This document discusses carbon compounds and their classification. It describes that carbon compounds contain carbon as a constituent element and are classified as organic or inorganic. Organic compounds contain carbon and are further classified as hydrocarbons or non-hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen and include alkanes and alkenes. Alkanes contain single bonds while alkenes contain double bonds. The document provides examples and properties of alkanes and alkenes. It also discusses isomerism in carbon compounds.
This ppt was made for our stupid projects..... The main purpose behind uploading this ppt is that no one should suffer like us and waste their time behind these stupid things... concentrate on your studies..
This ppt was made for our stupid projects..... The main purpose behind uploading this ppt is that no one should suffer like us and waste their time behind these stupid things... concentrate on your studies..
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Percentage Composition. It also talks about the definition, concepts and examples about the Percentage Composition.
CHEMICAL REACTION
CHEMICAL EQUATION
CHEMICAL FORMULA
BALANCING
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
COLLISION THEORY
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.
Chemistry power point presentation on Hydrocarbons, which covers all the basic topics and sub- topics. Including Alkane,alkene and alkyne. This power point also consists of preparation of hydrcarbons.
This a 90 page power point.
GooD LucK !!!
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Percentage Composition. It also talks about the definition, concepts and examples about the Percentage Composition.
CHEMICAL REACTION
CHEMICAL EQUATION
CHEMICAL FORMULA
BALANCING
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
COLLISION THEORY
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.
Chemistry power point presentation on Hydrocarbons, which covers all the basic topics and sub- topics. Including Alkane,alkene and alkyne. This power point also consists of preparation of hydrcarbons.
This a 90 page power point.
GooD LucK !!!
This is a ppt on motion for class 9 studying students, hope you like it. If you have any questions message me on http;//sh.st/PVqfi
Regards
Mridul Verma
Innocent Hearts School
Atomic Structure and the Periodic TablePaul Schumann
Sharon Williams, Water Valley High School
Presented at CAST 2008, ACT2 Strand, 11/6/09
Objectives
Identify important developments in the history of atomic theory.
Summarize Dalton’s atomic theory.
Describe the size of an atom.
Distinguish among protons, electrons, and neutrons in terms of relative mass and change.
Describe the structure of an atom, including the location of the protons, electrons, and neutrons with respect to the nucleus.
Explain how the atomic number identifies an element.
Use the atomic number and mass number of an element to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Explain how isotopes differ and why the atomic masses of elements are not whole numbers.
Calculate the average atomic mass of an element from isotope data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
3. Carbon Compound
Organic Compound
-Carbon containing compounds
except oxides of carbon, carbonates,
syanides and metallic carbides
Hydrocarbon
-contain Carbon and
Hydrogen only
Alkanes
(saturated
hydrocarbons)
-contain only single
bond
Alkenes
(unsaturated
hydrocarbons)
-contain at least one
multiple bond
Non-hydrocarbon
-contain C,H and
O,N,P,S,F,Cl,Br,I
Alcohols
Carboxylic
acids
Esters
Inorganic Compound
-non-carbon
containing
compounds
4. Organic compound
Inorganic Carbon
compound
Similarity
Both contain carbon atoms
Diffenrences
Examples
Origin
Effect of heat
Solubility
Protein, fats, cellulose, natural
rubber, petroleum
Formed from living thing
Have low boiling points and
low melting point
Dissolve in organic solvents
such as ether, petrol, alcohol
and chloroform
Carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide
Formed from minerals
Have high boiling points and
high melting point
Dissolve in inorganic solvents
such as ether, water, acids and
alkalis
5. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic compound that
contain only Carbon and Hydrogen
Natural sources of hydrocarbons:
• Petroleum
• Coal
• Natural gas
• Rubber trees
6. B: ALKANES
General Formula : CnH2n+2 , n=1,2,3…
Naming alkanes:
Number
of
Carbon
atoms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Root
name
Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-
Final
name
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane
7. Structural Formula shows how the atoms in a
molecule are bonded together and by what types
of bonds
Example :
Ethane
C2H6
molecular formula structural formula
9. Chemical properties of alkanes
a) Combustion
1. Complete combustion
Alkanes burn in air to form carbon dioxide and water
CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)
More soot is given off when a higher alkane is burnt.
For example, the burning of heptane produce more
soot than the burning of ethane
2. Incomplete combustion
If insufficient oxygen available, carbon monoxide or even
carbon may be formed
2CH4 (g) + 3O2(g) 2CO (g) + 4H2O(l)
CH4 (g) + O2(g) C (s) + 2H2O(l)
10. b) Halogenation
-Reaction of alkanes with halogens.
-readily takes place in sunlight (not occur in the dark)
-carbon-hydrogen bonds are broken and new
carbon-halogens bonds are formed
-is a substitution reaction
occurs when one atom or a group of atoms in a
molecule is replaced by another atom or group of
atoms
11. -Example:
when a mixture of CH4 and chlorine is exposed to
ultraviolet light, 4 different products are formed
• CH4 (g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl (g) + HCl(l)
Chloromethane hydrogen chloride
12.
13. C: ALKENES
is a hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double
bond
General Formula : CnH2n , n=2,3,4…
Naming alkenes:
Number
of
Carbon
atoms
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Root
name
Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-
Final
name
Ethene Propene But-1-ene Pent-1-ene Hex-1-ene Hept-1-ene Oct-1-ene Non-1-ene Dec-1-ene
17. Chemical properties of alkenes
a) Combustion reaction
Alkenes burn in excess oxygen to form carbon
dioxide and water
C2H4 (g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)
Alkenes burn with sootier flames as compared to
alkanes because alkenes have a higher percentage
of carbon in their molecules than alkanes
19. (ii) Addition of halogens (halogenation)
Observation: reddish-brown bomine is decolourised
and colourless liquid is formed
This reaction is used as a test for the presence of
a carbon-carbon double bond in organic molecules
24. Homologous Series
A group or family of organic compounds that has the following
characteristics:
a) Members of the series can be represented by a general formula
b) Successive members differ from each other by –CH2
c) Members can be prepared by similar methods
d) Physical properties change regularly with increasing number of
carbon atoms
e) Members have similar chemical properties because they have the
same functional group
functional group :
-a special group of atoms attached to an organic mlecule
-determines the chemical properties of the molecule
-chemical reactions occur at the functional group
25. 5 homologous series learnt in this
chapter:
Homologous
series
General formula Functional Group
Alkane CnH2n+2 , n=1,2,3… Carbon-carbon single
bond, C-C
Alkene CnH2n , n=2,3,4… Carbon-carbon double
bond, C=C
Alcohol CnH2n+1OH ,n=1,2,3… Hydroxyl group, -OH
Carboxylic Acid CnH2n+1 COOH ,n=0,1,2,… Carboxyl group, -COOH
Ester CnH2n+1 COOCmH2m+1,
n=0,1,2,…
m=1,2,3…
Carboxylate group, -COO-
26. First member
Second member
Third member
…..
…..
…..
As the number of
carbon atoms per
molecule increases:
•Melting point
increases
•Boiling point increases
•Volatility decreases
•Density increases
Descending
homologous series
27. D: ISOMERISM
Isomerism is a phenomenon whereby 2 or more
molecules are found to have same molecular
formula but different structural formula
Isomers: molecules with the same molecular
formula but with different structural
formula
29. Steps to draw structural formula of isomers of
alkanes
Draw all the possible straight- chain and branched-chain carbon
skeletons
Place single bonds around every carbon atom. Ensure that each
carbon atom has 4 bonds
Place a hydrogen atom at each of the single bonds
30. Naming carboxylic acids
Find the longest continuous carbon chain containing the carboxyl
group
Name this longest chain by replacing the ending –e of the
corresponding alkane with –oic acid
Number the carbon atoms in this longest chain beginning at the
carboxyl group
Locate and name the attached alkyl group
Complete the name for the carboxylic acid molecule by combining
the 2 component parts together
