This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and contains sections on dynamic routing protocols, RIPv2 configuration, routing tables, and a summary. Some key points include:
- Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to automatically learn about remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information to choose the best path.
- RIPv2 is configured on routers to exchange routing information with neighboring routers using various routing protocol messages and algorithms.
- Routing tables contain entries for directly connected networks, remote networks learned dynamically, and default routes. IPv4 tables can include ultimate, level 1, and level 2 routes while IPv6 tables contain only ultimate routes.
- The routing lookup process uses administrative distances and longest prefix matching to determine the best route
This document provides instructor materials on static routing concepts and configuration for the CCNA Routing and Switching course. It covers static routing advantages and types of static routes such as standard, default, summary, and floating static routes. The document also details how to configure IPv4 and IPv6 static and default routes using the ip route and ipv6 route commands. Additionally, it discusses troubleshooting static route configurations and how routers process packets when static routes are used.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 8Nil Menon
The document discusses the configuration and operation of single-area OSPF routing. It covers OSPF concepts like link-state routing, neighbor adjacencies, designated routers, flooding LSAs, and SPF calculations. It also compares OSPFv2 to OSPFv3, describing how OSPFv3 uses link-local addresses and interfaces are enabled directly instead of using network statements. The document provides instructions for configuring OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 on Cisco routers as well as commands for verifying their operation and settings.
This chapter discusses path control implementation using Cisco technologies. It covers Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching and how it improves performance over process and fast switching. It also discusses using policy-based routing (PBR) and Cisco IOS IP SLAs to implement path control and dynamically change paths based on network conditions. The chapter provides configuration examples for PBR and IP SLAs to control traffic flow.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It defines key OSPF terminology like link, router ID, neighbors, adjacency, area, backbone area, Area Border Router (ABR), Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR). It describes OSPF network types, neighbor tables, topology tables, routing tables, and the link state advertisement (LSA) process. It also covers OSPF configuration, path calculation using the Dijkstra algorithm, and advantages of OSPF like rapid convergence and scalability.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 6Nil Menon
This document discusses static routing and how to configure static routes on Cisco routers. It begins with an overview of static routing, including the advantages and disadvantages. It then covers different types of static routes such as standard, default, summary, and floating static routes. The document provides examples of how to configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes, default routes, and verify the routes. It also includes background information on topics like classful addressing and CIDR that are relevant to static route configuration.
OSPF stub areas, totally stubby areas, and not-so-stubby (NSSA) areas are specialized area types that control the routing information distributed within the area. Stub areas allow only Type 1 and 2 LSAs, and the ABR will advertise a default route into the stub area. NSSAs function similarly but also allow an ASBR to advertise external routes using Type 7 LSAs, which the ABR converts to Type 5 LSAs. A totally stubby area receives no Type 3 LSAs, while a totally NSSA area also filters Type 3 LSAs and relies on a default route from the ABR.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3Nil Menon
The document discusses network protocols and communications. It explains that for communication between devices to occur, agreed upon rules and protocols must be followed. Key points covered include common network protocols like TCP/IP, the role of standards organizations in establishing protocols, and how data is encapsulated and moves through the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models when transmitted over a network. The chapter also addresses how devices on a local area network access both local and remote network resources through the use of addressing schemes and default gateways.
The document discusses Virtual Trunking Protocol (VTP). It describes VTP as a Cisco proprietary protocol that exchanges VLAN information across trunk links, allowing network managers to distribute VLAN configurations to all switches in the same domain. The document outlines the key components of VTP, including domains, advertisements, and pruning. It also details the different VTP modes of server, client, and transparent and how they operate. The benefits of using VTP for VLAN management are presented, along with some common VTP configuration issues.
This document provides instructor materials on static routing concepts and configuration for the CCNA Routing and Switching course. It covers static routing advantages and types of static routes such as standard, default, summary, and floating static routes. The document also details how to configure IPv4 and IPv6 static and default routes using the ip route and ipv6 route commands. Additionally, it discusses troubleshooting static route configurations and how routers process packets when static routes are used.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 8Nil Menon
The document discusses the configuration and operation of single-area OSPF routing. It covers OSPF concepts like link-state routing, neighbor adjacencies, designated routers, flooding LSAs, and SPF calculations. It also compares OSPFv2 to OSPFv3, describing how OSPFv3 uses link-local addresses and interfaces are enabled directly instead of using network statements. The document provides instructions for configuring OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 on Cisco routers as well as commands for verifying their operation and settings.
This chapter discusses path control implementation using Cisco technologies. It covers Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching and how it improves performance over process and fast switching. It also discusses using policy-based routing (PBR) and Cisco IOS IP SLAs to implement path control and dynamically change paths based on network conditions. The chapter provides configuration examples for PBR and IP SLAs to control traffic flow.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It defines key OSPF terminology like link, router ID, neighbors, adjacency, area, backbone area, Area Border Router (ABR), Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR). It describes OSPF network types, neighbor tables, topology tables, routing tables, and the link state advertisement (LSA) process. It also covers OSPF configuration, path calculation using the Dijkstra algorithm, and advantages of OSPF like rapid convergence and scalability.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 6Nil Menon
This document discusses static routing and how to configure static routes on Cisco routers. It begins with an overview of static routing, including the advantages and disadvantages. It then covers different types of static routes such as standard, default, summary, and floating static routes. The document provides examples of how to configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes, default routes, and verify the routes. It also includes background information on topics like classful addressing and CIDR that are relevant to static route configuration.
OSPF stub areas, totally stubby areas, and not-so-stubby (NSSA) areas are specialized area types that control the routing information distributed within the area. Stub areas allow only Type 1 and 2 LSAs, and the ABR will advertise a default route into the stub area. NSSAs function similarly but also allow an ASBR to advertise external routes using Type 7 LSAs, which the ABR converts to Type 5 LSAs. A totally stubby area receives no Type 3 LSAs, while a totally NSSA area also filters Type 3 LSAs and relies on a default route from the ABR.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3Nil Menon
The document discusses network protocols and communications. It explains that for communication between devices to occur, agreed upon rules and protocols must be followed. Key points covered include common network protocols like TCP/IP, the role of standards organizations in establishing protocols, and how data is encapsulated and moves through the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models when transmitted over a network. The chapter also addresses how devices on a local area network access both local and remote network resources through the use of addressing schemes and default gateways.
The document discusses Virtual Trunking Protocol (VTP). It describes VTP as a Cisco proprietary protocol that exchanges VLAN information across trunk links, allowing network managers to distribute VLAN configurations to all switches in the same domain. The document outlines the key components of VTP, including domains, advertisements, and pruning. It also details the different VTP modes of server, client, and transparent and how they operate. The benefits of using VTP for VLAN management are presented, along with some common VTP configuration issues.
This document discusses configuring and troubleshooting single-area OSPF routing. It covers topics like:
- Configuring static and dynamic routing on distribution and core routers
- Configuring and verifying single-area OSPF
- Designated router election process for multiaccess networks
- Propagating default static routes in OSPF
- Securing OSPF with message digest 5 authentication
- Components of troubleshooting single-area OSPF like forming adjacencies and transitioning states
This document provides an overview of IPv6 fundamentals, including:
- Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as larger addressing space and elimination of NAT.
- Details of the IPv6 header format and use of extension headers for additional functions.
- The IPv6 addressing architecture including the various address types and formats.
- Protocols for autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and multicast in IPv6 networks.
The document discusses the OSI reference model and its seven layers. It provides an overview of the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It describes how data is encapsulated as it passes through each layer from an application on one host to an application on another host.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF terminology and operation, including link-state routing, databases, advertisements, and algorithms. It also covers OSPF packet types, areas, router types, metrics, and configuration. The objectives are to describe OSPF functionality in different network environments and configure basic and advanced OSPF features.
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the history and development of EIGRP, its basic operation and components, including reliable transport protocol, packet types, neighbor discovery via hello packets, and route updates using the diffusing update algorithm. It also covers basic EIGRP configuration such as enabling it with the router eigrp command, advertising networks, and verifying neighbor relationships.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 5Nil Menon
This document discusses inter-VLAN routing and layer 3 switching. It describes the different options for enabling inter-VLAN routing including legacy routing, router-on-a-stick, and layer 3 switching. It provides instructions for configuring each method and troubleshooting common issues like incorrect switch port configurations, IP addressing errors, and VLAN mismatches. Layer 3 switching allows high-performance switches to perform routing internally at wire speed.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP concepts such as autonomous systems, path attributes, and the BGP protocol operation. Key points include that BGP establishes peering sessions to exchange routing information, uses route attributes like AS path, next hop, and communities to determine the best path, and supports techniques like route reflection and confederation to improve scalability in large networks.
This chapter discusses manipulating routing updates by using multiple routing protocols on a network, implementing route redistribution between protocols, and controlling routing update traffic. It describes using multiple protocols to address network changes or mixed vendor environments. Route redistribution allows exchange of routing information between different routing domains. Care must be taken to avoid routing loops through proper metric setting and route filtering during redistribution.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF's message encapsulation, packet types, neighbor discovery process using Hello packets, link state database and shortest path first algorithm, metric and cost calculation, and mechanisms for handling multi-access networks like designated router election. The objectives are to describe OSPF configuration and troubleshooting.
The document provides information about an upcoming training course on deploying MPLS L3 VPNs. It includes details about the trainers, Nurul Islam Roman and Jessica Wei, their backgrounds and areas of expertise. It also outlines the course agenda which will cover topics such as MPLS VPN models, terminology, operation, configuration examples and service deployment scenarios.
This document chapter discusses enterprise internet connectivity, including:
1. Planning enterprise internet connectivity by identifying connectivity needs, ISP types, public IP addressing, and autonomous system numbers.
2. Establishing single-homed IPv4 internet connectivity by configuring static or DHCP public IP addresses, understanding DHCP operation, and configuring NAT.
3. Limitations of NAT include end-to-end visibility issues, complex tunneling, and failures in certain network topologies. The NAT virtual interface feature addresses some of NAT's limitations.
The document provides instructional materials for a chapter on the network layer. It covers topics like network layer protocols including IPv4 and IPv6, routing, routers, and configuring Cisco routers. Sections explain how network layer protocols support communication across networks and the purpose of fields in IPv4 and IPv6 packets. It also details how hosts, routers, and their routing tables determine the path for packets to travel to reach their destination on either the local network or remote networks.
OSPF is an intra-domain routing protocol that uses a link-state algorithm to calculate the shortest path to destinations within an autonomous system. It divides an autonomous system into areas to limit routing updates and allows for route summarization between areas. OSPF uses hello packets to discover neighbors, database description packets to exchange routing information, link-state request packets to request updates, and link-state acknowledgment packets to acknowledge receipt of updates.
This document provides an overview of chapter 5 topics in the CCNA Routing and Switching curriculum, including Ethernet protocols, LAN switches, and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). Section 5.1 explains Ethernet encapsulation and frame formats. Section 5.2 describes how switches build MAC address tables to forward frames and the different forwarding methods switches can use. Section 5.3 explains how ARP maps IP addresses to MAC addresses to allow communication on a network.
The document discusses the IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) routing protocol. It was developed by DECnet as an interior gateway protocol to efficiently route data within networks. IS-IS determines the best routes between intermediate systems using a link-state algorithm. It exchanges routing information and builds a topology database to select optimal paths between nodes based on metrics like bandwidth and delay. The protocol supports different network types and uses levels, system IDs, and NSAP addresses in its operation.
IS-IS and OSPF are both link-state interior gateway protocols that use the SPF algorithm and support VLSM. However, IS-IS operates above layer 2 and routers belong to one area, while OSPF operates at the IP layer and routers can belong to multiple areas. Additionally, IS-IS uses DIS while OSPF uses DR/BDR, and OSPF supports virtual links while IS-IS does not.
The document discusses the IS-IS routing protocol. It provides an overview of IS-IS, including that it is an interior gateway protocol used within an autonomous system. It also describes IS-IS levels, areas, and backbone routers. Finally, it discusses CLNS addressing, IS-IS PDUs like Hello packets, and other IS-IS concepts.
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to determine the optimal route between nodes. Each router uses hello packets to discover neighbors and then builds and floods link state packets (LSPs) throughout the network. All routers use the LSPs to construct a topological map and independently calculate the shortest path to every network using an SPF tree. Common link-state protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS).
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects different autonomous systems on the internet. It allows for the exchange of routing and reachability information between these systems. BGP operates using a finite state machine to manage the states of connections between peers. It establishes TCP connections between routers to exchange routing updates and keep connections alive through regular keepalive messages. BGP version 4, defined in RFC 4271, is the current standard implementation which supports features like classless inter-domain routing and route aggregation.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and routing tables. It covers the evolution of dynamic routing protocols, their components, and classification. Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information. The routing table contains different types of entries, such as directly connected interfaces, static routes, and dynamically learned routes. Dynamic routing protocols help routers learn optimal paths to destinations and update their routing tables accordingly.
This document provides an overview of dynamic routing protocols and configuration of RIPv2. It discusses the purpose of dynamic routing protocols in discovering remote networks, maintaining up-to-date routing information, and choosing the best path. RIPv2 configuration topics include enabling RIP, advertising networks, verifying RIP operation, and propagating a default route. The document also examines the components of routing table entries, such as route source, metric, and next hop. It describes the hierarchy of dynamically learned routes including ultimate, level 1, parent and child routes.
This document discusses configuring and troubleshooting single-area OSPF routing. It covers topics like:
- Configuring static and dynamic routing on distribution and core routers
- Configuring and verifying single-area OSPF
- Designated router election process for multiaccess networks
- Propagating default static routes in OSPF
- Securing OSPF with message digest 5 authentication
- Components of troubleshooting single-area OSPF like forming adjacencies and transitioning states
This document provides an overview of IPv6 fundamentals, including:
- Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as larger addressing space and elimination of NAT.
- Details of the IPv6 header format and use of extension headers for additional functions.
- The IPv6 addressing architecture including the various address types and formats.
- Protocols for autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and multicast in IPv6 networks.
The document discusses the OSI reference model and its seven layers. It provides an overview of the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It describes how data is encapsulated as it passes through each layer from an application on one host to an application on another host.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF terminology and operation, including link-state routing, databases, advertisements, and algorithms. It also covers OSPF packet types, areas, router types, metrics, and configuration. The objectives are to describe OSPF functionality in different network environments and configure basic and advanced OSPF features.
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the history and development of EIGRP, its basic operation and components, including reliable transport protocol, packet types, neighbor discovery via hello packets, and route updates using the diffusing update algorithm. It also covers basic EIGRP configuration such as enabling it with the router eigrp command, advertising networks, and verifying neighbor relationships.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 5Nil Menon
This document discusses inter-VLAN routing and layer 3 switching. It describes the different options for enabling inter-VLAN routing including legacy routing, router-on-a-stick, and layer 3 switching. It provides instructions for configuring each method and troubleshooting common issues like incorrect switch port configurations, IP addressing errors, and VLAN mismatches. Layer 3 switching allows high-performance switches to perform routing internally at wire speed.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP concepts such as autonomous systems, path attributes, and the BGP protocol operation. Key points include that BGP establishes peering sessions to exchange routing information, uses route attributes like AS path, next hop, and communities to determine the best path, and supports techniques like route reflection and confederation to improve scalability in large networks.
This chapter discusses manipulating routing updates by using multiple routing protocols on a network, implementing route redistribution between protocols, and controlling routing update traffic. It describes using multiple protocols to address network changes or mixed vendor environments. Route redistribution allows exchange of routing information between different routing domains. Care must be taken to avoid routing loops through proper metric setting and route filtering during redistribution.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF's message encapsulation, packet types, neighbor discovery process using Hello packets, link state database and shortest path first algorithm, metric and cost calculation, and mechanisms for handling multi-access networks like designated router election. The objectives are to describe OSPF configuration and troubleshooting.
The document provides information about an upcoming training course on deploying MPLS L3 VPNs. It includes details about the trainers, Nurul Islam Roman and Jessica Wei, their backgrounds and areas of expertise. It also outlines the course agenda which will cover topics such as MPLS VPN models, terminology, operation, configuration examples and service deployment scenarios.
This document chapter discusses enterprise internet connectivity, including:
1. Planning enterprise internet connectivity by identifying connectivity needs, ISP types, public IP addressing, and autonomous system numbers.
2. Establishing single-homed IPv4 internet connectivity by configuring static or DHCP public IP addresses, understanding DHCP operation, and configuring NAT.
3. Limitations of NAT include end-to-end visibility issues, complex tunneling, and failures in certain network topologies. The NAT virtual interface feature addresses some of NAT's limitations.
The document provides instructional materials for a chapter on the network layer. It covers topics like network layer protocols including IPv4 and IPv6, routing, routers, and configuring Cisco routers. Sections explain how network layer protocols support communication across networks and the purpose of fields in IPv4 and IPv6 packets. It also details how hosts, routers, and their routing tables determine the path for packets to travel to reach their destination on either the local network or remote networks.
OSPF is an intra-domain routing protocol that uses a link-state algorithm to calculate the shortest path to destinations within an autonomous system. It divides an autonomous system into areas to limit routing updates and allows for route summarization between areas. OSPF uses hello packets to discover neighbors, database description packets to exchange routing information, link-state request packets to request updates, and link-state acknowledgment packets to acknowledge receipt of updates.
This document provides an overview of chapter 5 topics in the CCNA Routing and Switching curriculum, including Ethernet protocols, LAN switches, and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). Section 5.1 explains Ethernet encapsulation and frame formats. Section 5.2 describes how switches build MAC address tables to forward frames and the different forwarding methods switches can use. Section 5.3 explains how ARP maps IP addresses to MAC addresses to allow communication on a network.
The document discusses the IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) routing protocol. It was developed by DECnet as an interior gateway protocol to efficiently route data within networks. IS-IS determines the best routes between intermediate systems using a link-state algorithm. It exchanges routing information and builds a topology database to select optimal paths between nodes based on metrics like bandwidth and delay. The protocol supports different network types and uses levels, system IDs, and NSAP addresses in its operation.
IS-IS and OSPF are both link-state interior gateway protocols that use the SPF algorithm and support VLSM. However, IS-IS operates above layer 2 and routers belong to one area, while OSPF operates at the IP layer and routers can belong to multiple areas. Additionally, IS-IS uses DIS while OSPF uses DR/BDR, and OSPF supports virtual links while IS-IS does not.
The document discusses the IS-IS routing protocol. It provides an overview of IS-IS, including that it is an interior gateway protocol used within an autonomous system. It also describes IS-IS levels, areas, and backbone routers. Finally, it discusses CLNS addressing, IS-IS PDUs like Hello packets, and other IS-IS concepts.
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's shortest path first algorithm to determine the optimal route between nodes. Each router uses hello packets to discover neighbors and then builds and floods link state packets (LSPs) throughout the network. All routers use the LSPs to construct a topological map and independently calculate the shortest path to every network using an SPF tree. Common link-state protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS).
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects different autonomous systems on the internet. It allows for the exchange of routing and reachability information between these systems. BGP operates using a finite state machine to manage the states of connections between peers. It establishes TCP connections between routers to exchange routing updates and keep connections alive through regular keepalive messages. BGP version 4, defined in RFC 4271, is the current standard implementation which supports features like classless inter-domain routing and route aggregation.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and routing tables. It covers the evolution of dynamic routing protocols, their components, and classification. Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information. The routing table contains different types of entries, such as directly connected interfaces, static routes, and dynamically learned routes. Dynamic routing protocols help routers learn optimal paths to destinations and update their routing tables accordingly.
This document provides an overview of dynamic routing protocols and configuration of RIPv2. It discusses the purpose of dynamic routing protocols in discovering remote networks, maintaining up-to-date routing information, and choosing the best path. RIPv2 configuration topics include enabling RIP, advertising networks, verifying RIP operation, and propagating a default route. The document also examines the components of routing table entries, such as route source, metric, and next hop. It describes the hierarchy of dynamically learned routes including ultimate, level 1, parent and child routes.
1) Explain the basic operation of dynamic routing protocols.
2) Compare and contrast dynamic and static routing.
3) Determine which networks are available during an initial network discovery phase.
4) Define the different categories of routing protocols.
5) Describe the process by which distance vector routing protocols learn about other networks.
6) Identify the types of distance-vector routing protocols.
7) Configure the RIP routing protocol.
8) Configure the RIPng routing protocol.
9) Explain the process by which link-state routing protocols learn about other networks.
10) Describe the information sent in a link-state update.
11) Describe advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols.
12) Identify protocols that use the link-state routing process. (OSPF, IS-IS)
13) Determine the route source, administrative distance, and metric for a given route.
14) Explain the concept of a parent/child relationship in a dynamically built routing table.
15) Compare the IPv4 classless route lookup process and the IPv6 lookup process.
16) Analyze a routing table to determine which route will be used to forward a packet.
Chapter 7: Objectives
--------------------------------------------
Explain the basic operation of dynamic routing protocols.
Compare and contrast dynamic and static routing.
Determine which networks are available during an initial network discovery phase.
Define the different categories of routing protocols.
Describe the process by which distance vector routing protocols learn about other networks.
Identify the types of distance-vector routing protocols.
Configure the RIP routing protocol.
Configure the RIPng routing protocol.
Explain the process by which link-state routing protocols learn about other networks.
Describe the information sent in a link-state update.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols.
Identify protocols that use the link-state routing process. (OSPF, IS-IS)
Determine the route source, administrative distance, and metric for a given route.
Explain the concept of a parent/child relationship in a dynamically built routing table.
Compare the IPv4 classless route lookup process and the IPv6 lookup process.
Analyze a routing table to determine which route will be used to forward a packet.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
This document provides an overview of dynamic routing protocols. It discusses the basic operation and purpose of dynamic routing protocols, including how they discover networks, exchange routing information, and converge on a network view. It also categorizes routing protocols as either distance vector or link-state, and covers example protocols like RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF. Specific topics covered include dynamic routing fundamentals, static versus dynamic routing, protocol metrics, and the operation of distance vector routing.
Dynamic routing protocols share routing information between routers to automatically update routing tables when network changes occur and determine the best path. They are classified as interior gateway protocols, which route within an autonomous system, or exterior gateway protocols, which route between autonomous systems. Metrics like bandwidth and hop count are used to calculate the best path, while administrative distance indicates the priority of routes.
This document discusses static routing concepts and configuration. It covers implementing static and default routes for IPv4 and IPv6, as well as summarization, floating static routes, and troubleshooting. The objectives are to explain static routing advantages/disadvantages, configure different static route types, implement CIDR and VLSM, and troubleshoot common issues. Configuration examples are provided for various static route scenarios.
This document covers configuration of static routing in Cisco routers. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of static routing compared to dynamic routing. It provides instructions on how to configure various types of static routes in IPv4 and IPv6 including next-hop, default, summary, and floating static routes. Troubleshooting steps for static route issues are also presented.
Chapter 6: Objectives
-----------------------------------------------
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and concepts. It describes the functions of dynamic routing protocols as dynamically sharing information between routers, automatically updating routing tables when network topologies change, and determining the best path to destinations. It classifies routing protocols as either interior gateway protocols, used within autonomous systems, or exterior gateway protocols, used between autonomous systems. It also covers routing metrics, administrative distance, and the components of a routing table.
The document discusses static routing and key concepts related to router configuration and operation. It defines static routes as manually configured paths that specify how a router will transmit packets to certain networks. The summary describes how to configure static routes, default routes, and route summarization. It also outlines tools for troubleshooting routing issues like missing routes.
This document provides an overview of routing concepts and router configuration. It covers the basic functions of routers, including routing decisions, packet forwarding methods, and building routing tables through directly connected networks, static routes, and dynamic routing protocols. The document also describes how to initially configure a router by setting the hostname, interfaces, and verifying connectivity between networks.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 7Nil Menon
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and provides an overview of how they operate. It explains that dynamic routing protocols automatically share information about remote networks to determine the best path. The document compares static and dynamic routing, and outlines the basic process by which routers using dynamic routing protocols like RIP discover networks, exchange routing information, and update their routing tables. Objectives of the chapter are also listed, such as explaining dynamic routing operation and configuring RIP and OSPF protocols.
This document provides instructor materials for a chapter on static routing. The chapter objectives are to explain static routing concepts, configure static and default routes, and troubleshoot static route issues. Static routes are manually configured without a routing protocol. They provide security, use fewer resources than dynamic routing, and are useful for small networks or stub networks with a single connection. The document covers configuring standard static routes, default routes, summary routes, and floating routes in IPv4 and IPv6 along with verifying the configurations. Troubleshooting tips include using ping, traceroute, and checking the routing table.
This document provides instructor materials for a chapter on static routing. The chapter objectives are to explain static routing concepts, configure static and default routes, and troubleshoot static route issues. Static routes are manually configured without a routing protocol. They can be used for small networks, stub networks with a single connection, and default routes. The document shows how to configure static routes, default routes, floating static routes, and static host routes in IPv4 and IPv6 on Cisco routers. It also discusses troubleshooting missing routes and connectivity problems.
The document discusses distance vector routing protocols. It describes the characteristics of distance vector protocols, including that they use periodic updates where routers broadcast their full routing tables to neighbors. The document outlines the network discovery process, how routing tables are maintained through timers and triggered updates, and how issues like routing loops can occur if protocols are improperly configured. Mechanisms to prevent routing loops such as split horizon and poison reverse are also covered.
This document provides an overview of routing fundamentals and subnets. It defines key concepts like routed protocols, routing protocols, IP addressing, and subnetting. Routed protocols like IP define packet formats and addressing to enable communication across networks, while routing protocols like RIP exchange information to maintain routing tables and select optimal paths. The document also explains how routers use routing tables to determine the best path for sending packets and contains examples of subnetting IP addresses to create multiple subnets within a class C network.
This document discusses static routing and provides configuration examples. It covers defining router roles, examining directly connected networks, configuring static routes with next hop addresses or exit interfaces, summarizing routes, and troubleshooting routing issues. Static routes allow routers to forward packets to destination networks manually without a dynamic routing protocol. Route summarization and default routes reduce routing table sizes.
The document discusses securing the management plane of Cisco routers. It describes 9 steps to secure the management plane: 1) follow a router security policy, 2) secure physical access, 3) use strong encrypted passwords, 4) control access to the router, 5) secure management access using AAA, 6) use secure management protocols like SSH, 7) implement system logging, 8) backup configurations periodically, and 9) disable unneeded services. It also discusses authenticating users locally and with RADIUS/TACACS+ servers.
The document discusses implementing BGP, including BGP terminology, concepts, operation, neighbor relationships, and basic BGP configuration. It describes BGP as a path vector routing protocol used between autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. It differentiates between external BGP which establishes relationships between routers in different autonomous systems, and internal BGP which is used within an autonomous system. Basic BGP configuration involves defining BGP neighbors, entering BGP configuration mode, and activating BGP sessions.
The document discusses Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It covers basic OSPF configuration, establishing OSPF neighbor relationships, OSPF message types, OSPF operation overview including building the routing table, and optimizing OSPF adjacencies on multiaccess networks. The key aspects are electing a designated router and backup designated router to reduce routing update traffic and ensure synchronized link-state databases across all routers.
The document discusses various topics relating to EIGRP implementation including:
- Establishing EIGRP neighbor relationships and different network environments where EIGRP can operate like Frame Relay and MPLS networks.
- Building the EIGRP topology table by exchanging routing information with neighbors, calculating EIGRP metrics and selecting the best path.
- Optimizing EIGRP behavior such as using stub routing and route summarization to reduce queries when a route becomes active.
This document provides an overview of basic network and routing concepts for the CCNP ROUTE certification. It discusses differentiating between dynamic routing protocols, network types including non-broadcast multi-access networks, connecting remote locations using various technologies, and understanding how different traffic types and overlay networks influence routing. The objectives cover routing protocols, branch connectivity options, and IPv6 neighbor discovery.
The document discusses campus network architecture and VLAN implementation. It covers implementing VLANs and trunks in a campus environment, including the differences between end-to-end and local VLAN models. It also discusses configuring and verifying VLANs and trunks, such as creating VLANs, assigning access ports, and configuring trunk ports between switches. Best practices are provided such as using IEEE 802.1Q trunking and limiting the number of VLANs per switch.
This document discusses network design fundamentals and the hierarchical network model. It describes the core, distribution and access layers. The access layer connects end devices like PCs and printers. The distribution layer aggregates access layer switches and provides services between the access and core layers. The core layer is highly available and provides connectivity between distribution layers, data centers and other networks. It advocates for hierarchical network design over flat networks to improve scalability and performance.
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
This chapter discusses campus network security and focuses on security features for Cisco switches including port security, storm control, DHCP snooping, IP Source Guard, dynamic ARP inspection, securing VLAN trunks, and private VLANs. It provides an overview of common switch security issues like MAC flooding attacks, VLAN hopping, spoofing attacks, and vulnerabilities in protocols like CDP, SSH, and Telnet. The document emphasizes the importance of enabling security features by default and implementing layers of security to protect the campus network.
This chapter discusses high availability features in Cisco switches including StackWise, Virtual Switching System (VSS), and supervisor redundancy. StackWise allows switches to be grouped into a single logical switch for configuration and management. VSS combines two physical switches into one virtual switch. Redundant supervisor modules and protocols like Stateful Switchover (SSO) provide continuity of operations during supervisor failures.
This chapter discusses several switching features for campus networks, including discovery protocols like LLDP, the neighbor discovery protocol. It covers the unidirectional link detection protocol UDLD, power over Ethernet (PoE) standards and components, and switch resource management using SDM templates.
This chapter discusses network management topics including AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting), 802.1X identity-based networking, NTP (Network Time Protocol), and SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). It provides details on configuring AAA using RADIUS and TACACS+ as well as 802.1X authentication. It also explains the need for accurate timekeeping via NTP and how to manually configure the system clock and implement daylight saving time adjustments.
This document provides an overview of first-hop redundancy protocols (FHRP) and Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). It discusses the need for FHRP to provide redundancy for the default gateway, and describes how HSRP works to elect an active router and standby router to take over if the active router fails. The document outlines the different HSRP router roles, state transitions, and how to configure and tune HSRP, including options for interface tracking, load sharing, and authentication.
This document chapter discusses inter-VLAN routing and provides configuration examples for implementing it using an external router, switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) on a multilayer switch, and routed ports on a multilayer switch. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and provides a detailed configuration example for configuring inter-VLAN routing using both SVIs and routed ports on a multilayer switch.
This document chapter discusses spanning tree protocols, including Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), and Multiple Spanning Tree (MST). It covers STP operations such as electing a root bridge, root ports, and designated ports. BPDU frame formats and port states are also explained. The chapter objectives are to provide an overview of spanning tree, implement RSTP, describe various STP features, and configure MST.
This document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) concepts and technologies for connecting networks. It discusses WAN purposes and operations, as well as both private and public WAN infrastructures. Private WAN options include dedicated technologies like leased lines, frame relay, and MPLS. Public WAN options rely on broadband technologies like DSL, cable, and wireless, secured using VPNs. The document aims to help readers select appropriate WAN services based on business requirements.
The document discusses network troubleshooting techniques. It recommends completing all troubleshooting activities in the chapter, as they will help students preparing for the CCNA exam. The document outlines troubleshooting methodology, including using network documentation, following a troubleshooting process, and isolating issues by layer. It also discusses specific troubleshooting tools, symptoms at different layers, and steps for troubleshooting IP connectivity issues.
The document discusses evolving network technologies including the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, virtualization, and software-defined networking (SDN). It provides an overview of these topics and their importance in modern networks. Specifically, it describes the six pillars of IoT, types of cloud services, cloud deployment models, virtualization techniques, SDN components and controllers, and how policy-based SDN allows for simplified network management.
The document discusses quality of service (QoS) techniques in networking. It covers QoS mechanisms like classification, marking, queueing algorithms, and QoS models. Voice traffic requires low latency, jitter and packet loss, while video and data have different needs. Integrated Services and Differentiated Services are QoS models that allow prioritizing some traffic over others. Classification, shaping, policing and congestion avoidance are tools to implement QoS in a network.
This document discusses network security and monitoring techniques in three sections. Section 5.1 covers LAN security best practices like port security and DHCP snooping to mitigate common attacks. Section 5.2 explains how SNMP allows network monitoring and configuration, including the elements of SNMP and securing SNMPv3. Section 5.3 introduces SPAN as a tool for troubleshooting network issues by duplicating and redirecting traffic to a packet analyzer.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"