This chapter discusses several switching features for campus networks, including discovery protocols like LLDP, the neighbor discovery protocol. It covers the unidirectional link detection protocol UDLD, power over Ethernet (PoE) standards and components, and switch resource management using SDM templates.
This document provides an overview of first-hop redundancy protocols (FHRP) and Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). It discusses the need for FHRP to provide redundancy for the default gateway, and describes how HSRP works to elect an active router and standby router to take over if the active router fails. The document outlines the different HSRP router roles, state transitions, and how to configure and tune HSRP, including options for interface tracking, load sharing, and authentication.
This document chapter discusses spanning tree protocols, including Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), and Multiple Spanning Tree (MST). It covers STP operations such as electing a root bridge, root ports, and designated ports. BPDU frame formats and port states are also explained. The chapter objectives are to provide an overview of spanning tree, implement RSTP, describe various STP features, and configure MST.
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
This document provides an overview of basic network and routing concepts for the CCNP ROUTE certification. It discusses differentiating between dynamic routing protocols, network types including non-broadcast multi-access networks, connecting remote locations using various technologies, and understanding how different traffic types and overlay networks influence routing. The objectives cover routing protocols, branch connectivity options, and IPv6 neighbor discovery.
This chapter discusses manipulating routing updates by using multiple routing protocols on a network, implementing route redistribution between protocols, and controlling routing update traffic. It describes using multiple protocols to address network changes or mixed vendor environments. Route redistribution allows exchange of routing information between different routing domains. Care must be taken to avoid routing loops through proper metric setting and route filtering during redistribution.
This chapter discusses high availability features in Cisco switches including StackWise, Virtual Switching System (VSS), and supervisor redundancy. StackWise allows switches to be grouped into a single logical switch for configuration and management. VSS combines two physical switches into one virtual switch. Redundant supervisor modules and protocols like Stateful Switchover (SSO) provide continuity of operations during supervisor failures.
This document chapter discusses enterprise internet connectivity, including:
1. Planning enterprise internet connectivity by identifying connectivity needs, ISP types, public IP addressing, and autonomous system numbers.
2. Establishing single-homed IPv4 internet connectivity by configuring static or DHCP public IP addresses, understanding DHCP operation, and configuring NAT.
3. Limitations of NAT include end-to-end visibility issues, complex tunneling, and failures in certain network topologies. The NAT virtual interface feature addresses some of NAT's limitations.
The document discusses implementing BGP, including BGP terminology, concepts, operation, neighbor relationships, and basic BGP configuration. It describes BGP as a path vector routing protocol used between autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. It differentiates between external BGP which establishes relationships between routers in different autonomous systems, and internal BGP which is used within an autonomous system. Basic BGP configuration involves defining BGP neighbors, entering BGP configuration mode, and activating BGP sessions.
This document provides an overview of first-hop redundancy protocols (FHRP) and Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). It discusses the need for FHRP to provide redundancy for the default gateway, and describes how HSRP works to elect an active router and standby router to take over if the active router fails. The document outlines the different HSRP router roles, state transitions, and how to configure and tune HSRP, including options for interface tracking, load sharing, and authentication.
This document chapter discusses spanning tree protocols, including Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), and Multiple Spanning Tree (MST). It covers STP operations such as electing a root bridge, root ports, and designated ports. BPDU frame formats and port states are also explained. The chapter objectives are to provide an overview of spanning tree, implement RSTP, describe various STP features, and configure MST.
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
This document provides an overview of basic network and routing concepts for the CCNP ROUTE certification. It discusses differentiating between dynamic routing protocols, network types including non-broadcast multi-access networks, connecting remote locations using various technologies, and understanding how different traffic types and overlay networks influence routing. The objectives cover routing protocols, branch connectivity options, and IPv6 neighbor discovery.
This chapter discusses manipulating routing updates by using multiple routing protocols on a network, implementing route redistribution between protocols, and controlling routing update traffic. It describes using multiple protocols to address network changes or mixed vendor environments. Route redistribution allows exchange of routing information between different routing domains. Care must be taken to avoid routing loops through proper metric setting and route filtering during redistribution.
This chapter discusses high availability features in Cisco switches including StackWise, Virtual Switching System (VSS), and supervisor redundancy. StackWise allows switches to be grouped into a single logical switch for configuration and management. VSS combines two physical switches into one virtual switch. Redundant supervisor modules and protocols like Stateful Switchover (SSO) provide continuity of operations during supervisor failures.
This document chapter discusses enterprise internet connectivity, including:
1. Planning enterprise internet connectivity by identifying connectivity needs, ISP types, public IP addressing, and autonomous system numbers.
2. Establishing single-homed IPv4 internet connectivity by configuring static or DHCP public IP addresses, understanding DHCP operation, and configuring NAT.
3. Limitations of NAT include end-to-end visibility issues, complex tunneling, and failures in certain network topologies. The NAT virtual interface feature addresses some of NAT's limitations.
The document discusses implementing BGP, including BGP terminology, concepts, operation, neighbor relationships, and basic BGP configuration. It describes BGP as a path vector routing protocol used between autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. It differentiates between external BGP which establishes relationships between routers in different autonomous systems, and internal BGP which is used within an autonomous system. Basic BGP configuration involves defining BGP neighbors, entering BGP configuration mode, and activating BGP sessions.
This chapter discusses path control implementation using Cisco technologies. It covers Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching and how it improves performance over process and fast switching. It also discusses using policy-based routing (PBR) and Cisco IOS IP SLAs to implement path control and dynamically change paths based on network conditions. The chapter provides configuration examples for PBR and IP SLAs to control traffic flow.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and contains sections on dynamic routing protocols, RIPv2 configuration, routing tables, and a summary. Some key points include:
- Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to automatically learn about remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information to choose the best path.
- RIPv2 is configured on routers to exchange routing information with neighboring routers using various routing protocol messages and algorithms.
- Routing tables contain entries for directly connected networks, remote networks learned dynamically, and default routes. IPv4 tables can include ultimate, level 1, and level 2 routes while IPv6 tables contain only ultimate routes.
- The routing lookup process uses administrative distances and longest prefix matching to determine the best route
The document discusses various topics relating to EIGRP implementation including:
- Establishing EIGRP neighbor relationships and different network environments where EIGRP can operate like Frame Relay and MPLS networks.
- Building the EIGRP topology table by exchanging routing information with neighbors, calculating EIGRP metrics and selecting the best path.
- Optimizing EIGRP behavior such as using stub routing and route summarization to reduce queries when a route becomes active.
This document chapter discusses inter-VLAN routing and provides configuration examples for implementing it using an external router, switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) on a multilayer switch, and routed ports on a multilayer switch. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and provides a detailed configuration example for configuring inter-VLAN routing using both SVIs and routed ports on a multilayer switch.
This chapter discusses network management topics including AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting), 802.1X identity-based networking, NTP (Network Time Protocol), and SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). It provides details on configuring AAA using RADIUS and TACACS+ as well as 802.1X authentication. It also explains the need for accurate timekeeping via NTP and how to manually configure the system clock and implement daylight saving time adjustments.
The document discusses Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It covers basic OSPF configuration, establishing OSPF neighbor relationships, OSPF message types, OSPF operation overview including building the routing table, and optimizing OSPF adjacencies on multiaccess networks. The key aspects are electing a designated router and backup designated router to reduce routing update traffic and ensure synchronized link-state databases across all routers.
This document discusses link aggregation concepts and configuration using EtherChannel as well as first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP. It begins with an overview of link aggregation and how EtherChannel can be used to combine multiple physical links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth. The document then provides configuration examples for implementing EtherChannel on two switches using LACP. Finally, it covers first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP, explaining how HSRP provides a virtual IP and MAC address that is shared between routers to ensure connectivity in the event of a router failure.
This document discusses Network Address Translation (NAT) for IPv4 networks. It covers the basics of NAT including the different types (static, dynamic, port address translation), advantages and disadvantages, and configuration on Cisco routers. The document also discusses troubleshooting NAT using show and debug commands, and how NAT applies to IPv6 networks for translation between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
This document is from a Cisco training course on DHCP. It covers DHCPv4 and DHCPv6. For DHCPv4, it explains how DHCPv4 operates, how to configure a router as a DHCPv4 server and client, and how to troubleshoot DHCPv4 configurations. For DHCPv6, it describes stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) and how to configure stateless and stateful DHCPv6 servers and clients, as well as troubleshooting DHCPv6 configurations. The objectives are to understand the operations of DHCPv4 and DHCPv6, and configure and troubleshoot DHCP servers, clients, and relay agents for IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
The document discusses securing the management plane of Cisco routers. It describes 9 steps to secure the management plane: 1) follow a router security policy, 2) secure physical access, 3) use strong encrypted passwords, 4) control access to the router, 5) secure management access using AAA, 6) use secure management protocols like SSH, 7) implement system logging, 8) backup configurations periodically, and 9) disable unneeded services. It also discusses authenticating users locally and with RADIUS/TACACS+ servers.
This document discusses best practices for scaling VLANs in a networking course. It covers configuring extended VLANs and inter-switch connectivity technologies like VTP and DTP. Troubleshooting steps for multi-VLAN issues and implementing inter-VLAN routing using Layer 3 switching are also outlined. The chapter summary emphasizes the role of VTP in distributing and synchronizing VLAN information across switches in a domain.
The document is a presentation on access control lists (ACLs) that contains information over multiple slides. It covers how ACLs filter traffic using permit and deny rules, how wildcard masks work in ACLs, best practices for creating and placing ACLs, how to configure standard IPv4 ACLs to meet networking requirements, and how to troubleshoot common ACL errors. The presentation provides examples and step-by-step instructions on ACL concepts and configuration.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and how they operate. It covers distance vector protocols like RIPv2 and EIGRP that do not have a full topology map and exchange periodic updates. It also discusses link-state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that build a complete network map by flooding link-state advertisements and running the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path. The document provides information on dynamic routing fundamentals, protocol operations, convergence, and compares distance vector and link-state protocols.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF terminology and operation, including link-state routing, databases, advertisements, and algorithms. It also covers OSPF packet types, areas, router types, metrics, and configuration. The objectives are to describe OSPF functionality in different network environments and configure basic and advanced OSPF features.
This document provides instructor materials for a chapter on static routing. The chapter objectives are to explain static routing concepts, configure static and default routes, and troubleshoot static route issues. Static routes are manually configured without a routing protocol. They provide security, use fewer resources than dynamic routing, and are useful for small networks or stub networks with a single connection. The document covers configuring standard static routes, default routes, summary routes, and floating routes in IPv4 and IPv6 along with verifying the configurations. Troubleshooting tips include using ping, traceroute, and checking the routing table.
This document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) concepts and technologies for connecting networks. It discusses WAN purposes and operations, as well as both private and public WAN infrastructures. Private WAN options include dedicated technologies like leased lines, frame relay, and MPLS. Public WAN options rely on broadband technologies like DSL, cable, and wireless, secured using VPNs. The document aims to help readers select appropriate WAN services based on business requirements.
This document discusses multiarea OSPF configuration and verification. It describes how multiarea OSPF solves issues with large routing tables and frequent SPF calculations in large networks by dividing the network into areas. Key points include:
- Multiarea OSPF uses a backbone area to connect other areas, reducing routing information shared across areas.
- Routers can function as internal routers, backbone routers, area border routers, or autonomous system boundary routers.
- Link state advertisements (LSAs) describe the network topology, with different LSA types originating and flooding in different areas.
- Commands like show ip ospf verify OSPF neighbor status, routes, and the link state database in each area.
The document is a chapter from a Cisco networking textbook that covers switched networks. It discusses how converged networks support voice, video, and data on a single network. The chapter describes the hierarchical design of access, distribution, and core layers. It also explains how switches dynamically learn MAC addresses to populate their tables and forward frames via cut-through or store-and-forward switching. Collision and broadcast domains are defined, and how switches can alleviate network congestion.
This document provides instructor materials for teaching a chapter on single-area OSPF. It includes best practices for teaching the topic, such as using Packet Tracer demonstrations and having students draw diagrams. It also outlines the sections and objectives covered in the chapter, which are enabling and configuring both single-area OSPFv2 and OSPFv3. Verification commands are also discussed.
This document provides instructor materials for teaching a chapter on access control lists (ACLs) including:
- Recommendations for instructors to complete assessments and activities to ensure hands-on understanding of ACLs, an important networking concept.
- An overview of the sections and objectives covered in the chapter, including standard and extended ACL configuration and IPv6 ACLs.
- Examples and configuration instructions for standard, extended, and IPv6 ACLs as well as guidance on troubleshooting ACL issues.
This document discusses segment routing and its benefits for incremental deployment in networks. It describes how segment routing uses MPLS or IPv6 routing headers to encode paths as ordered lists of segments. Segment routing allows more control over traffic paths compared to traditional IGP routing. It can enable traffic engineering and service chaining while maintaining network and control plane simplicity. The document argues segment routing is useful for scaling datacenters and simplifying peering relationships.
This chapter discusses path control implementation using Cisco technologies. It covers Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching and how it improves performance over process and fast switching. It also discusses using policy-based routing (PBR) and Cisco IOS IP SLAs to implement path control and dynamically change paths based on network conditions. The chapter provides configuration examples for PBR and IP SLAs to control traffic flow.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and contains sections on dynamic routing protocols, RIPv2 configuration, routing tables, and a summary. Some key points include:
- Dynamic routing protocols allow routers to automatically learn about remote networks and maintain up-to-date routing information to choose the best path.
- RIPv2 is configured on routers to exchange routing information with neighboring routers using various routing protocol messages and algorithms.
- Routing tables contain entries for directly connected networks, remote networks learned dynamically, and default routes. IPv4 tables can include ultimate, level 1, and level 2 routes while IPv6 tables contain only ultimate routes.
- The routing lookup process uses administrative distances and longest prefix matching to determine the best route
The document discusses various topics relating to EIGRP implementation including:
- Establishing EIGRP neighbor relationships and different network environments where EIGRP can operate like Frame Relay and MPLS networks.
- Building the EIGRP topology table by exchanging routing information with neighbors, calculating EIGRP metrics and selecting the best path.
- Optimizing EIGRP behavior such as using stub routing and route summarization to reduce queries when a route becomes active.
This document chapter discusses inter-VLAN routing and provides configuration examples for implementing it using an external router, switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) on a multilayer switch, and routed ports on a multilayer switch. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and provides a detailed configuration example for configuring inter-VLAN routing using both SVIs and routed ports on a multilayer switch.
This chapter discusses network management topics including AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting), 802.1X identity-based networking, NTP (Network Time Protocol), and SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). It provides details on configuring AAA using RADIUS and TACACS+ as well as 802.1X authentication. It also explains the need for accurate timekeeping via NTP and how to manually configure the system clock and implement daylight saving time adjustments.
The document discusses Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It covers basic OSPF configuration, establishing OSPF neighbor relationships, OSPF message types, OSPF operation overview including building the routing table, and optimizing OSPF adjacencies on multiaccess networks. The key aspects are electing a designated router and backup designated router to reduce routing update traffic and ensure synchronized link-state databases across all routers.
This document discusses link aggregation concepts and configuration using EtherChannel as well as first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP. It begins with an overview of link aggregation and how EtherChannel can be used to combine multiple physical links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth. The document then provides configuration examples for implementing EtherChannel on two switches using LACP. Finally, it covers first hop redundancy protocols like HSRP, explaining how HSRP provides a virtual IP and MAC address that is shared between routers to ensure connectivity in the event of a router failure.
This document discusses Network Address Translation (NAT) for IPv4 networks. It covers the basics of NAT including the different types (static, dynamic, port address translation), advantages and disadvantages, and configuration on Cisco routers. The document also discusses troubleshooting NAT using show and debug commands, and how NAT applies to IPv6 networks for translation between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
This document is from a Cisco training course on DHCP. It covers DHCPv4 and DHCPv6. For DHCPv4, it explains how DHCPv4 operates, how to configure a router as a DHCPv4 server and client, and how to troubleshoot DHCPv4 configurations. For DHCPv6, it describes stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) and how to configure stateless and stateful DHCPv6 servers and clients, as well as troubleshooting DHCPv6 configurations. The objectives are to understand the operations of DHCPv4 and DHCPv6, and configure and troubleshoot DHCP servers, clients, and relay agents for IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
The document discusses securing the management plane of Cisco routers. It describes 9 steps to secure the management plane: 1) follow a router security policy, 2) secure physical access, 3) use strong encrypted passwords, 4) control access to the router, 5) secure management access using AAA, 6) use secure management protocols like SSH, 7) implement system logging, 8) backup configurations periodically, and 9) disable unneeded services. It also discusses authenticating users locally and with RADIUS/TACACS+ servers.
This document discusses best practices for scaling VLANs in a networking course. It covers configuring extended VLANs and inter-switch connectivity technologies like VTP and DTP. Troubleshooting steps for multi-VLAN issues and implementing inter-VLAN routing using Layer 3 switching are also outlined. The chapter summary emphasizes the role of VTP in distributing and synchronizing VLAN information across switches in a domain.
The document is a presentation on access control lists (ACLs) that contains information over multiple slides. It covers how ACLs filter traffic using permit and deny rules, how wildcard masks work in ACLs, best practices for creating and placing ACLs, how to configure standard IPv4 ACLs to meet networking requirements, and how to troubleshoot common ACL errors. The presentation provides examples and step-by-step instructions on ACL concepts and configuration.
This document discusses dynamic routing protocols and how they operate. It covers distance vector protocols like RIPv2 and EIGRP that do not have a full topology map and exchange periodic updates. It also discusses link-state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that build a complete network map by flooding link-state advertisements and running the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path. The document provides information on dynamic routing fundamentals, protocol operations, convergence, and compares distance vector and link-state protocols.
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF terminology and operation, including link-state routing, databases, advertisements, and algorithms. It also covers OSPF packet types, areas, router types, metrics, and configuration. The objectives are to describe OSPF functionality in different network environments and configure basic and advanced OSPF features.
This document provides instructor materials for a chapter on static routing. The chapter objectives are to explain static routing concepts, configure static and default routes, and troubleshoot static route issues. Static routes are manually configured without a routing protocol. They provide security, use fewer resources than dynamic routing, and are useful for small networks or stub networks with a single connection. The document covers configuring standard static routes, default routes, summary routes, and floating routes in IPv4 and IPv6 along with verifying the configurations. Troubleshooting tips include using ping, traceroute, and checking the routing table.
This document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) concepts and technologies for connecting networks. It discusses WAN purposes and operations, as well as both private and public WAN infrastructures. Private WAN options include dedicated technologies like leased lines, frame relay, and MPLS. Public WAN options rely on broadband technologies like DSL, cable, and wireless, secured using VPNs. The document aims to help readers select appropriate WAN services based on business requirements.
This document discusses multiarea OSPF configuration and verification. It describes how multiarea OSPF solves issues with large routing tables and frequent SPF calculations in large networks by dividing the network into areas. Key points include:
- Multiarea OSPF uses a backbone area to connect other areas, reducing routing information shared across areas.
- Routers can function as internal routers, backbone routers, area border routers, or autonomous system boundary routers.
- Link state advertisements (LSAs) describe the network topology, with different LSA types originating and flooding in different areas.
- Commands like show ip ospf verify OSPF neighbor status, routes, and the link state database in each area.
The document is a chapter from a Cisco networking textbook that covers switched networks. It discusses how converged networks support voice, video, and data on a single network. The chapter describes the hierarchical design of access, distribution, and core layers. It also explains how switches dynamically learn MAC addresses to populate their tables and forward frames via cut-through or store-and-forward switching. Collision and broadcast domains are defined, and how switches can alleviate network congestion.
This document provides instructor materials for teaching a chapter on single-area OSPF. It includes best practices for teaching the topic, such as using Packet Tracer demonstrations and having students draw diagrams. It also outlines the sections and objectives covered in the chapter, which are enabling and configuring both single-area OSPFv2 and OSPFv3. Verification commands are also discussed.
This document provides instructor materials for teaching a chapter on access control lists (ACLs) including:
- Recommendations for instructors to complete assessments and activities to ensure hands-on understanding of ACLs, an important networking concept.
- An overview of the sections and objectives covered in the chapter, including standard and extended ACL configuration and IPv6 ACLs.
- Examples and configuration instructions for standard, extended, and IPv6 ACLs as well as guidance on troubleshooting ACL issues.
This document discusses segment routing and its benefits for incremental deployment in networks. It describes how segment routing uses MPLS or IPv6 routing headers to encode paths as ordered lists of segments. Segment routing allows more control over traffic paths compared to traditional IGP routing. It can enable traffic engineering and service chaining while maintaining network and control plane simplicity. The document argues segment routing is useful for scaling datacenters and simplifying peering relationships.
CCNAv5 - S4: Chapter3 Point to-point ConnectionsVuz Dở Hơi
This chapter discusses point-to-point connections and configuring PPP. It covers serial point-to-point communication fundamentals including HDLC encapsulation. PPP operation is explained, including how LCP and NCP establish and manage connections. The document provides instructions for configuring PPP encapsulation, options like authentication, compression, and multilink. It also includes commands for verifying PPP configuration and troubleshooting connectivity issues.
The document discusses CCNP SWITCH study guide topics including layer 2 technologies, layer 2 protocols, VLAN configuration, and other related topics. Key points covered include SDM templates, MAC address tables, Err-disable recovery, CDP/LLDP protocols, UDLD configuration, VLAN types including access, normal, extended and voice VLANs. Configuration of VLANs, trunk ports, and protocols are described along with commands for configuration and troubleshooting. Requirements for converged voice, video and data networks on a single infrastructure are also overviewed.
The document provides an overview of configuring the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and components of EIGRP, including its tables, metrics, neighbor discovery, and packet types. The objectives are to describe EIGRP functionality, plan and implement EIGRP routing, and configure and verify EIGRP implementations in enterprise networks.
This chapter discusses the configuration of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and terminology of EIGRP, including its tables, metrics, and routing behavior. The chapter also covers EIGRP packet types, neighbor discovery, route calculation using the DUAL algorithm, and key technologies such as reliable transport and protocol-dependent modules. The overall purpose is to explain how to plan, implement, configure and verify EIGRP routing.
This document provides an overview of configuring the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It describes the basic operation and components of EIGRP, including neighbor discovery, routing tables, route calculation using the DUAL algorithm, and packet types such as Hello, Update, Query and Reply. The objectives are to understand EIGRP functionality and configuration, and configure EIGRP routing in an enterprise WAN.
This document discusses spanning tree protocols used in local area networks (LANs). It begins with an introduction to spanning tree concepts and how they address issues with redundant network paths such as broadcast storms and unstable MAC address tables. The document then covers various spanning tree protocols including IEEE 802.1D STP, PVST+, and Rapid PVST+. It describes the operation of each protocol including BPDU frame formats, port states, and how they select the root bridge and block redundant paths. Configuration of PVST+ and Rapid PVST+ in a switched LAN environment is also discussed.
This document contains exam questions and answers about networking topics such as wireless networking benefits, router types, Ethernet trunking, switch failure domains, router configuration commands, spanning tree protocol, device management, and high availability features. Some key points covered include the benefits of wireless flexibility and reduced costs, that a modular router should replace a fixed router that lacks interfaces, and that redundant power supplies and failover capabilities help maintain high network uptime.
This presentation provides an overview of the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking topics required for the CCNA, including router interfaces, access control lists, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, and Frame Relay. It discusses establishing connections to router consoles, router configuration modes, and concepts such as routing protocols, network addressing, and inter-VLAN routing. Examples of configuration commands are provided for tasks like interface configuration, VLAN creation, and Frame Relay mapping.
This document summarizes the Railnet system setup at the Gorakhpur headquarters of the North Eastern Railway zone in India. It describes the core network equipment used, including STM-1 fiber modules, Cisco routers and switches, modems, mail servers, LAN extenders and media converters. Power is supplied through UPS units and maintenance free batteries. Common failures like power outages and link errors are troubleshooted. Suggestions to minimize failures include proper installation, maintenance of temperature and power supply, and scheduled maintenance. The project helped provide understanding of the Railnet technology and connectivity used across the network.
This document summarizes the Railnet system setup at the Gorakhpur division of the North Eastern Railway zone in India. It describes the key components of the Railnet including STM-1 equipment, routers, switches, modems, mail servers, LAN extenders and media converters. It also discusses the VLAN configuration, IP addresses, features, power supply, earthing, common failures and troubleshooting steps. The objective of the Railnet project is to provide computer connectivity across various railway organizations for information sharing.
The document discusses different wide area network (WAN) connectivity options and configurations. It describes common WAN technologies like circuit switching, packet switching, and cell switching. It also covers different WAN encapsulation methods, specifically HDLC and PPP. Features of PPP like authentication and compression are outlined. Finally, the document defines Frame Relay, describing its use of virtual circuits, DLCIs, and traffic management techniques.
Switch 2 Assistant: Switch 2 Assistant:
If a Dual Active occurs, the PAgP neighbor will receive conflicting Active IDs from the 2
switches and trigger a shutdown of the EtherChannel to isolate the dual active domain.
This mechanism relies on the PAgP neighbor being capable of understanding the new PAgP
TLVs.
High Availability
Dual-Active Detection - IP-BFD
IP Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (IP-BFD) allows for a Virtual Switch to establish an IP
session with a remote device and exchange keepalive messages. During normal operation
each Virtual Switch will establish a BFD session with the remote device and advertise the
Active VS ID...
Switch 1 Switch
The document provides application notes for configuring various features on the IES-5000 device, including:
1. Setting up different DSL port speeds to different subscribers by creating profiles with different bandwidth settings and applying the profiles to specific ports.
2. Configuring 802.1Q VLAN tagging by creating VLAN groups for different ports, setting port membership in each group, and assigning PVIDs to ports.
3. Providing examples of applications like triple play, 802.1x authentication, syslog server, ring topology, IGMP snooping, limiting internet access, DHCP relay, packet filtering, and VDSL triple play.
This document contains a Cisco training module on Wide Area Networks (WAN). It discusses common WAN technologies like routers, terminal servers, modems, and WAN networking devices. Specific WAN protocols covered include HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and their configuration on Cisco routers. The document provides configuration examples and show commands to display interface and protocol status information for troubleshooting WAN connections.
The document discusses configuring and troubleshooting VLANs on Cisco switches. It describes creating VLANs on a switch, assigning switch ports to VLANs in access mode, and configuring trunk ports. Key steps include using the global config vlan command to create VLANs, the show vlan command to verify configurations, and the switchport mode access and switchport access commands to assign access ports to VLANs. The document also covers VTP modes, extended VLAN ranges, and trunk port configuration options.
This document outlines an agenda for an Ethernet webinar that will cover several topics:
1. It introduces five Ethernet webinar courses that will be covered, including Ethernet introductions, Carrier Ethernet introductions, and introductions to new Gigabit Ethernet testers.
2. The agenda then lists specific topics that will be discussed in the webinar, including introductions to IEEE 802.3, the ISO/OSI reference model, the physical layer, ports, Power over Ethernet, duplexing, autonegotiation, Ethernet frames, and more.
3. It provides a brief history of data networks and Ethernet standards developed by IEEE and others.
The document discusses spanning tree protocol (STP) and how it creates a loop-free layer 2 network topology. STP works by electing a single root bridge as a reference point. It then selects root ports, designated ports, and alternate/blocked ports on each switch to ensure only one path exists between any two switches, preventing loops. This is done by exchanging BPDUs and selecting ports based on criteria like bridge ID, port priority, and port ID for ports with equal path costs. STP allows for redundancy while avoiding broadcast storms caused by loops.
The document discusses campus network architecture and VLAN implementation. It covers implementing VLANs and trunks in a campus environment, including the differences between end-to-end and local VLAN models. It also discusses configuring and verifying VLANs and trunks, such as creating VLANs, assigning access ports, and configuring trunk ports between switches. Best practices are provided such as using IEEE 802.1Q trunking and limiting the number of VLANs per switch.
This document discusses network design fundamentals and the hierarchical network model. It describes the core, distribution and access layers. The access layer connects end devices like PCs and printers. The distribution layer aggregates access layer switches and provides services between the access and core layers. The core layer is highly available and provides connectivity between distribution layers, data centers and other networks. It advocates for hierarchical network design over flat networks to improve scalability and performance.
This chapter discusses campus network security and focuses on security features for Cisco switches including port security, storm control, DHCP snooping, IP Source Guard, dynamic ARP inspection, securing VLAN trunks, and private VLANs. It provides an overview of common switch security issues like MAC flooding attacks, VLAN hopping, spoofing attacks, and vulnerabilities in protocols like CDP, SSH, and Telnet. The document emphasizes the importance of enabling security features by default and implementing layers of security to protect the campus network.
The document discusses network troubleshooting techniques. It recommends completing all troubleshooting activities in the chapter, as they will help students preparing for the CCNA exam. The document outlines troubleshooting methodology, including using network documentation, following a troubleshooting process, and isolating issues by layer. It also discusses specific troubleshooting tools, symptoms at different layers, and steps for troubleshooting IP connectivity issues.
The document discusses evolving network technologies including the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, virtualization, and software-defined networking (SDN). It provides an overview of these topics and their importance in modern networks. Specifically, it describes the six pillars of IoT, types of cloud services, cloud deployment models, virtualization techniques, SDN components and controllers, and how policy-based SDN allows for simplified network management.
The document discusses quality of service (QoS) techniques in networking. It covers QoS mechanisms like classification, marking, queueing algorithms, and QoS models. Voice traffic requires low latency, jitter and packet loss, while video and data have different needs. Integrated Services and Differentiated Services are QoS models that allow prioritizing some traffic over others. Classification, shaping, policing and congestion avoidance are tools to implement QoS in a network.
This document discusses network security and monitoring techniques in three sections. Section 5.1 covers LAN security best practices like port security and DHCP snooping to mitigate common attacks. Section 5.2 explains how SNMP allows network monitoring and configuration, including the elements of SNMP and securing SNMPv3. Section 5.3 introduces SPAN as a tool for troubleshooting network issues by duplicating and redirecting traffic to a packet analyzer.
This document provides an overview of branch connection technologies including broadband connections like DSL and cable, VPNs, GRE tunnels, and eBGP routing. It discusses selecting broadband technologies based on business requirements, configuring PPPoE, implementing site-to-site and remote access VPNs, establishing GRE tunnels, and configuring eBGP in a single-homed remote access network. The chapter summaries highlight key topics like broadband options, PPPoE, VPN benefits, GRE tunneling, and eBGP design considerations.
The document discusses point-to-point connections and PPP. It covers configuring HDLC and PPP encapsulation on serial interfaces, how PPP operates to establish links using LCP and negotiate network layer protocols using NCP, and troubleshooting techniques for PPP connectivity issues including using debug commands. The chapter summary reiterates key concepts about serial communications, point-to-point links, HDLC, PPP operation, authentication, and multilink PPP.
This document provides an overview of routing concepts and router configuration. It covers the basic functions of routers, including routing decisions, packet forwarding methods, and building routing tables through directly connected networks, static routes, and dynamic routing protocols. The document also describes how to initially configure a router by setting the hostname, interfaces, and verifying connectivity between networks.
This document discusses device discovery, management, and maintenance. It covers using protocols like CDP and LLDP for network discovery. Device management topics include configuring NTP and syslog, while device maintenance includes backing up configurations, restoring files, and upgrading software and licenses.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.