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CCNA2 Verson6 Chapter1
1.
© 2008 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1 Instructor Materials Chapter 1: Routing Concepts CCNA Routing and Switching Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0
2.
© 2008 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 15 Chapter 1: Routing Concepts Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0
3.
Presentation_ID 16© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 1 - Sections & Objectives 1.1 Router Initial Configuration • Describe the primary functions and features of a router. • Configure basic settings on a router to route between two directly-connected networks, using CLI. • Verify connectivity between two networks that are directly connected to a router. 1.2 Routing Decisions • Explain the encapsulation and de-encapsulation process used by routers when switching packets between interfaces. • Explain the path determination function of a router. 1.3 Router Operation • Explain routing table entries for directly connected networks. • Explain how a router builds a routing table of directly connected networks. • Explain how a router builds a routing table using static routes. • Explain how a router builds a routing table using a dynamic routing protocol.
4.
© 2008 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 17 1.1 Router Initial Configuration
5.
Presentation_ID 18© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Functions Characteristicsof a Network
6.
Presentation_ID 19© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Functions Why Routing? The router is responsible for the routing of traffic between networks.
7.
Presentation_ID 20© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Routers are specialized computers containing the following required components to operate: • Central processing unit (CPU) • Operating system (OS) - Routers use Cisco IOS • Memory and storage (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash, hard drive) Router Functions Routers are Computers
8.
Presentation_ID 21© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Routers use specialized ports and network interface cards to interconnect to other networks. Router Functions Routers are Computers (cont.)
9.
Presentation_ID 22© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Functions Routers are Computers Router Memory
10.
Presentation_ID 23© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Functions Routers Interconnect Networks
11.
Presentation_ID 24© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Functions Routers Choose Best Paths Routers use static routes and dynamic routing protocols to learn about remote networks and build their routing tables. Routers use routing tables to determine the best path to send packets. Routers encapsulate the packet and forward it to the interface indicated in routing table.
12.
Presentation_ID 25© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Process switching – An older packet forwarding mechanism still available for Cisco routers. Fast switching – A common packet forwarding mechanism which uses a fast-switching cache to store next hop information. Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) – The most recent, fastest, and preferred Cisco IOS packet-forwarding mechanism. Router Functions Packet Forwarding Methods
13.
Presentation_ID 26© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Connect Devices Connect to a Network
14.
Presentation_ID 27© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Connect Devices Default Gateways To enable network access devices, must be configured with the following IP address information: IP address - Identifies a unique host on a local network. Subnet mask - Identifies the host’s network subnet. Default gateway - Identifies the router a packet is sent to when the destination is not on the same local network subnet.
15.
Presentation_ID 28© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Connect Devices Document Network Addressing Network documentation should include at least the following in a topology diagram and addressing table: Device names Interfaces IP addresses and subnet masks Default gateways
16.
Presentation_ID 29© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Connect Devices Enable IP on a Host Statically Assigned IP address – The host is manually assigned an IP address, subnet mask and default gateway. A DNS server IP address can also be assigned. • Used to identify specific network resources such as network servers and printers. • Can be used in very small networks with few hosts. Dynamically Assigned IP Address – IP Address information is dynamically assigned by a server using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). • Most hosts acquire their IP address information through DHCP. • DHCP services can be provided by Cisco routers.
17.
Presentation_ID 30© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Connect Devices Enable IP on a Host
18.
Presentation_ID 31© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Connect Devices Enable IP on a Host
19.
Presentation_ID 32© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Connect devices Device LEDs
20.
Presentation_ID 33© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Console Access Connect Devices Console Access
21.
Presentation_ID 34© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Connect Devices Enable IP on a Switch Network infrastructure devices require IP addresses to enable remote management. On a switch, the management IP address is assigned on a virtual interface called a switched virtual interface (SVI)
22.
Presentation_ID 35© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Basic Settings Configure Router Basic Settings Name the device – Distinguishes it from other routers Secure management access – Secures privileged EXEC, user EXEC, and Telnet access, and encrypts passwords . Configure a banner – Provides legal notification of unauthorized access. Save the Configuration
23.
Presentation_ID 36© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Basic Settings Configure an IPv4 Router Interface To be available, a router interface must be: Configured with an address and subnet mask. Activated using no shutdown command. By default LAN and WAN interfaces are not activated. Configured with the clock rate command on the Serial cable end labeled DCE. Optional description can be included.
24.
Presentation_ID 37© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Basic Settings Configure an IPv6 Router Interface Configure interface with IPv6 address and subnet mask: Use the ipv6 address ipv6-address/ipv6-length [link-local | eui-64]interface configuration command. Activate using the no shutdown command.
25.
Presentation_ID 38© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Basic Settings Configure an IPv6 Router Interface (cont.) IPv6 interfaces can support more than one address: Configure a specified global unicast – ipv6address ipv6- address /ipv6-length Configure a global IPv6 address with an interface identifier (ID) in the low-order 64 bits - ipv6address ipv6-address /ipv6-length eui-64 Configure a link-local address - ipv6address ipv6-address /ipv6- length link-local
26.
Presentation_ID 39© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Basic Settings Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface A loopback interface is a logical interface that is internal to the router: It is not assigned to a physical port, it is considered a software interface that is automatically in an UP state. A loopback interface is useful for testing. It is important in the OSPF routing process.
27.
Presentation_ID 40© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks Verify Interface Settings Show commands are used to verify operation and configuration of interface: show ip interfaces brief show ip route show running-config Show commands that are used to gather more detailed interface information: show interfaces show ip interfaces
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Presentation_ID 41© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks Verify Interface Settings (cont.)
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Presentation_ID 42© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks Verify IPv6 Interface Settings Common commands to verify the IPv6 interface configuration: show ipv6 interface brief - displays a summary for each of the interfaces. show ipv6 interface gigabitethernet 0/0 - displays the interface status and all the IPv6 addresses for this interface. show ipv6 route - verifies that IPv6 networks and specific IPv6 interface addresses have been installed in the IPv6 routing table.
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Presentation_ID 43© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Show command output can be managed using the following command and filters: Use the terminal length number command to specify the number of lines to be displayed. To filter specific output of commands use the (|)pipe character after show command. Parameters that can be used after pipe include: • section, include, exclude, begin Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks Filter Show Command Output
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Presentation_ID 44© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks Command History Feature The command history feature temporarily stores a list of executed commands for access: To recall commands press Ctrl+P or the UP Arrow. To return to more recent commands press Ctrl+N or the Down Arrow. By default, command history is enabled and the system captures the last 10 commands in the buffer. Use the show history privileged EXEC command to display the buffer contents. Use the terminal history size user EXEC command to increase or decrease size of the buffer.
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© 2008 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 45 1.2 Routing Decisions
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Presentation_ID 46© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Packets Between Networks Router Switching Function
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Presentation_ID 47© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Packets Between Networks Send a Packet
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Presentation_ID 48© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Packets Between Networks Forward to Next Hop
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Presentation_ID 49© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Packets Between Networks Packet Routing
37.
Presentation_ID 50© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Packets Between Networks Reach the Destination
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Presentation_ID 51© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Path Determination Routing Decisions
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Presentation_ID 52© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Path Determination Best Path Best path is selected by a routing protocol based on the value or metric it uses to determine the distance to reach a network: o A metric is the value used to measure the distance to a given network. o Best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric. Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics to build and update routing tables: o Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - Hop count o Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - Cost based on cumulative bandwidth from source to destination o Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) - Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability
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Presentation_ID 53© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Path Determination Load Balancing When a router has two or more paths to a destination with equal cost metrics, then the router forwards the packets using both paths equally: o Equal cost load balancing can improve network performance. o Equal cost load balancing can be configured to use both dynamic routing protocols and static routes.
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Presentation_ID 54© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Path Determination Administrative Distance If multiple paths to a destination are configured on a router, the path installed in the routing table is the one with the lowest Administrative Distance (AD): o A static route with an AD of 1 is more reliable than an EIGRP-discovered route with an AD of 90. o A directly connected route with an AD of 0 is more reliable than a static route with an AD of 1.
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© 2008 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 55 1.3 Router Operation
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Presentation_ID 56© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Analyze the Routing Table The Routing Table A routing table is a file stored in RAM that contains information about: o Directly connected routes o Remote routes
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Presentation_ID 57© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Analyze the Routing Table Routing Table Sources The show ip route command is used to display the contents of the routing table: o Local route interfaces - Added to the routing table when an interface is configured. (displayed in IOS 15 or newer for IPv4 routes and all IOS releases for IPv6 routes.) o Directly connected interfaces - Added to the routing table when an interface is configured and active. o Static routes - Added when a route is manually configured and the exit interface is active. o Dynamic routing protocol - Added when EIGRP or OSPF are implemented and networks are identified.
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Presentation_ID 58© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Analyze the Routing Table Routing Table Sources (cont.)
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Presentation_ID 59© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Analyze the Routing Table Remote Network Routing Entries Interpreting the entries in the routing table
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Presentation_ID 60© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Directly Connected Routes Directly Connected Interfaces A newly deployed router, without any configured interfaces, has an empty routing table.
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Presentation_ID 61© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Directly Connected Routes Directly Connected Routing Table Entries
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Presentation_ID 62© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Directly Connected Routes Directly Connected Example
50.
Presentation_ID 63© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Directly Connected Routes Directly Connected IPv6 Example
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Presentation_ID 64© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Statically Learned Routes Static Routes Static routes and default static routes can be implemented after directly connected interfaces are added to the routing table: o Static routes are manually configured. o They define an explicit path between two networking devices. o Static routes must be manually updated if the topology changes. o Their benefits include improved security and control of resources. o Configure a static route to a specific network using the ip route network mask {next-hop-ip | exit-intf} command. o A default static route is used when the routing table does not contain a path for a destination network. o Configure a default static route using the ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {exit- intf | next-hop-ip} command.
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Presentation_ID 65© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Statically Learned Routes Static Route Example
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Presentation_ID 66© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Statically Learned Routes Static Route Example (cont.) Entering and Verifying a Static Route
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Presentation_ID 67© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Statically Learned Routes Static IPv6 Route Examples
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Presentation_ID 68© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Statically Learned Routes Static IPv6 Route Examples
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Presentation_ID 69© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Dynamic Routing Protocols Dynamic Routing Dynamic routing is used by routers to share information about the reachability and status of remote networks. It performs network discovery and maintains routing tables. Routers have converged after they have finished exchanging and updating their routing tables.
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Presentation_ID 70© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Dynamic Routing Protocols IPv4 Routing Protocols Cisco routers can support a variety of dynamic IPv4 routing protocols including: • EIGRP – Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol • OSPF – Open Shortest Path First • IS-IS – Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System • RIP – Routing Information Protocol Use the router ? Command in global configuration mode to determine which routing protocols are supported by the IOS.
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Presentation_ID 71© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Dynamic Routing Protocols IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples
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Presentation_ID 72© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Dynamic Routing Protocols IPv6 Routing Protocols Cisco routers can support a variety of dynamic IPv6 routing protocols including: o RIPng (RIP next generation) o OSPFv3 o EIGRP for IPv6 Use the ipv6 router ? command to determine which routing protocols are supported by the IOS IPv6 Routing Protocols
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Presentation_ID 73© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Dynamic Routing Protocols IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples
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© 2008 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 74 1.4 Chapter Summary
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Presentation_ID 75© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Describe the primary functions and features of a router. Configure basic settings on a router to route between two directly-connected networks, using CLI. Verify connectivity between two networks that are directly connected to a router. Explain how routers use information in data packets to make forwarding decisions in a small to medium-sized business network. Explain the encapsulation and de-encapsulation process used by routers when switching packets between interfaces. Explain the path determination function of a router. Explain how a router learns about remote networks when operating in a small to medium- sized business network. Explain how a router builds a routing table of directly connected networks. Explain how a router builds a routing table using static routes. Explain how a router builds a routing table using a dynamic routing protocol. Chapter Summary Summary
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Presentation_ID 80© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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Presentation_ID 81© 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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