Cataract is a leading cause of blindness globally that is projected to increase. It has a higher burden in developing countries like India due to earlier onset of life expectancy and poorer access to services. Cataract is treatable but remains a major cause of blindness. The lens is susceptible to damage from oxidative stress, photooxidation, and glycation that accumulate with age and can lead to protein modifications and opacity of the lens. Diabetes is a significant risk factor that can accelerate the onset of cataract formation. Public education and efforts to improve control of diabetes and access to services can help reduce the burden of cataract blindness.
During this lecturer, you are going to learn the following:
Definition
Causes
Symptoms & Signs
Pathogenesis
Stages of senile cataract?
DD between immature and mature senile cataract
Management of cataract
Overview of Cataract for undergraduate MBBS students.
Covers the aetiology, clinical features, associations and management of cataract in detail.
Also includes salient points for PGMEE.
most common ophthalmic disorder seen in all over world. in India 2015 incidence of cataract patient was 62.6 % (9 million). so the awareness and the management is very important for this disease condition. i hope this presentation is very helpful to all the student and people to understanding the cataract refractive ophthalmic disease
During this lecturer, you are going to learn the following:
Definition
Causes
Symptoms & Signs
Pathogenesis
Stages of senile cataract?
DD between immature and mature senile cataract
Management of cataract
Overview of Cataract for undergraduate MBBS students.
Covers the aetiology, clinical features, associations and management of cataract in detail.
Also includes salient points for PGMEE.
most common ophthalmic disorder seen in all over world. in India 2015 incidence of cataract patient was 62.6 % (9 million). so the awareness and the management is very important for this disease condition. i hope this presentation is very helpful to all the student and people to understanding the cataract refractive ophthalmic disease
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. This is for ophthalmology posting seminar. Source of information are from google, few textbooks and also based on previous ophthalmology posting group's seminar.
The eyes are one of the precious organs. The eyes are a very sensitive and vulnerable organ in the body as it is exposed to airborne infectious agents, pollutants, dust, and other particles, which can directly land on the surface of the eye. These may cause different eye diseases. A person who desires a long life must take care of his eyes throughout life, as for a blind man there is no difference between day and night. Though he has wealth, he will remain poor. So Protection of eyesight is the top priority of Shalakya Tantra since the loss of vision completely disables a person. Greeshma Menon | Simi. C. P "A Critical Analysis of the Human Lens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56197.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/ayurvedic/56197/a-critical-analysis-of-the-human-lens/greeshma-menon
Collagen is the most important protein in the bodyKolagen24.pl
NATURAL COLLAGEN AND OTHER EPOCHAL, POLISH BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS PRODUCT CATALOG
Natural Collagen – The Protein of Life Natural Collagen The Protein Of Youth Cosmetic and medical benefits of Natural Collagen Nowadays Supplementation is a must not a luxury
Collagen is a protein commonly found in humans and animals. Collagen is the most important protein in the body, as it constitutes 30% of total human protein, 70% of skin protein, 30-60% of bones, 99% of eye protein and is the main component of connective tissue.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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6. poor uptake of
services due to llack
Projected in population of pt information
the burden becomes heavier
in our countryOccurs a decade earlier
life expectancy
15. Do you know…!!!!!!!!!…
organ that grows through out life..???
Thickest basement membrane in our
body..??
Least hydrated organ in our body…??
Structure with Highest protein
content…….??
Blood supply of lens………. ??
16. CAPSULE :
BY THE – Lens Epithelium
FOR THE – Accommodation
OF THE - Type 4 collagen
Capsule arround the lens is not uniform in thickness !!
Thickest - para equatorial region
Thinnest - at poles
esp posterior pole
18. EPETHELIUM :
single layer of epithelium just beneath the ant. capsule
, it forms
Capsule
Lens fibers (ant. Preequatorial region)
That’s why,
Oldest lens fibers are - Deepest
Oldest capsule is - Most superficial
EPETHELIUM :
single layer of epithelium just beneath the ant. capsule
, it forms
Capsule
Lens fibers (ant. Preequatorial region)
That’s why,
Oldest lens fibers are - Deepest
Oldest capsule is - Most superficial
EPETHELIUM :
single layer of epithelium just beneath the ant. capsule
, it forms
Capsule
Lens fibers (ant. Preequatorial region)
That’s why,
Oldest lens fibers are - Deepest
Oldest capsule is - Most superficial
EPITHELIUM :
single layer of epithelium just beneath the ant. capsule
, it forms
Capsule - anteriorly
Lens fibers - posteriorly
(ant. Preequatorial region)
That’s why,
Oldest lens fibers are - Deepest
Oldest capsule is - Most superficial
20. CORTEX & NUCLEUS:
No cells (lens fibers) are lost
As new fibers laid down – it crowds &
compacts the previously formed fibers
thus……., Center to periphery
embryonic nuclei
fetal nuclei
infantile nuclei
adult nuclei
cortex
BUT SURGICAL NUCLEUS & CORTEX????
21. As you travel from capsule towards nucleus
through LENS
Age of fiber
Density
Protein conc.
Enzyme conc.
Glutathione
O2 Conc.
23. GLUCOSE
G – 6 – P
Triose – P
Pyruvate
Sorbital
Fructose
POLYOL PATHWAY
CO2 + Acetyl CoA
KREB’S
CYCLE
CO2 CO2
NADP GSH
HMP Path (15%)
NADPH GSSG
Pentoses
Lactate
GLYCOLYSIS (50%)
(Anerobic)
Aldose
reductase
24. Reactive O2 species :-
superoxide O 2
-
H2O2 Hydroxyl ion.OH -
Inflamation Mitochondrial e-
transport chain
2O2
-
+ 2H+
SOD
H2O2
GPX GSH
At cytoplasm
2 H2O
(HMP) NADPH GSSG PSH
GR TT
NADP GSH PSSG
Fenton’s reaction
At cell membrane
Catalase
H2O + ½ O2
25. LENS OPACITY
Capable of causing
some visual loss,
measured as acuity
loss
FUNCTIONAL
CATARACT:
Len opacity causing
visual loss sufficient to
produce functional
disability
27. Most common type of cataract,
Out of people aged bt,
52 – 64 yrs 4.6 %
65 – 74 yrs 18 % are with
75 – 85 yrs 46 % cataract
28. CATARACT IS ALWAYS,
But 3 mechanisms of great importance :-
OXIDATIVE STRESS
PHOTOOXIDATION
GLYCATION
29. 2O-
2 + 2H+
SOD
H2O2
GPX GSH
H2O
GSSG
HMP NADPH PSH FREE
RADICAL
GR TT
NADP GSH PSSG
2
1 2
1
2
3
GSH
with aging Deterioration of mech. that protect
against oxidative damage
30. CHROMOPHORE ????
Proteins & DNA are the chromophores in
lens
LIGHTS ABSORBED,
UVA
UVB
VISIBLE LIGHT
All cells of our body are equally exposed to
Light but why damage specifically occur in
Lens…??????????
32. LYCATION a condensation reaction bt
amino grp of protiens &reducing sugars
GLYCATING AGENTS :-
GLUCOSE
G – 6 – P
Ribose
DHA (Oxidised ASA)
DIABETIC
33. Protien – NH2 + Glucose
EG Pdt (MORE IN CORTEX)
AGE Pdt (MORE IN NUCLEUS)
Crosslinking with protiens
conformational change
aggregation
Brown
Pigmentation
34.
35. To summaries as we grow older…….
Mitochondrial func.
Superoxide
production
Loss of UV filters in nucleus
UV absorption
Photosensitisers
Total no: of photons absorbed
Every 5 th person
visiting a physician is
diabetic
Amount of AGEs
CORTEX – NUCLEUS
interface develops
36. INDIA - DIABETIC CAPITAL OF THE WORLD
11.6% of urban indians are diabetic
3 to 4 fold increase in incidence of cataract in
diabetic pts under 65 yrs,
High Diabetic age
Poor control
Invites cataract earlier
37. Do You Think A Person Above 50 Is Going
To come With Problem of cataract
Alone…….??????
CATARACT is always MULTIFACTORIAL
38. GSH PROTEIN MODIFICATION CATARACT
↓ GSH
↓Free a.a
↓Protein syn.
loss of enzymes
↓Glycolysis
↓ ATP
DIABETES
↑Glucose Sorbital
↓NADPH ↑G-6-P fructose
PROTEIN MODIFICATION
Croslinkng bt proteins
Aggregation of proteins
Na+-K+ ATPase
Ionic imbalance
↑Ca2+ osm shock
proteolysis
41.
TAKE HOME……
Senile Cataract Is always
multifactorial….
Poor control &
high diabetic age…..
Congenital cataract –
rubella,again is preventable
Public education- can result better
utility of services
