Water is an essential resource for life, but over a billion people lack access to it, and many countries have surpassed sustainable water withdrawal limits. The main sectors consuming water include agriculture, energy, and urban settlements, with agriculture accounting for 70% of total water use. India is also focusing on renewable energy, particularly solar and wind, with ambitious targets for capacity expansion to reduce fossil fuel reliance.

1. WATER
CONSUMPTIO
N

2. WATER CONSUMPTION:
• Water is considered a fundamental and
primary resource, a human right, Water is
a resource that is essential for life and its
development. We need water to drink, for
our personal hygiene, to produce the
food we eat, but also for our economic
activities and to produce energy.
Unfortunately. however, in some parts of
the world water is a very scarce resource
and only few lucky people have a water
supply which is easy to obtain. In fact, it
is estimated that over a billion people do
not have access to drinking water and
40% of the world population lives in very
poor hygienic conditions. Many countries
have already exceeded what is defined
peak water, maximum sustainable water
withdrawal.
2
Map of the world water scarcity. Light blue areas – Little
or no water scarcity; Pink – Approaching physical water
scarcity; Red – Physical water scarcity; Purple –
Economic water scarcity; Grey

3. • Besides for our daily consumption, where is the
largest consumption of water seen? The sectors with
the largest demand for water, for the activities to be
carried out, are agriculture, energy, industries, urban
settlements. Agriculture alone requires an amount of
water that is equal to 70 % of the total amount of
water required by the mentioned sectors
3
The mean water footprint of some of the
more common foods at our table. Credits:
FAO 2012, elaborated by FAO WATER
• Blue water is fresh water found on the surface
or underground (found in rivers, lakes, glaciers and
the water table), he blue component of the water
footprint when the volume of water is represented by
the component coming from global resources of
blue water.​
• Water that comes from precipitation in the form of rain or snow is called green water.
This water reaches the ground, but, instead of filling rivers or the water table, it is
absorbed by plants and from there it evaporates or transpires. The green water footprint
is the volume of water coming from resources of green water and it is equal to the
volume of water that is contained in the plants, in the soil, or evaporated by the plants.

4. 4

9. • In India, the design of water supply systems has been done using certain
standards. Currently the standard being used is BIS 1172: 1993, reaffirmed in
1998. This specifies a consideration of use of the following:​
• For communities with a population of between 20,000 to 100,000 — 100 to
150 litres per head per day​
• For communities with a population of over 100,000 — 150 to 200 litres per head
per day.​
• As per IS 1172 to understand the break-up of the demand which was then put as
135 litres per person per day. The break-up was as follows:​
 Bathing: 55 litres
 Toilet flushing: 30 litres
 Washing of clothes: 20 litres
 Washing the house: 10 litres
 Washing utensils: 10 litres
 Cooking: 5 litres
 Drinking: 5 litres.​

10. DECREASING OF WATER
CONSUMPTION:
• At home
1. Install low-flow taps and shower heads;
2. flushes with a lever or with a start and stop button are preferable (remember to close
them when you stop using the flush water) and remember to avoid pulling the flush
unnecessarily (e.g. for just a hair or a piece of paper);
3. close the tap when brushing your teeth;
4. often take a shower rather than a bath;
5. turn on the washing machine and the dishwasher only when fully loaded;
6. use rain water to wash your car and to water your flowers or your garden;
7. never throw polluting substances in the sink (medicaments, used cooking oil, etc.).

11. • Nutrition and consumer goods
As you have seen, nutrition has an enormous weight on our ecological footprint,
therefore some tips to follow could be:
1. decrease your intake of meat and meat derived products;
2. eat less dairy products,
3. prefer vegetable proteins;
4. drink less coffee and more tea;
5. whenever you cannot replace these products, choose products whose water footprint
is lower (e.g. try to distinguish a tomato, depending on the area where it was grown);
6. choose low environmental impact certified products, as for example Ecolabel
products.

12. RENEWABLE
ENERGY PLANTS
IN INDIA

13. RENEWABLE ENERGY
PLANTS IN INIDA:
Types of Renewable Energy Sources
Solar Energy:
• Humans have been harnessing solar energy for thousands of years—to grow crops, stay
warm, and dry foods. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “more
energy from the sun falls on the earth in one hour than is used by everyone in the world in
one year.” Today, we use the sun’s rays in many ways—to heat homes and businesses, to
warm water, or power devices.
• Solar, or photovoltaic (PV), cells are made from silicon or other materials that transform
sunlight directly into electricity. Distributed solar systems generate electricity locally for
homes and businesses, either through rooftop panels or community projects that power
entire neighborhoods. Solar farms can generate power for thousands of homes, using
mirrors to concentrate sunlight across acres of solar cells. Floating solar farms—or
“floatovoltaics”—can be an effective use of wastewater facilities and bodies of water
that aren’t ecologically sensitive.

14. Wind energy:
• Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to provide mechanical power through
wind turbines to turn electric generators for electrical power. Wind power is a
popular sustainable, renewable energy source that has a much smaller impact on
the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.
• A wind turbine is typically 30-45% efficient – rising to 50% efficient at times of
peak wind. If that sounds low to you, remember that if turbines were 100% efficient,
the wind would completely drop after going through the turbine.
14
RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANTS
IN INDIA:
WIND POWER:
• The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly increased in the
last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark or the
US, domestic policy support for wind power has led India to become the country with the fourth
largest installed wind power capacity in the world.
• The Indian Government's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy announced a new wind-
solar hybrid policy in May 2018.This means that the same piece of land will be used to house both
wind farms and solar panels.

15. The largest wind farm of India
in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu.

16. SOLAR
PLANTS:
• India has placed high hopes on solar power delivering a large portion of its 450-gigawatt
renewable energy target by 2030 as the nation aims to reduce its fossil-fuel reliance.
• India has ramped up its solar energy capacity in recent years and the nation is now home
to some of the largest power plants.
• The South Asian nation has placed high hopes on the technology delivering a large
portion of its 450-gigawatt (GW) renewable energy target by 2030 as it aims to reduce its
fossil-fuel reliance.
• India currently stands third in Asia and fourth in the world in terms of solar power
production across its plants, with solar accounting for about 38% of its total renewable
energy capacity.
• The country’s National Solar Mission was launched in 2010 – when just 10 (megawatts)
MW of solar power was installed on the grid – with a target of 20GW set for 2020. But due
to significant activity within the solar power sector over the following years, India raised its
target to achieve 100GW of solar capacity by 2022.

17. Top five largest solar power plants in India
1. Bhadla Solar Park – 2,250MW
• The Bhadla Solar Park, which is the
largest solar power plant in the world, is
based in Bhadla village, in Rajasthan’s
Jodhpur district.
• Spanning 14,000 acres, the fully
operational power plant has been
installed with a capacity of 2,250MW.
• The huge solar power plant was
developed by multiple entities, such as
Rajasthan Solar Park Development
Company Limited, Saurya Urja
Company, and Adani Renewable
Energy Park Rajasthan. Rajasthan’s
current solar power consumption is
10% of the state’s total power usage.
17

18. 2. Shakti Sthala solar power project –
2,050MW
• The Shakti Sthala solar power project in
Tumakuru district, Karnataka, is now the
second-largest solar power plant in
India, having previously been the largest
of its type in the world.
• The 2,050-MW plant was developed by
the Karnataka Solar Park Development
Corporation Limited (KSPDCL), with
help from the National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC). It spans more than
13,000 acres of land.
• The 14,800 Indian Rupees crore
($2.1bn) development has reportedly
benefited 2,300 farmers, who previously
fell victim to the region being located in
a semi-arid tract that attracts very little
rainfall.
18

19. 3. Ultra Mega Solar Park – 1,000MW
• Based in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh –
another leading Indian state for solar power –
the 1,000-MW Ultra Mega Solar Park spans an
area of more than 5,932 acres and is the third-
largest solar power plant at a single location.
• The plant was set up within two years by Andhra
Pradesh Solar Power Corporation through a joint
venture with Solar Energy Corporation, Andhra
Pradesh Generation Corporation and New and
Renewable Energy Development Corporation, at
an investment of more than Rs7,143 crore
($943m).
• A 1,500-MW solar park is set to become
operational in the adjacent district of Kadapa,
accompanied by two more large-scale solar
power plants, which could raise the state’s solar
energy capacity by an additional 2,750MW.
19

20. 4. Rewa Solar Power Project – 750MW
• The 750-MW Rewa Solar Power Project is
spread over an area of 1,590 acres in the
state of Madhya Pradesh and is operated by
Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Ltd.
• Developed by Mahindra Renewables,
Solengeri Power and ACME Solar Holdings,
the Rewa solar power plant is one of the
major power suppliers to the Delhi Metro – a
mass rapid transit system in India’s capital
city.
• Rewa is the country’s first and only solar
project until now to be funded from the Clean
Technology Fund and also India’s only solar
power plant to obtain a concessional loan
from the World Bank’s International Finance
Corporation.
• With an investment of Rs2,800 crore
($370m), the commissioning of the plant has
reportedly saved Delhi Metro about Rs1,400
crore ($185m) over its project life.
20

21. 5. Kamuthi solar power plant – 648MW
• The Kamuthi solar power plant in
Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, is the
fifth-largest plant of its kind in India.
• Dedicated to the nation by Adani Green
Energy, the 648-MW solar power plant, which
consists of 2.5 million solar panels, while
covering an area of 2,500 acres, was set up
in 2016 with an investment of about Rs4,550
crore ($601m).
• Kamuthi was set up by 8,500 workers over
eight months and is connected to Tamil Nadu
Transmission Corporation’s 400KV Kamuthi
substation, which distributes power to
about 265,000 homes.
• The plant is cleaned by every day a robotic
system that has its own solar panels to
charge it. The state government’s target is to
achieve an installed capacity of 3,000MW.
21

22. ENERGY
SOURCES OF
GARBAGE

23. Types of Waste
There are different types of waste which are
generated from our daily or industrial activities such
as organic waste, e-waste, hazardous waste, inert
waste
etc. Organic waste refers to waste which degrades or
broken down by microorganisms over time. All orga
nic wastes
are essentially carbon based compounds; though the
y may be diverse in nature and have different degrad
ation rate. Organic waste has significant portion in
overall waste generation in industrial/urban/
agricultural sector and therefore it can be used for
energy generation.
The organic fraction of waste can be further
classified as non-biodegradable and biodegradable
organic waste

24. • Biodegradable waste consists of organics that can
be utilized for food by naturally occurring micro-
organisms within a reasonable length of time.
The biodegradable organic comprise of agro residue,
food processing rejections, municipal solid waste (fo
od waste, leaves from garden waste, paper, cloths/
rags etc.), waste from poultry farms, cattle farm
slaughter houses, dairy, sugar, distillery, paper, oil
extraction plant, starch processing and
leather industries.​
• Non-Biodegradable organic materials are organics
resistant to biological degradation or have a
very low degradation rate. This primarily includes
woody plants,
Cardboard, cartons, containers, wrappings, pouches,
discarded clothing, wooden furniture, agricultural dry
waste, bagasse, rice husk etc.

25. The technology of WTE (waste-to-energy)
incineration, which recovers energy from discarded
MSW and produces electricity and/or steam for
heating, is recognized as a
renewable source of energy and is playing an
increasingly important role in MSW
management in Libya.
Garbage: the four broad categories
Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.
Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide
containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.
Types of solid waste
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:
a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste,
b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

26. • Technologies
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies to recover the energy from the waste in the form of Electricity
and Biogas/Syngas are given as below:​
• Bio methanation
Bio methanation is anaerobic digestion of organic materials which is converted into
biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a bacterial fermentation process that operates without free
oxygen and results in a biogas containing mostly methane (~60%), carbon dioxide (~40%) and other
gases. Bio methanation has dual benefits. It gives biogas as well as manure as end product.​
This technology can be conveniently employed in a decentralized manner for biodegradation of
segregated organic wet wastes such as wastes from kitchens, canteens, institutions, hotels, and
slaughter houses and vegetables markets.​
The biogas generated from Bio methanation process can be
burned directly in a gas boiler/burner to produce heat for thermal
application industries and cooking or burnt in a gas engine to
produce electricity. Alternatively, the biogas can be cleaned to
remove the carbon dioxide and other substances,
to produce Boing. This can be injected into the national gas grid
to be used in the same way as natural gas, or used as a vehicle
fuel.​​
By using Bio methanation process, 20-25kgs of Cattle dung can
generate about 1m3 of biogas and further 1m3 of Biogas has

27. • INCINERATION:​
Incineration technology is complete combustion of waste (Municipal Solid Waste or Refuse
derived fuel) with the recovery of heat to produce steam that in turn produces power through
steam turbines.​
The flue gases produced in the boilers have to be treated by an elaborate air pollution
control system. The resultant ash from incineration of solid waste can be used as
construction material after necessary processing while the residue can be safely disposed of
in a landfill.​
This technology is well established technology and has been deployed in many projects
successfully at commercial level in India to treat solid wastes like Municipal Solid Waste and
Industrial solid Waste etc. and generate electricity.​

28. •PYROLYSIS
Pyrolysis uses heat to break down combustible materials
in the absence of oxygen, producing a mixture
of combustible gases (primarily methane, complex
hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide), liquids and
solid residues. The products of pyrolysis process are: (i) a
gas mixture; (ii) a liquid (bio-oil/tar); (iii) a solid residue
(carbon black). The gas generated by either of these
processes can be used in boilers to provide heat, or it can
be cleaned up and used in combustion
turbine generators. The purpose of pyrolysis of waste is to
minimize emissions and to maximize the gain.
GASIFICATION
Gasification is a process that uses high temperatures (500-1800o C) in the presence of limited
amounts of oxygen to decompose materials to produce synthetic gas (a mixture of carbon
monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2)). Biomass, agro-residues, Segregated MSW and RDF pellets
are used in the gasifier to produce Syngas. This gas further can be used for thermal or power
generation purposes
The purpose of gasification of waste is to generate power more efficiently at lower power level (<
2MW) and also to minimize emissions and hence it is an attractive alternative for the thermal
treatment of solid waste.
PYROLYSIS

29. When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas. Natural gas is made up of
methane. Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas is collected. It is then
used in power plants to make electricity.
 The total estimated energy generation potential from urban and industrial
organic waste in India is approximately 5690 MW.

30. Sl N Sectors Energy potential – MW
1 Urban Solid Waste 1247
2 Urban Liquid waste 375
3 Paper (liquid waste) 254
4 Processing and preserving of meat
(liquid waste)
182
5 Processing and preserving of meat
(solid waste)
13
6 Processing and preserving of fish,
crustaceans and molluscs
( liquid waste)
17
7 Vegetable Processing (solid
waste)
3
8 Vegetable Raw(solid waste) 579
9 Fruit Processing (solid waste) 8
10 Fruit Raw (solid waste) 203
11 Palm Oil (solid waste) 2
12 Milk Processing/Dairy Products
(liquid waste)
24

31. 14 Tapioca Starch (liquid waste) 36
15 Tapioca Starch (solid waste) 15
16 Sugar (liquid waste) 49
17 Sugar press mud (solid waste) 200
18 Distillery (liquid waste) 781
19 Wine Industry NA
20 Slaughterhouse (solid waste) 48
21 Slaughterhouse (liquid waste) 263
22 Cattle farm (solid waste) 862
23 Poultry (solid waste) 462
24 Chicory (solid waste) 1
25 Tanneries (liquid waste) 9
26 Tanneries (solid waste) 10
Total (MWeq) 5690

32. THANK YOU
By
RAVIPRAMOD
SURISETTY
319106101024