The document provides information about several case studies in disaster management including the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, Bhopal gas tragedy, 2005 Mumbai floods, and 2001 Gujarat earthquake. It describes the causes and impacts of each disaster as well as the short term and long term effects. It also discusses the various rescue, relief, and recovery measures undertaken in response to each event.

1. Case studies in
disaster
Management
Shijo A Robert (2021-11-131)
Pandiaraj S (2021-11-124)
Muhammed Ameer (2021-11-133)
Abhishek Gangadharan (2021-11-132)
KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

2. Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster – 26th April 1986
Cause
Reactor Design flaws and human error
• Xenon-135 Poisoning
• Power level Fluctuation
• Localized increased reactivity - Rupture of fuel channels
• Rapid decreasing of pressure - coolant vaporized
• Meltdown

3. Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Impact
• Reactor 4 exploded on April 26 1986
• April 26, 1:24 am - plant exploded
• 8 tonnes of fuel were ejected into atmosphere
• Plutonium, iodine-131, and cesium- 137
• 4300 square kilometers of contaminated area

4. Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Casualty
• Caused 31 deaths instantly May have caused more
than 3 lakh deaths
• More than 20 million people exposed to radioactivity

5. Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

6. Remedies Done –Dome Constructed To
Protect From Radiation

7. Remedies Done
Evacuation and Relocation
• Initially, made an Exclusion zone of 10km radius –
approx. 49000 peoples were evacuated
• Then made exclusion zone to 30km radius –
additional 68000 peoples were evacuated

8. Remedies Done
Key efforts done on Health by WHO
• 1991-98: WHO developed and implemented the
International Program on the Health Effects of the
Chernobyl Accident (IPHECA), a 20 million US dollar
project
• 1994: WHO's Regional Office in Europe initiated an
international project on thyroid pathologies, which
ran until September 2000

9. Remedies Done
• IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)
carried out a study on thyroid cancer risk in young
peoples that by improved the understanding of the
link between thyroid cancer and radiation risk
• On December 15, 2000, the last reactor in operation at
the Chernobyl site was shut down and the phase of
decommissioning began.

10. Conclusion on Chernobyl Nuclear
Disaster
• Loss of electric power led to accident. Due to faulty
design Reactor could not handled the stresses
induced due to surge in power.
• Radiation from Chernobyl disaster ceased in a
relatively short time. Causing cancer to people who
got exposed to it.
• Chernobyl disaster on scale was very large and its
impact are going to observe in future upto 100 years
minimum.

11. Conclusion on Chernobyl Nuclear
Disaster
• There was great increase in number of thyroid
cancer due to radiation caused by disaster.
• Food safety standards have been set by government
on food produced in near by zone of disaster.
• WHO had done efforts on mitigation of health
consequences of the Chernobyl accident.
• WHO had designed long term plan and worked on
assessment and curing of thyroid cancer and other
cancers.

12. BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY – 3rd December 1984

13. BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY
• Introduction
• About Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL)
• The Leakage
• Short term effects
• Long term effects
• Response
• Study reveals
• Death and physically effected

14. Introduction
• The Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) factory was
built in 1969 to produce the pesticide ‘Sevin’ using
Methyl Iso cyanate (MIC)
• The leakage of 40 metric tons of Methyl Iso Cyanate
from the storage tank into the atmosphere in just
about 45 to 60 minutes
• The gases were blown in south – eastern direction of
Bhopal

15. About Union Carbide India Limited
 In the 1970s, the Indian government initiated policies
to encourage foreign companies to invest in local
industry.
 Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) was asked to build
a plant for the manufacture of Sevin , a pesticide
commonly used throughout Asia.
 UCC built the plant in Bhopal named Union Carbide
India Limited because of its central location and
access to transport infrastructure.

16.  Competition in the chemical industry led UCIL to
implement "backward integration". This was
inherently a more sophisticated and hazardous
process.
Attempts to reduce expenses, affected the factory's
employees and their conditions
This issues between the workers and the
management lead to poor maintenance and
working condition.
 Poor management was a leading factor into the
disaster as it created a unfriendly working
environment.

17. The Leakage
 In November 1984, most of the safety systems were
not functioning and many valves and lines were in
poor condition.
 During the nights of 2–3 December, a large amount
of water is claimed to have entered the tank. As a
result reaction started, which was accelerated by
contaminants, high temperatures over 200 °C other
factors.
 This forced the emergency venting of pressure from
the MIC holding tank, by releasing a large volume of
toxic gases.

18. Factors leading to the magnitude of
gas leak includes
Storing MIC in large tanks and filling beyond
recommended levels.
Failure of several safety systems including the
MIC tank refrigeration system
Use of more dangerous pesticides manufacturing
method, large scale MIC storage, plant location
close to a densely populated area.
Dependence on manual operation.
Plant management deficiencies were also
identified- lack of skilled operators

19. Short Term Effects:
Coughing,
Severe eye irritation
A feeling of suffocation
Burning in the respiratory
tract
Breathlessness
Stomach pains and vomiting

20.  Eyes: Chronic conjunctivitis
 Respiratory tracts: pulmonary
fibrosis
 Neurological system:
Impairment of memory
 Psychological problems: Post
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
 Children's health: Peri- and
neonatal death rates increased
 Cancer
 Immune deficiency
Long-term Effects

21. Response
 Union Carbide states on its website that it put $2
million into the Indian Prime Minister's immediate
disaster relief fund on 11 December 1984.
 The corporation established the Employees' Bhopal
Relief Fund in February 1985, which raised more
than $5 million for immediate relief. According to
Union Carbide, in August 1987, they made an
additional $4.6 million in humanitarian interim relief
available

22. Study reveals Ongoing Contamination
Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to
leak and pollute the groundwater.
UCC's laboratory tests in 1989 revealed that soil
and water samples collected from near the
factory were toxic to fish
In 2002, an inquiry found a number of toxins,
including mercury in nursing women's breast
milk.
In 2009, the Centre for Science and Environment
(CSE), released test results showing pesticide
groundwater contamination up to three kms.
from the factory.

23. Death and physically effected
23000 (approx.) number of people died from the
effects till end of 2004
 8000(approx.) number of people died in the first
72 hours.
146 number of children died immediately after
the gas leak.
331 number of children below 12 years born with
congenital diseases till 2009.
113 children's above 12 years with congenital
diseases till 2009 .

24. Mumbai flood – 26th July 2005
Flooding of many parts of the Maharashtra
including large areas of the metropolis
Mumbai a city located on the coast of the
Arabian Sea.
The average rain fall of Mumbai is
242.42mm.
The floods were caused by the heaviest ever
recorded 24- hour rainfall figure of 994 mm.

26. FACTORS AGGRAVATED THE DISASTER IN
MUMBAI
1. Antique drainage system
• The present storm-water drainage system in Mumbai
was put in place in the early 20th century
• It is capable of carrying only 25 millimeters of water
per hour
• The drainage system is also clogged at several places
• A project costing approximately Rs. 600 crores was
proposed by UK based consultants which was
planned to have completed by 2002

27. • The project aimed to enhance the drainage
system through larger diameter storm water
drains and pipes
• The project, if implemented would have
doubled the storm water carrying capacity to
50 mm per hour
• The BMC committee rejected the proposed
project on the grounds that it was "too costly”

28. 2. Destruction of mangrove
ecosystems
• Mangrove ecosystems which exist along the Mithi
River and Mahim Creek are being destroyed and
replaced with construction
• These ecosystems serve as a buffer between land
and sea. It is estimated that Mumbai has lost about
40% of its mangroves between 1995 and 2005

29. Casualty and Damage
• Approx. 500 people lost their
lives in the flashfloods and the
landslides
• Residents of low lying coastal
areas panicked and rushed
towards higher ground
• Damage of residential
establishments, commercial
establishments and local trains
and other transport systems
• Primary Health Centers, rural
hospitals, and residential
premises for health personnel
were damaged by flooding

31. Financial Effects
• The financial cost of floods was unmatched
and these floods caused a stoppage of entire
commercial, trading, and industrial activity for
days
• ATM Network of several banks stopped
functioning
• The Bombay Stock Exchange and the National
Stock Exchange of India, the premier stock
exchanges of India could function only
partially
• Total Loss in flood up to Rs. 550 crores

32. Effects on Mumbai’s flood to the rest
of the world
• Over 700 flights were cancelled or delayed.
• Rail links were disrupted
• 5 million mobile and 2.3 million MTNL landline
users were hit for over four hours

33. Rescue and Relief Measures
• The Government machinery along with the local offices and
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM)
immediately tried to evacuate people through boats and
buses
• Free food grains, food packets and drinking water were
provided by the Government of Maharashtra and MCGM as
well as voluntary NGOs and individuals

34. Rescue and Relief Measures
• Affected people were shifted to nearby Municipal schools,
local buildings and halls

35. Mitigation Measures
Infrastructure improvement
• Transportation infrastructure
• Service & related infrastructure
• Housing infrastructure
Communication & public information
• Upgrading wireless communication
• Setting up display boards
• Using cable TV for information dissemination

36. Land use policies & planning
• Improvement & protection of landfill sites
• Control on land reclamation
• Shifting of storage and hazardous units from
residential areas

37. Recovery
• Common man on the roads to help
• Government providing all the necessary support
• Power supply, Rail transport, Airports started
normal operations on the very next day
• Life back to normal within 24 hrs
• Business as usual in the financial capital of India
• Financial Markets back on the track

38. Assessment By Government
• The Government decided to provide assistance for
partially and fully damaged houses shopkeepers and
stall owners after making an assessment of their
damages
• Also coordinated with insurance and banking sector
to provide immediate relief to the shopkeepers,
traders and entrepreneurs
• Coordination is done with the NGOs for effective
channeling of relief and rehabilitation

39. • Government of Maharashtra seek sustainable
solutions in terms of restoration of natural
drainage. It also would like to replace the
century-old drainage system of the city of
Mumbai
• They receives adequate Central Assistance for
undertaking these mitigation measures so that
such a flood does not affect the city of
Mumbai again

40. Long term strategies
• Improved transportation system
• Pumping facilities
• International example
• Global warming
• Land for middle income and low income housing
• Urban planning and management
• Emergency preparedness
• Financial support

41. Gujarat Earthquake – 26th Jan 2001
• Kutch district of the state of Gujarat.
• Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of
Bhuj, were the worst affected
• Many other areas of Gujarat including it’s state
headquarters Ahmedabad, were badly affected

42. Damage assessment
• There were more than 20,000 deaths and
167,000 people injured
• Four districts of Gujarat lay in ruin and
altogether, 21 districts were affected
• There was significant damage to infrastructure
facilities such as hospitals, schools, electric
power and water systems, bridges and roads
damaged or destroyed

43. • Railways: Heavy damage to various station
buildings, station cabins, bridges, residential
quarters and signaling systems. Rail links as far
as Bhuj have been restored
• Roads and Ports: 650 kilometers of national
highways and Berths at Kandla Port damaged
• Telecommunications: 147 exchanges, 82,000
lines and optical fiber systems damaged
• Water: Water supply to 18 towns and 1340
villages damaged or destroyed

44. • Schools: 992 schools and 4179 classrooms were
destroyed.
• Power: 45 sub-stations and power supply to 50% of
feeders in Kutch damaged
• Fuel: Jamnagar refinery shutdown by power failure.
Crude oil and product pipelines were shut down for
checking.
• Bridges: Many
minor and major
bridges damaged
including the
Syurajbari bridge at
Bachau.

45. 40 to 50 high-rise buildings crumbled.

46. A homeless family waits for a ride amid ruined
houses and a funeral pyre in the village near Bhuj.

47. Local response
• The response within India was immediate.
• The national and state governments provided
assistance in many forms including cash, medical
supplies, communications teams, shelters, food,
clothing, transport and relief workers
• There were more than 185 non-government
organizations (NGOs), mostly Indian charities,
which undertook earthquake-related activities.

48. International response
• Search and Rescue teams soon arrived from
Switzerland, United Kingdom, Russia and
Turkey to find and rescue survivors buried
under debris
• Relief teams and supplies soon followed from
38 countries as well as United Nations
agencies and many international NGOs such
as the Red Cross

49. Relief
• The short term rescue and relief operation
were being undertaken, medium term and
long term recovery aspects were analyzed.
Rehabilitation schemes Government of Gujarat
tired to, known as packages, were formulated
• The world bank and Asian development bank
sanction loans in less than three months after
the earthquake

50. • Several state governments came forward to
participate in the reconstruction work in
different villages
• The UN system, multilateral and bilateral
agencies, NGOs and the corporate sector
participated in the relief and reconstruction
work
• Government of Gujarat provided assistance in
the form of materials and cash to about
218,000 families
• NGOs supplemented the efforts by providing
shelter to about 7000 families

52. Reconstruction
• A public private partnership program was
started to help in reconstruction, which was
undertaken by GSDMA (Gujarat State Disaster
Management Authority). A number of NGOs
also came forward to help
• Gujarat earthquake emergency reconstruction
project (GEERP) was started by GSDMA, with
financial help from world bank, Asian
development bank, Govt. of India and other
donor agencies

53. • About 65 NGOs were active in Kutch alone
who adopted 211 villages and constructed
32,297 houses at the cost of Rs. 185.80 cores
• Architects, engineers and masons were
trained in construction of disaster resistant
houses
• More than 2 lakh houses have been
constructed under this program; all houses
being multi hazard resistant

54. THANK