This document discusses disaster management in oil and gas industries. It begins by defining "disaster" and listing some major historical chemical disasters. It then discusses chemical terrorism events and major chemical disasters that shaped public policy, like Bhopal gas tragedy. The document outlines the deleterious health effects of chemical exposures. It discusses causes of disasters and the different phases of disasters. It emphasizes the brutality of chemical disasters and their health impacts. Finally, it discusses components of an effective disaster management plan, including hazard analysis, response procedures, recovery procedures, preparedness, and expectations from NGOs and self-help groups.

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
IN
OIL & GAS INDUSTRIES
By-
चौo भानु प्रताप स िंह
(भारतवर्ष)

2. DISASTER
“Disaster" means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or
grave occurrence affecting any area, arising from
natural or man made causes, or by accident or
negligence which results in substantial loss of life or
human suffering or damage to, and destruction of,
property, or damage to, or degradation of,
environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as
to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of
the affected area;

3. SOME OF MAJOR DISASTERS:
• Explosion in Chemical Plant at Flixborough,
England in 1974
• Release of Toxic dust from factory at Seveso,
Italy in 1977
• Explosion in Nuclear Reactor at Chernobyl, 1982
• Toxic MIC release at Bhopal in 1984
• Explosion and Fire in LPG Storage at San Juan,
Mexico in 1984
• Explosion and Fire in “Piper Alpha”, 1988
• Indian Oil Terminal Fire at Jaipur On 29.10.2009

4.  1985 - Covenant Group found to possess 33
gallons of cyanide Northwestern Arkansas
 1992 - Police prevented Neo-Nazis from using
cyanide in synagogue
 1994 - Aum Shinrikyo used sarin in Matsumoto
– 7 dead, 280 injured
 1995 - Aum Shinrikyo uses sarin in Tokyo
subway – 12 dead, 5,500 injured
Chemical Terrorist Events

5. MAJOR CHEMICAL DISASTERS THAT SHAPED
PUBLIC POLICY
• Triangle Factory Fire New York (USA) 1911
100 garment workers died in fire
• Minamata Mercury Disaster (Japan) 1932-68
3,000 people suffered, severe mercury
poisoning symptoms, deformities or death
• Seveso Dioxin Disaster (Italy) 1976
3,000 animals died, 70,000 slaughtered to
prevent dioxins entering food chain
• Bhopal Gas Disaster (India) 1984
15,000 killed, over 500,000 affected
• Shri ram Oleium gas Leak (Delhi) 1986
1 Died, 1000 Injured

6. Deleterious Effects of Chemical disasters
• Breathing difficulties, eye irritation
• Skin abnormalities, nausea, respiratory
problems
• Chest or abdominal pains & death.
• Precise symptoms would depend upon the
agent used, and the severity of the symptoms
can depend upon the person’s proximity to
the contamination.
• Skin lesions, eye problems, respiratory failure,
internal organ failure, weight loss, fever,
vomiting.

7. • CAUSES OF DISASTERS
– Implant emergencies
– Emergencies in nearby industries
– Natural calamities
– war, sabotage, riot
• DIFFERENT PHASES OF DISASTERS.
– Warning phase
– Period of impact
– Rescue phase
– Relief phase
– Rehabilitation phase - longest

8. Brutality of chemical disasters

10. Chemical warfare agent exposed on Iraqis
1988 Iraq used CW agents against Kurdish rebels
Thousands of Kurdish civilians are killed
U.S. soldier on patrol in Halabja
cemetery for the victims of the gas
attack
Memorial to the victims
of the Halabja gas attack
16 March 1988

11. BLISTERS CAUSED
BY HD
MIOSIS CAUSED
BY BLISTER AGENTS

12. EFFECT OF SARIN EXPOSURE ON RABBIT PUPIL

13. Bhopal Gas Tragedy
• Worst industrial disaster in history
• 2,000 people died on immediate aftermath
• Another 13,000 died in next fifteen years
• 10-15 persons dying every month
• 520,000 diagnosed chemicals in blood causing
different health complications
• 120,000 people still suffering from
– Cancer
– Tuberculosis
– Partial or complete blindness,
– Post traumatic stress disorders,
– Menstrual irregularities
• Rise in spontaneous abortion and still birth

14. How it happened
• December 3-4, 1984: 40 tonnes of methyl
iso-cyanate (MIC) released from Union
Carbide plant at Bhopal
• Accidental release caused by leakage of
water into MIC storage tank
• None of the safety systems worked
• Safety standards and maintenance system
ignored for months
• Complete absence of community
information and emergency procedures
• Public alarm system operated after the
gas had leaked for nearly four hours

15. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
• WHY IT IS REQUIRED?
–TO TAKE PREVENTIVE & PROTECTIVE
STEPS
–BEFORE ANY DISASTER OR ACCIDENT
–DURING DISASTER OR ACCIDENT
–AFTER DISASTER OR ACCIDENT

16. WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT ?
Disaster management" means a continuous and
integrated process of planning, organising,
coordinating and implementing measures which are
necessary or expedient for—
• Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.
• Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its
severity or consequences.
• Capacity-building.

17. • Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
• Prompt response to any threatening disaster
situation or disaster.
• Assessing the severity or magnitude of
effects of any disaster.
• Evacuation, rescue and relief.
• Rehabilitation and reconstruction.

18. Raising awareness
• Support for raising awareness of the connection between
cost and benefit in disaster risk management at the
economic, social and political level.
• Raising awareness amongst populations living in risk areas of
the hazards and vulnerabilities and the opportunities for
disaster risk management.
• Implementing appropriate early-warning systems.
• Participation of the population, the municipal
administration and other institutions in all phases of disaster
risk management.

19. • Regular running of equipment
& tests on facilities
• Emergency Management
Plans
- on site
- off site
• On site drills once in 6 months
• Off site drill with Dist.
Administration once in a year
• Mutual aid Agreements with
Neighboring industries/District
Fire Services.
• Updating of plans
Emergency Planning and Response

20. • The plant authorities should immediately contact the local
administrator in case hazard is likely to spread beyond the
factory.
• The concerned Police Officers along with civic officials
should make arrangements for evacuation of the people
from the vicinity to safe areas.
• The plant authorities should extend all technical support in
controlling the damage.
• Most importantly, it is the responsibility of the industry
management that the people do not get panicky.
• After all the hazard is totally eliminated, people may be
brought back to their respective places of working and
living.
MEASURES TO BE TAKEN DURING THE
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS

21. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
• STEPS IN MAKING DMP:
–Hazard Analysis
–Response Procedures
–Recovery Procedures

22. HAZARD ANALYSIS
HAZARD ANALYSIS: TO BE CARRIED OUT FOR AN
INSTALLATIONS COVERING FOLLOWING AREA:
WHICH SUBSTANCE CONSTITUES MAJOR HAZARD ?
WHICH DESIGN DEFICIENCY CAN CONRIBUTE TO A HAZ?
FAILURES CAUSING ACCIDENTS.
MEASURES FOR PREVENTING ACCIDENTS
CONSEQUENCES OF MAJOR ACCIDENTS ON WORKERS
/NEIGHOURHOOD/ENVIRONMENT
MITIGATION OF CONSEQUENCES

23. HAZARDS ANALYSIS: TWO BASIC STEPS ARE-
• HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
–Chemical Identity & Nature of Hazard
Toxic, Flammable or Explosive
–Quantity : Maximum quantity likely to be stored on
site or near the site within 500 mtrs.
–Location & Storage conditions: inter distances,
cryogenic, pressurised etc.
• VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
–Identification of the maximum single storage of
Hazardous substance.
–Identification of the vulnerable zones that will be
affected considering the probable maximum loss
scenario.

24. PREVENTION PROCEDURES
• Inspection Procedures
– Provision should be made for inspecting and/or testing
critical equipment or components on a regular basis.
– These procedures should also specify the type and the
frequency of inspection or testing.
• Type of equipment or components to be inspected :
– Piping/Pumps/ Valves/ Fittings/ Tanks and containers /
Fire-suppression equipment/ Detection-alarm systems.
• Safety and Health Reviews
– Review of all new processes and equipment for
compliance with Central, state, local, or industry
standards. Appropriate protective monitoring systems
should be installed on high-risk operations.

25. Preparedness
Preparedness Is the Key to
combat Chemical disaster
• Awareness
• Training
• Equipment
• Resources
• Planning
• Exercises

27. PREPAREDNESS PROCEDURES
• DRILLS & EXERCISES
– Responsibility for developing, scheduling, and conducting
drills/ exercises.
– Provisions for including all levels of management in the
exercise program
– Provisions for involving off-site personnel/agencies in the
drills.
– Provisions for correcting defects in the plan the are
detected by the drills/exercises.
– Provisions for conducting an annual full-scale exercise.

29. • Provisions for drills on the following key
elements:
– communications / fire control/ medical first-aid
response/ spill control emergency operations
center/ monitoring/ clean up/ evacuation
• Mutual Aid: It should contain mutual aid plan
– Mutual aid refers to agreements to share
emergency resources such as equipment,
information, personnel, and possible financial
assistance during emergencies.

31. RECOVERY PROCEDURES:
• The plan should specify procedures for preserving the
accident scene (or impacted area) for accident
investigation by on-site or off-site personnel.
• It should also contain procedures, consistent with
insurance requirements, for documenting all condensable
losses.
• Recovery preparations should include:
– Assignment of personnel to supervise cleanup and repair
– Notification procedures to inform personnel not to report to
work as scheduled.
– Damage assessment procedures.
– A prioritized list of repairs or replacement of critical equipment.
– Special procedures to expedite issuance of work orders purchase
orders, etc.

32. EXPECTATIONS FROM NGOs AND
SELF HELP GROUPS

33. EXPECTATIONS FROM NGOs AND SELF
HELP GROUPS
• BEFORE DISASTER:
– Awareness program for people around potential
hazard
– Documenting details for nearest available
resources
– Creating self - help groups and training them

34. • DURING DISASTER:
– Mobilization of Assistance to Affected Areas
/People.
– Rendering First Aid Assistance.
– Recording of Events/Happening with
Documentation.
– Effective Mass Communication Through Media
EXPECTATIONS FROM NGOs AND SELF
HELP GROUPS

35. • AFTER DISASTER:
– Rehabilitation
– Channelizing Resources/Aids Received from
various Sources for Optimum Coverage.
– Sharing of Lessons Learnt and Documents
Generated During Disaster for Better Future
Preparedness/Pre-emptness.
EXPECTATIONS FROM NGOs AND SELF
HELP GROUPS

36. धन्यवाद