a cylindrical steel water tank with and without free surface effect is considered. Acoustic structure interaction using unsymmetric pressure based formulation is used to solve the coupled system using FEM and the procedure is validated using results from published literature. Two tank models (shallow and tall) are modeled using ANSYS and modal analysis was done by considering different conditions like with slosh and without slosh. The effect of fluid mass on the convective and impulsive modes of tall and shallow aspect ratio tanks is shown. Parametric study is done for different fluid levels to characterize the variation of slosh frequencies in both rigid and flexible wall conditions. Free surface is considered in fluid alone model to predict the slosh frequencies employing rigid wall boundary. Then slosh frequencies got from both rigid and flexible wall conditions are compared with design data frequency tabulated from the GSDMA Guidelines. From this we can say that the flexibility of tank wall has a greater effect on the slosh frequencies. Key Words: Fluid-structure Interaction, Impulsive mode, Convective mode, Slosh frequency
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS METHODS TO EVALUATE IMPEDANCE FUNCTION FOR SHA...Samirsinh Parmar
Impedance function, Foundation Vibration, dynamic soil-structure interaction, Barkan, Dominguez, Dobry and Gazetas for evaluation of impedance functions for various modes of vibration of shallow foundation
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under EarthquakesIJMREMJournal
The behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its planner aspect ratio. This paper deals
with an evaluation of the seismic performance of vernacular masonry buildings with different planner aspect
ratio. Rubble stone mud mortar masonry building structures are taken as reference building for this work, which
are available in the rural area of Nepal. Four different planner aspect ratio's buildings are selected for model
with flexible floor diaphragm representing the scenario of the constructed or constructing buildings in rural
areas of our country after 25 April 2015 Earthquake in Nepal. A static non-linear (Pushover) analysis was
performed. Subsequently, the available capacity spectrums are obtained to the corresponding demand spectrum
to demonstrate the pushover responses of the buildings.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study on Soil-Foundation Interaction under a Bridge Pierijtsrd
This study focuses on the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier. In 2016, August 25, a magnitude of 6.8 happened near Bagan region. Pakokku Bridge, the longest of the bridges over the Irrawaddy, is situated on 37.8 miles from the epicentre of 2016 Chauk earthquake. That is why the safety performance of long-span Bridge especially for the safety of the foundation system subjected to soil-foundation interaction is necessary to investigate for static and seismic excitation. So, study on the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction under Bridge pier in static condition is presented in this study. Firstly super structural loadings on the pile cap are estimated by using STAAD PRO V8i. And then, theoretical ultimate soil resistance pcr and pcd due to wedge and flow failure are determined to produce critical depth xcr. Based on the value of critical depth, p-y curves are generated by Reese 1974 method for the static condition. After that, finite element software ABAQUS is used for the analysis of soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier. In this study, the behaviour of soil-foundation interaction such as deflections, settlements, shear stresses and shear strains are produced. According to the analysis results, it is found that the vertical and horizontal displacements at the pile tip are 1.27mm and 4.68mm respectively. Maximum shear stress and strain are found out the base of the pile cap. Finally it is found that the soil-foundation interaction under a bridge pier presented in this study is reliable and reasonable with the limitation of AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Zin May Hnin | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Kyaw Kyaw "Study on Soil-Foundation Interaction under a Bridge Pier" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19008.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/19008/study-on-soil-foundation-interaction-under-a-bridge-pier/zin-may-hnin
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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This chapter surveys the state-of-the-art work in strong motion seismology and ground motion
characterization. Methods of ground motion recording and correction are first presented, followed by a
discussion of ground motion characteristics including peak ground motion, duration of strong motion, and
frequency content. Factors that influence earthquake ground motion such as source distance, site geology,
earthquake magnitude, source characteristics, and directivity are examined. The chapter presents
probabilistic methods for evaluating seismic risk at a site and development of seismic maps used in codes
and provisions. Earthquake response spectra and factors that influence their characteristics such as soil
condition, magnitude, distance, and source characteristics are also presented and discussed. Earthquake
design spectra proposed by several investigators and those recommended by various codes and provisions
through the years to compute seismic base shears are described. The latter part of the chapter discusses
inelastic earthquake spectra and response modification factors used in seismic codes to reduce the elastic
design forces and account for energy absorbing capacity of structures due to inelastic action. Earthquake
energy content and energy spectra are also briefly introduced. Finally, the chapter presents a brief discussion
of artificially generated ground motion.
--------------------------
Te invito a que visites mis sitios en internet:
_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
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1. Md. Raquibul Hassan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.277-281
www.ijera.com 277 | P a g e
Base Rock Vibration Characteristics Analysis from Surface
Ground Motion
Md. Raquibul Hassan1*
, Md. Tarik Hossain2
, Faisal Shakib Ahmed3
1, 2, 3(Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh)
ABSTRACT
A computer program is developed assuming underlying soil as horizontally layered and one-dimensional. Soil
material non-linearity is considered in this problem. One dimensional shear wave equation is solved. Space is
discretized by Finite Element method and time is discretized by Central Difference method. Two parameter
hyperbolic model and Masing rule are used to obtain the dynamic stress-strain behaviour. The number of soil
layers, the properties of different soil layers such as density, initial shear modulus, reference strain and the
properties of rigid base rock such as density and shear modulus are used as input data. Record of the earthquake
which occurred at El-Centro in 1940, is used here as surface acceleration data. The output of the program is
dynamic stress-strain behaviour in different soil layers, variation of secant shear modulus with time in different
soil layers, deformation in different soil layers and base rock acceleration of the soil layer. The soil properties
data assumed here is soft layer in the upper portion and comparatively stiffer layer in the bottom layer. The base
rock layer is the stiffest layer. The peak base rock acceleration is found greater than the peak surface
acceleration. Hysteresis loop is maintained in each layer of the soil column for obtaining dynamic stress-strain
behaviour. Variation of secant shear modulus with time is fluctuating. The surface deformation is found greater
than the base rock deformation.
Keywords - Central Difference method, Finite Element Method, Hyperbolic Model, Secant Shear Modulus,
Hysteresis Loop.
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most important applications of the
theory of structural dynamics is in analyzing the
response of structures to ground shaking caused by an
earthquake. Earthquakes may be defined as the
vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of
energy. The energy radiates in form of waves in all
directions from its source (focus). Another definition is
trembling or shaking of the ground caused by the
sudden release of energy stored in the rocks beneath
the earth surface. The actual cause for earthquake
occurance is the great forces acting deep in the earth,
these forces put a stress on the rock which may bend or
change in volume (strain). The rock can deform until it
reaches the ultimate capacity of the rock and a rupture
(rock break) occurs. Most earthquakes are also
produced from active faults. Surface ground motion
can be measured by different instruments. But it is
important to know the base rock vibration for
determining different soil properties.
II. Research Objectives
The main objective of the study is to develop
a computer program for determining base rock
vibration from surface earthquake response data. The
program requires several input data. The length of each
soil layer, the number of soil layer, the properties of
soil layer, the properties of rigid bed rock and the time
step of input acceleration are required as input data.
The properties of soil layer is characterized by density,
initial shear modulus & reference strain. The properties
of rigid bed rock are characterized by density and shear
modulus. The output of the program are several soil
parameters such as deformations with time, variations
of secant modulus of each layer with time and the
stress-strain history of each layer. The output are in
graphical form. The specific objectives are-
To determine the base-rock vibration from surface
vibration.
To determine different soil parameters such as
dynamic stress-strain behaviour, variations of
secant modulus with time at different soil layers.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A Matlab (MATLAB 7.5.0(R 2007b)) based
computer program was modified to estimate the rigid
base rock acceleration from surface acceleration. For
this reason, global mass matrix and global stiffness
matrix and force matrix were modified according to
the formulation. The soil column was assumed as one-
dimensional and one dimensional shear wave equation
was solved. The space was discretized by finite
element method and time was discretized by central
difference method. The soil material non-linearity was
considered and hyperbolic model and Masing’s rule
were used. The input data was several soil properties
such as density, initial shear modulus and shear strain.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Md. Raquibul Hassan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.277-281
www.ijera.com 278 | P a g e
The earthquake which was occurred at El-Centro, 1940
was used as the surface acceleration data. The rigid
bedrock property which is governed by density and
initial shear modulus was also required as input. The
output of the program was dynamic stress-strain
behaviour, variation of secant modulus with time in
each layer, displacement history at each layer and base
rock acceleration.
IV. PROBLEM FORMULATION
In earthquake-prone regions, the principal problem
of structural dynamics that concern structural
engineers is the behavior of structures subjected to
earthquake-induced motion of the base of the
structures. The displacement of the ground is denoted
by ug, the total (or absolute) displacement of the mass
by ut
, and the relative displacement between the mass
and ground by u. At each instant of time these
displacements are related by
ut
(t) = u(t) + ug (1)
Both ut
and ug refer to the same inertial frame of
reference and their positive directions coincide.
The equation of dynamic equilibrium is
fI + fD + fS = 0 (2)
fD = The damping force = ců
fS = The lateral force = ku
Using the above relationship we find,
mü + ců + ku = -müg(t) (3)
The basic dynamic equilibrium equation for
determining ground response is,
[ m ]{ ü } + [ c ]{ ů } + [ k ] { u } = - { M' }üg
(4)
Here, [ m ] = Global Mass Matrix; { ü } = Acceleration
Matrix; [ c ] = Global Dampin Matrix; { ů } =
Velocity Matrix; [ k ] = Global Stiffness Matrix; { u }
= Deformation Matrix; { M' } = Force Matrix; üg =
Base Rock Acceleration.
The basic equilibrium equation for determining ground
response in matrix form is given below-
+
+ = - üg
(5)
Here, n = number of element
The basic equilibrium equation for determining ground
response from base vibration is therefore obtained
from the previous equations. The equation is therefore
as follows-
+
+
+
=
(6)
3. Md. Raquibul Hassan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.277-281
www.ijera.com 279 | P a g e
The mass matrix can be constructed by the
soil element properties such as number of element,
element length, density etc. The problem is analyzed as
one dimensional problem. The mass matrix is
determined by the model boundary value problem. In
order to formulate the finite element model based on
weak form, it is not necessary to decide a priori the
degree of approximation of . The model can be
developed for an arbitrary degree of interpolation:
U= = (x) (7)
Where, are the Lagrange interpolation functions of
degree (n-1). In matrix notation, the linear equations
can be written as [ ]{ }={ }+{ } (8)
The matrix ] is called the coefficient matrix in
structural mechanics applications. The column vector
{ } is the source vector or force vector in structural
mechanics application. The co-efficient matrix and
column vector are
[ ] = + (9)
{ } = (10)
The first portion of [ ] is which is
element stiffness matrix and the second portion of
[ ] is which is element mass matrix.
For 2-node element connected in series, the element
mass matrix and element stiffness matrix is then
assembled into global mass and global stiffness matrix.
The global mass matrix and global stiffness matrix is
then modified according to the equation to obtain the
base vibration from ground response.
V. Results
The input surface acceleration and surface
deformation are presented below in graphical form-
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
time, second
surfaceacceleration,m/s2
input surface acceleration history
Figure 1: Input surface acceleration with time.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.025
-0.020
-0.015
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
Deformation(m)
Time (sec)
Figure 2: Input surface deformation with time.
The output base rock acceleration and base
rock deformation is presented below in graphical
form-
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Baserockacceleration(m/s
2
)
Time (sec)
Figure 3: Base rock acceleration with time.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
x 10
-3
time, second
displacement,m
Displacement history at rigid bed rock
Figure 4: Displacement at rigid bed rock with time.
4. Md. Raquibul Hassan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.277-281
www.ijera.com 280 | P a g e
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
time, second
displacement,m
Displacement history at layer 6
Figure 5: Displacement with time at an intermediate
layer.
The output stress-strain history and change of
secant modulus with time of different layers of soil
column are presented below in graphical form-
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 10
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
strain
stress,kN/m2
Dynamic stress-strain behaviour in element 1
Figure 6: Dynamic stress-strain behaviour in a layer
just below the surface layer.
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
x 10
-3
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
strain
stress,kN/m2
Dynamic stress-strain behaviour in element 6
Figure 7: Dynamic stress-strain behaviour in an
intermediate layer.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
time, second
secantmodulus,kN/m2
Change of secant modulus with time at layer 1
Figure 8: Change of secant modulus with time in a
layer just below the surface layer.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
time, second
secantmodulus,kN/m2
Change of secant modulus with time at layer 5
Figure 9: Change of secant modulus with time in an
intermediate layer.
VI. DISCUSSIONS
From the results we have found that surface
acceleration and base rock acceleration varies with
time in a very highly irregular manner.
The soil properties data implies that if we
calculate the shear wave velocity then we find that
the upper surface layer is soft and the bottom layer
is comparatively stiff than the upper layer.
For the soil condition and the results we have
found we can say that the rigid base rock
acceleration is higher than the surface
acceleration. The displacement is higher at the
surface and lower at the rigid base rock.
The dynamic stress-strain maintains a hysteresis
loop.
The variation of secant modulus shows high
frequency fluctuation. High value of secant
5. Md. Raquibul Hassan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.277-281
www.ijera.com 281 | P a g e
modulus represents smaller loops, where smaller
value of secant modulus represents smaller loops.
At each reversal point of the stress-strain history,
the corresponding secant shear modulus was
determined as the slope of the line joining the
present and previous reversal points.
Due to the high frequency reversal of loading, the
variations of the secant modulus show high
frequency fluctuations. It is evident that the high
values of the secant shear modulus are mainly due
to the smaller loops or rapid reversals of the
stress-strain history; whereas the smaller values
correspond to the bigger loops. Hence the
variations of the minima of the history of the
change of secant shear modulus are more
representative of the material property.
The dynamic stress-strain behaviour was plotted
for each element of the soil column. We have
found that for each element of the soil layer it
maintains a hysteresis loop. The hysteresis loop
represents energy dissipation characteristics which
are non-linear. Because of the non-linearity the
hysteresis loop does not have rounded corners.
VII. CONCLUSION
In most of the case, we can measure surface
acceleration by the instruments which are set on the
ground. From the program, we can easily find different
soil properties from rigid base rock to surface layer due
to an earthquake. The output is very useful in
earthquake resistant structure design.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer would like to show his gratitude
and thankful acknowledgement to Professor Dr.
Raquib Ahsan, Civil Engineering Department, BUET
for suggesting all the necessary steps through the
progress of the work.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] Raheem, S.E.A, Hayashikawa, T., Hashimoto,
I. (2003), “Effect of soil-foundation-
superstructure interaction on seismic response
of cable stayed bridges tower with spread
footing foundation”, Journal of Structural
Engineering Vol.49A.
Books:
[2] Chopra, A.K. (2006), “Dynamics of
Structures” (Prentice-Hall of India, New
Delhi-110 001, ISBN-81-203-2139-1).
[3] Clough, R.W and Penzien, J. (1993),
“Dynamics of Structures” (Second Edition,
McGraw-Hill, Inc, ISBN 0-07-113241-4).
[4] Ishihara, K. (1996),“ Soil Behaviour in
Earthquake Geotechnics” (Clarendon Press,
Oxford , ISBN 019 856224).
Theses:
[5] Hassan, Md. Raquibul, Estimation of base
rock vibration characteristics from surface
ground motion. BSc Thesis, Department of
Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology, BUET, 2011.
Proceedings Papers:
[6] Lou, L and Zerva, A.(2004), “Effects of
spatially variable ground motions on the
seismic response of a skewed , multi-span ,
RC highway bridge, “Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering”, August-October,
pp. 729-740 , 11th
International Conference
on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering ( ICSDEE) : Part 1.