a process that businesses use to evaluate potential major projects or investments
We shall learn about Capital Budgeting and all the details related to it in this article:
What is Capital Budgeting in detail
Features of capital budgeting
Understanding capital budgeting and how it works
Techniques/Methods of capital budgeting with Examples
Process of capital budgeting
Factors affecting capital budgeting
Objectives
Limitations of capital budgeting
This document discusses the cost of capital. It defines cost of capital as the minimum rate of return that a firm must earn on its investments to maintain its value. Cost of capital has several components, including the return at zero risk, and premiums for business risk and financial risk. The document also discusses the different types of capital like debt, equity and retained earnings, and how to compute the cost of each. It explains weighted average cost of capital is calculated by weighting the costs of different sources of capital by their proportions.
Approaches to determine appropriate capital structure - EBIT-EPS Approch
anybody can join my google class (financial Mangement)
by entering class code : avkkvj5
This ppt is all about the long term finance for the business. From which sources a business firm used to get their long term finance to run the business. So i hope it will help you to give your presentation . Thanks for the download. And if you find any mistake, please feel free to comment and inform.
or send me a mail in tatinpisa@outlook.com
Environmental scanning is a concept from business management by which businesses gather information from the environment, to better achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.
Environmental Scanning & Monitoring- Techniques
PEST, SWOT, QUEST
Interim financial reporting provides essential information to investors throughout the year to help evaluate a company's performance and financial condition between annual reports. Accounting Standard 25 outlines requirements for interim reporting, including minimum components, recognition and measurement principles, and disclosure standards. Legal requirements in India according to SEBI mandate that listed companies publish unaudited quarterly financial results within one month of the quarter end along with additional disclosures. Issues with interim reporting include accounting problems due to uneven costs and revenues, and limited disclosure compared to annual reports. Improving interim reporting involves aligning reporting periods with operating cycles and allocating annual costs more evenly across interim periods.
The document discusses the cost of capital. It defines cost of capital as the minimum return expected by investors for providing capital to a company. It includes the costs of debt, equity, preference shares, and retained earnings. The weighted average cost of capital takes the costs of different sources of capital weighted by their proportions. Calculating cost of capital is important for capital budgeting and evaluating new projects and investments.
Modigliani and Miller initially developed their capital structure approach in 1958 without considering taxes. They argued that a firm's value and cost of capital are independent of its capital structure. In 1963, they revised their approach to include taxes. When taxes are considered, firm value increases with leverage as interest expenses are tax deductible, creating a tax shield. The value of a levered firm exceeds an unlevered firm by the amount of debt multiplied by the tax rate.
Financial management involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling a company's financial resources. Capital investment refers to acquiring long-term assets like plants and machinery. Capital budgeting determines the viability of long-term investments and uses techniques like net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period to evaluate projects. It considers the time value of money, risk, and rates of return to make optimal investment decisions.
This document discusses the cost of capital. It defines cost of capital as the minimum rate of return that a firm must earn on its investments to maintain its value. Cost of capital has several components, including the return at zero risk, and premiums for business risk and financial risk. The document also discusses the different types of capital like debt, equity and retained earnings, and how to compute the cost of each. It explains weighted average cost of capital is calculated by weighting the costs of different sources of capital by their proportions.
Approaches to determine appropriate capital structure - EBIT-EPS Approch
anybody can join my google class (financial Mangement)
by entering class code : avkkvj5
This ppt is all about the long term finance for the business. From which sources a business firm used to get their long term finance to run the business. So i hope it will help you to give your presentation . Thanks for the download. And if you find any mistake, please feel free to comment and inform.
or send me a mail in tatinpisa@outlook.com
Environmental scanning is a concept from business management by which businesses gather information from the environment, to better achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.
Environmental Scanning & Monitoring- Techniques
PEST, SWOT, QUEST
Interim financial reporting provides essential information to investors throughout the year to help evaluate a company's performance and financial condition between annual reports. Accounting Standard 25 outlines requirements for interim reporting, including minimum components, recognition and measurement principles, and disclosure standards. Legal requirements in India according to SEBI mandate that listed companies publish unaudited quarterly financial results within one month of the quarter end along with additional disclosures. Issues with interim reporting include accounting problems due to uneven costs and revenues, and limited disclosure compared to annual reports. Improving interim reporting involves aligning reporting periods with operating cycles and allocating annual costs more evenly across interim periods.
The document discusses the cost of capital. It defines cost of capital as the minimum return expected by investors for providing capital to a company. It includes the costs of debt, equity, preference shares, and retained earnings. The weighted average cost of capital takes the costs of different sources of capital weighted by their proportions. Calculating cost of capital is important for capital budgeting and evaluating new projects and investments.
Modigliani and Miller initially developed their capital structure approach in 1958 without considering taxes. They argued that a firm's value and cost of capital are independent of its capital structure. In 1963, they revised their approach to include taxes. When taxes are considered, firm value increases with leverage as interest expenses are tax deductible, creating a tax shield. The value of a levered firm exceeds an unlevered firm by the amount of debt multiplied by the tax rate.
Financial management involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling a company's financial resources. Capital investment refers to acquiring long-term assets like plants and machinery. Capital budgeting determines the viability of long-term investments and uses techniques like net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period to evaluate projects. It considers the time value of money, risk, and rates of return to make optimal investment decisions.
This PPT contains the full detail of topic leverage in financial management
it covers following topics :-
Meaning of Leverage
Types of Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage
Illustrations
Exercise
what is fund flow statement, current and noncurrent assets and liabilities, objectives, characteristics, and limitations of fund flow statement, how to make fund flow, format of fund flow, sources of fund flow
Capital Budgeting is about how one should evaluate the financing options based on the superior financial performance through mathematical techniques. These techniques have been discussed in the presentation in detail.
The document discusses the cost of capital, including its meaning, significance, and methods for determining it. The cost of capital is the minimum expected rate of return required by a firm's investors. It is used to evaluate investment projects and determine the optimal capital structure. There are different types of costs - historical vs future, specific vs composite, explicit vs implicit, and average vs marginal. Determining the accurate cost of capital can be challenging due to conceptual issues around capital structure and difficulties calculating costs like equity and retained earnings.
The document discusses various aspects of financial management including its definition, scope, traditional and modern approaches, functions, objectives, and sources of finance. Specifically, it defines financial management as dealing with planning and controlling a firm's financial resources. It also discusses the functions of investment, financing, and dividend decisions and how financial management aims to maximize profit and shareholder wealth.
1. The funds flow statement shows the sources and applications of funds during a specific period of time. It indicates where funds came from and where they were used.
2. Sources of funds include internal sources like profits and external sources like issuance of shares or debentures. Applications of funds include losses, repayment of loans, purchase of assets, and payment of dividends.
3. The cash flow statement differs from the funds flow statement in that it only deals with cash and cash equivalents, showing the inflows and outflows of cash from operating, investing and financing activities.
This document contains lecture slides from a finance course. It discusses various topics related to investments including the investment environment, securities analysis, derivatives, mutual funds and other investment alternatives. It also provides an overview of the securities market and different types of markets. The key points are:
1) The syllabus covers topics like investment environment, securities analysis, derivatives, mutual funds and other investment concepts.
2) It introduces the securities market and its different segments like the equity, debt, derivatives and money markets.
3) The slides explain concepts like primary and secondary markets, stock exchanges, and their role in facilitating trading and bringing liquidity to securities.
Risk in investment refers to the possibility that actual returns will differ from expected returns. There are two main types of risk: systematic and unsystematic. Systematic risk stems from external macroeconomic factors that cannot be controlled by an individual organization, such as interest rate fluctuations and market movements. Unsystematic risk arises from internal microeconomic factors under an organization's control, like business operations, financial leverage, and credit defaults. Proper diversification and hedging strategies can help reduce overall investment risk.
Long-term finance is needed for purchasing fixed assets that are used over many years. Sources of long-term finance include shares (equity and preference), debentures, retained earnings, term loans and loans from financial institutions. Equity shares carry more risk but offer higher dividends and voting rights, while preference shares have a fixed dividend rate but no voting rights. Debentures are loan certificates issued by companies to borrow funds, with characteristics like a fixed interest rate and repayment date.
This document discusses different types of leverage used in business. There are three main types: operating leverage, financial leverage, and combined leverage. Operating leverage measures how fixed costs affect operating profit with changes in sales. Financial leverage shows how interest expenses affect net income. Combined leverage considers both operating and financial leverage and their combined impact on earnings per share with sales changes. The degree of each type of leverage can be calculated to understand the risk involved at different levels.
Standard costs are developed using formulas, supplier lists, or time studies and compared to actual costs to calculate variances which should be investigated if significant, with variances for direct materials including price, quantity, mix and yield and variances for direct labor including rate, efficiency, mix, yield and idle time.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) uses beta to measure the non-diversifiable risk of a security and determine its expected return. CAPM assumes investors want to maximize returns and only consider systematic risk. It models expected return as the risk-free rate plus a risk premium based on the security's beta. The Security Market Line graphs this relationship between beta and expected return. Some researchers like Fama and French have expanded CAPM with additional size and value factors.
This document discusses working capital management and inventory management. It defines working capital and its sources, including short term sources like factoring, installment credit, bank overdrafts, commercial papers, and letters of credit. Long term sources include equity capital and loans. It also discusses estimating working capital needs using different approaches. The document then defines inventory and its management, including inventory turnover ratio and inventory control techniques like ABC analysis.
The document discusses the estimation of cash flows for capital budgeting and expenditure decisions. It defines capital expenditures as long-term investments like purchasing assets that generate cash flows beyond one year. It also discusses the importance of accurately estimating cash flows, the difficulties involved, and the key principles and components to consider when estimating cash flows for capital projects.
Dividend policy
What is Dividend?
What is dividend policy?
Theories of Dividend Policy
Relevant Theory
Walter’s Model
Gordon’s Model
Irrelevant Theory
M-M’s Approach
Traditional Approach
Referred to:
Prasanna Chandra
The document summarizes several Indian tax concessions and incentives, including:
1) Deductions for individuals with disabilities of Rs. 50,000 for over 40% disability or Rs. 100,000 for over 80% disability.
2) A 100% deduction for profits from businesses in Special Economic Zones for 10 years out of 15 years starting from notification.
3) A deduction of Rs. 40,000 or actual expenditure for medical treatment, or Rs. 60,000 for senior citizens, for taxpayers and their families.
The document discusses capital structure and various theories related to it. It defines capital structure as the combination of capital from different sources of financing. It then discusses factors that affect capital structure decisions like control, risk, cost, size and nature of business. It explains optimal capital structure as the perfect mix of debt and equity that maximizes firm value while minimizing cost of capital. It also discusses various methods of analyzing optimal capital structure including EBIT-EPS analysis and indifference point analysis. Finally, it summarizes different theories around capital structure like net income, net operating income, traditional and Modigliani-Miller approaches.
This document outlines the process of generating and screening project ideas. It discusses monitoring the external environment, evaluating corporate strengths and weaknesses, and using tools like Porter's five forces model to identify investment opportunities. Potential project ideas are scouted from various sources and given a preliminary screening based on factors like market potential and costs. Projects are then rated using an index calculated from weighted factors to determine which ideas warrant further evaluation. The sources of positive net present value that make projects profitable are also discussed.
1. The document discusses the process of generating and screening project ideas, which begins with analyzing the economy and conducting surveys to identify potential ideas. SWOT analysis, clear objectives, and fostering innovation can help stimulate new ideas.
2. Potential ideas are then screened through preliminary evaluation based on factors like compatibility with promoters, government priorities, market availability, costs, and risk levels. Projects can be rated using a rating index to evaluate multiple factors.
3. Successful projects tend to have advantages like economies of scale, product differentiation, cost advantages, marketing reach, technology edge, or supportive government policies. Qualities of successful entrepreneurs are also discussed.
This PPT contains the full detail of topic leverage in financial management
it covers following topics :-
Meaning of Leverage
Types of Leverage
Operating Leverage
Financial Leverage
Difference between Operating & Financial Leverage
Combined Leverage
Illustrations
Exercise
what is fund flow statement, current and noncurrent assets and liabilities, objectives, characteristics, and limitations of fund flow statement, how to make fund flow, format of fund flow, sources of fund flow
Capital Budgeting is about how one should evaluate the financing options based on the superior financial performance through mathematical techniques. These techniques have been discussed in the presentation in detail.
The document discusses the cost of capital, including its meaning, significance, and methods for determining it. The cost of capital is the minimum expected rate of return required by a firm's investors. It is used to evaluate investment projects and determine the optimal capital structure. There are different types of costs - historical vs future, specific vs composite, explicit vs implicit, and average vs marginal. Determining the accurate cost of capital can be challenging due to conceptual issues around capital structure and difficulties calculating costs like equity and retained earnings.
The document discusses various aspects of financial management including its definition, scope, traditional and modern approaches, functions, objectives, and sources of finance. Specifically, it defines financial management as dealing with planning and controlling a firm's financial resources. It also discusses the functions of investment, financing, and dividend decisions and how financial management aims to maximize profit and shareholder wealth.
1. The funds flow statement shows the sources and applications of funds during a specific period of time. It indicates where funds came from and where they were used.
2. Sources of funds include internal sources like profits and external sources like issuance of shares or debentures. Applications of funds include losses, repayment of loans, purchase of assets, and payment of dividends.
3. The cash flow statement differs from the funds flow statement in that it only deals with cash and cash equivalents, showing the inflows and outflows of cash from operating, investing and financing activities.
This document contains lecture slides from a finance course. It discusses various topics related to investments including the investment environment, securities analysis, derivatives, mutual funds and other investment alternatives. It also provides an overview of the securities market and different types of markets. The key points are:
1) The syllabus covers topics like investment environment, securities analysis, derivatives, mutual funds and other investment concepts.
2) It introduces the securities market and its different segments like the equity, debt, derivatives and money markets.
3) The slides explain concepts like primary and secondary markets, stock exchanges, and their role in facilitating trading and bringing liquidity to securities.
Risk in investment refers to the possibility that actual returns will differ from expected returns. There are two main types of risk: systematic and unsystematic. Systematic risk stems from external macroeconomic factors that cannot be controlled by an individual organization, such as interest rate fluctuations and market movements. Unsystematic risk arises from internal microeconomic factors under an organization's control, like business operations, financial leverage, and credit defaults. Proper diversification and hedging strategies can help reduce overall investment risk.
Long-term finance is needed for purchasing fixed assets that are used over many years. Sources of long-term finance include shares (equity and preference), debentures, retained earnings, term loans and loans from financial institutions. Equity shares carry more risk but offer higher dividends and voting rights, while preference shares have a fixed dividend rate but no voting rights. Debentures are loan certificates issued by companies to borrow funds, with characteristics like a fixed interest rate and repayment date.
This document discusses different types of leverage used in business. There are three main types: operating leverage, financial leverage, and combined leverage. Operating leverage measures how fixed costs affect operating profit with changes in sales. Financial leverage shows how interest expenses affect net income. Combined leverage considers both operating and financial leverage and their combined impact on earnings per share with sales changes. The degree of each type of leverage can be calculated to understand the risk involved at different levels.
Standard costs are developed using formulas, supplier lists, or time studies and compared to actual costs to calculate variances which should be investigated if significant, with variances for direct materials including price, quantity, mix and yield and variances for direct labor including rate, efficiency, mix, yield and idle time.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) uses beta to measure the non-diversifiable risk of a security and determine its expected return. CAPM assumes investors want to maximize returns and only consider systematic risk. It models expected return as the risk-free rate plus a risk premium based on the security's beta. The Security Market Line graphs this relationship between beta and expected return. Some researchers like Fama and French have expanded CAPM with additional size and value factors.
This document discusses working capital management and inventory management. It defines working capital and its sources, including short term sources like factoring, installment credit, bank overdrafts, commercial papers, and letters of credit. Long term sources include equity capital and loans. It also discusses estimating working capital needs using different approaches. The document then defines inventory and its management, including inventory turnover ratio and inventory control techniques like ABC analysis.
The document discusses the estimation of cash flows for capital budgeting and expenditure decisions. It defines capital expenditures as long-term investments like purchasing assets that generate cash flows beyond one year. It also discusses the importance of accurately estimating cash flows, the difficulties involved, and the key principles and components to consider when estimating cash flows for capital projects.
Dividend policy
What is Dividend?
What is dividend policy?
Theories of Dividend Policy
Relevant Theory
Walter’s Model
Gordon’s Model
Irrelevant Theory
M-M’s Approach
Traditional Approach
Referred to:
Prasanna Chandra
The document summarizes several Indian tax concessions and incentives, including:
1) Deductions for individuals with disabilities of Rs. 50,000 for over 40% disability or Rs. 100,000 for over 80% disability.
2) A 100% deduction for profits from businesses in Special Economic Zones for 10 years out of 15 years starting from notification.
3) A deduction of Rs. 40,000 or actual expenditure for medical treatment, or Rs. 60,000 for senior citizens, for taxpayers and their families.
The document discusses capital structure and various theories related to it. It defines capital structure as the combination of capital from different sources of financing. It then discusses factors that affect capital structure decisions like control, risk, cost, size and nature of business. It explains optimal capital structure as the perfect mix of debt and equity that maximizes firm value while minimizing cost of capital. It also discusses various methods of analyzing optimal capital structure including EBIT-EPS analysis and indifference point analysis. Finally, it summarizes different theories around capital structure like net income, net operating income, traditional and Modigliani-Miller approaches.
This document outlines the process of generating and screening project ideas. It discusses monitoring the external environment, evaluating corporate strengths and weaknesses, and using tools like Porter's five forces model to identify investment opportunities. Potential project ideas are scouted from various sources and given a preliminary screening based on factors like market potential and costs. Projects are then rated using an index calculated from weighted factors to determine which ideas warrant further evaluation. The sources of positive net present value that make projects profitable are also discussed.
1. The document discusses the process of generating and screening project ideas, which begins with analyzing the economy and conducting surveys to identify potential ideas. SWOT analysis, clear objectives, and fostering innovation can help stimulate new ideas.
2. Potential ideas are then screened through preliminary evaluation based on factors like compatibility with promoters, government priorities, market availability, costs, and risk levels. Projects can be rated using a rating index to evaluate multiple factors.
3. Successful projects tend to have advantages like economies of scale, product differentiation, cost advantages, marketing reach, technology edge, or supportive government policies. Qualities of successful entrepreneurs are also discussed.
Module 1 project planning and appraisaldmkanchepalya
This module provides an overview of project planning and capital budgeting. It is divided into five sections: capital expenditures and their importance/difficulties, phases of capital budgeting, generating and screening project ideas, facets of project analysis, and resource allocation frameworks. The key phases of capital budgeting are planning, analysis, selection, implementation, and review. Generation of project ideas involves monitoring the business environment, conducting corporate appraisals, scouting for ideas, and preliminary screening.
This document discusses the process of project identification and selection. It begins by explaining the importance of understanding the operating environment and identifying emerging opportunities when choosing a project. Project ideas can come from various sources, including friends/relatives, technology developments, market research, and more. A screening process then evaluates ideas based on factors like compatibility, market viability, and costs to select viable projects. Effective project identification involves understanding local needs, resources, and priorities through surveys. Existing companies should also conduct a SWOT analysis to identify new project opportunities based on their internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. The overall goal of project identification is to select feasible, promising projects through thorough research and analysis.
The document discusses capital budgeting and investment analysis processes. It covers identifying investment opportunities, developing cash flow estimates, project evaluation techniques like net present value, and qualitative factors considered. Real options that provide flexibility are discussed, as well as valuing options using the Binomial and Black-Scholes methods. Capital budgeting is linked to corporate strategy, and decisions are made at operating, administrative and strategic levels.
Project: definition, types and importance, phases of the project,
project identification, sources of idea generation, selection,
feasibility studies, formulation and project report, appraisal,
implementation, evaluation, and control.
Setting up a small business enterprise: identifying the business
opportunity- the importance of creativity, opportunities in various
sectors, stages for setting up of a small enterprise, Concept of
elevator pitch.
Business plan: meaning, Objectives, preparation.
This document discusses creativity and entrepreneurship, outlining key aspects of developing a creative plan and project. It covers stages of creativity like idea generation and incubation. It also discusses identifying project opportunities through tools like SWOT analysis and monitoring trends. Project planning involves defining objectives, scheduling, and designing controls. The stages of project formulation include feasibility, economic, technical, input, financial, and social cost-benefit analyses. Market and demand analysis and financial analysis are also important parts of evaluating a potential project.
Setting up a new enterprise involves generating business ideas, conducting feasibility studies, and considering various factors. Ideas can come from customers, existing products, distribution channels, government schemes, and focus groups. Feasibility studies evaluate technical, economic, legal, and financial viability. Key factors include business size, location, ownership structure, financing, facilities, production, workforce, taxes, and relevant government policies like Special Economic Zones that provide incentives. Successfully setting up an enterprise requires thorough planning across all these elements.
This document provides an overview of capital budgeting principles and techniques. It discusses key concepts such as identifying relevant cash flows, evaluation techniques like payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value, and internal rate of return. It also covers the capital budgeting process and types of investment decisions such as expansion, replacement, and contingent investments. The document is intended to teach students about evaluating long-term investment projects and making capital budgeting decisions.
The document discusses various phases and aspects of capital budgeting and project planning, including planning, analysis, selection, implementation, and review phases. It also covers generating project ideas, screening ideas, and analyzing projects from technical, financial, economic, market, ecological, and other perspectives. The goal is to allocate resources effectively by evaluating projects based on criteria like net present value and selecting projects that fit with company strategy and priorities.
The document discusses capital budgeting and investment project evaluation. It defines capital budgeting as evaluating long-term investment proposals to maximize investor wealth. The key steps in the capital budgeting process are planning potential investments, evaluating proposals using techniques like NPV and IRR, selecting projects, implementing, controlling, and reviewing projects. Cash flows, including initial investments, interim cash flows, and terminal cash flows, are crucial to accurately evaluate projects. The document provides examples of calculating relevant cash flows for capital budgeting analysis.
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating long-term investment projects. It involves identifying, analyzing, and selecting projects whose cash flows extend beyond one year. Management must allocate limited resources between competing projects to maximize firm value. Common capital budgeting techniques include net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, and accounting rate of return. Early studies in the 1970s found that simpler techniques like payback period were most commonly used in practice. More recent foreign studies show increased use of discounted cash flow methods. Indian studies also found payback period is popular due to its simplicity, though discounted cash flow techniques are gaining prominence. Risk adjustment is typically done through sensitivity analysis, conservative forecasts, or adjusting discount rates.
The document is a project report submitted by Rutuja Deepak Chudnaik for their M.Com degree. The report focuses on comparing the Payback Method and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Method for capital budgeting and investment decisions. The report includes an introduction to capital budgeting, the objectives and basic principles. It also provides details on the calculation of payback period for projects with constant and uneven cash flows. The report is submitted to the University of Mumbai under the guidance of their project guide, Prof. Dhiren Kanabar.
- The document discusses various tools and frameworks for identifying promising investment opportunities, including SWOT analysis, Porter's five forces model, and the product life cycle approach.
- It outlines the process of generating ideas, screening projects, and developing a project rating index to evaluate ideas. Factors like strategic fit, costs, risks and market potential are assessed.
- Successful entrepreneurs ask important questions about goals, strategy, and execution capability. Qualities like leadership, marketing skills, and the willingness to sacrifice are also discussed.
The document discusses capital budgeting and various capital budgeting techniques. It begins by defining capital budgeting as the process of making long-term investment decisions regarding projects with benefits expected over several years. It then discusses various capital budgeting methods including traditional non-discounting methods like payback period and accounting rate of return as well as modern discounting methods like net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. Specific examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the payback period and accounting rate of return methods to evaluate investment projects.
1. IB UNIT 4 - The Strategy and Structure of International Business.pptxShudhanshuBhatt1
The document discusses various aspects of global strategy and international business. It covers:
1. The objectives of global strategy as maximizing firm value through profitability and responsible operations.
2. Determinants of enterprise value such as profitability, growth, and strategic positioning on the efficiency frontier.
3. Key considerations for global strategy including organizational structure, controls, culture, and adapting to changes.
4. Leveraging location economies, experience effects, core competencies, and subsidiary skills through international expansion.
Value Creation Concept and Approach for VCYee Jie NG
1) The document discusses value creation as a service (VCaaS) which involves delivering business and customer development activities to add value to portfolio companies for venture capital firms.
2) It recommends that venture capital firms implement a full value creation program using program management principles to align strategy, people, processes, technology, structure, and metrics. This would provide an end-to-end approach to helping portfolio companies.
3) Steve Blank's customer development model is proposed as a framework for the value creation activities, focusing on discovering customer needs and validating business models and tactics.
The document discusses the concepts of feasibility and viability studies for business ventures. It explains that feasibility studies examine the strengths and weaknesses of a business idea, considering opportunities, resources and likelihood of success. Viability refers to a business's ability to survive and grow. The key aspects of feasibility and viability studies include analyzing the market, technical requirements, financials, economics, and strategies for ensuring sustainability. Feasibility studies aim to determine if a project is possible while viability studies focus on whether a business concept can last into the future.
This document provides an overview of conducting a feasibility analysis, preparing a project report, and developing a business plan for a new business venture. It discusses the key components of a feasibility analysis including market analysis, financial analysis, technical analysis, economic analysis, ecological analysis, and legal/administrative analysis. It also describes how to compile the findings of the feasibility analysis into a project report. The document outlines the process and requirements for registering a small-scale industry at both the provisional and permanent stages. Finally, it notes that a business plan serves as a roadmap for effectively starting a new business.
The document discusses various types of feasibility studies conducted during different phases of a project life cycle. It explains that an opportunity study is conducted earliest to investigate project ideas, while a pre-feasibility study further evaluates opportunities. A feasibility study then assesses the practicality of a proposed project through a comprehensive analysis of technical, economic, legal, operational, and scheduling factors. It also outlines the key components of a feasibility report, including business model, marketing strategy, production requirements, management plan, and financial projections. Finally, it discusses the 'triple constraint' of project management - balancing the scope of work, timeline and available resources.
The document discusses various accounting concepts and principles. It defines accounting concepts as basic rules, assumptions, and principles that act as standards for recording business transactions and maintaining books of accounts. It describes key concepts like business entity, money measurement, going concern, accounting period, cost, dual aspect, matching, realization, and accrual. It also discusses accounting conventions like consistency, conservatism, materiality, and full disclosure. Finally, it lists important accounting principles like accrual, consistency, conservatism, going concern, matching, and full disclosure.
This document defines basic accounting terminology used in recording business transactions and financial reporting. It explains key concepts like assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses, profits and losses. It also describes accounting processes like bookkeeping, which systematically records transactions, and distinguishes between accounts like debtors, creditors, cash and bank. Maintaining accurate bookkeeping is important for budgeting, tax reporting, performance analysis and presenting financial information to stakeholders.
This document provides an overview of financial accounting concepts including the definition of accounting, the types of accounts (personal, real, and nominal), journal entries, and key accounting transactions like purchases and sales of goods. It defines accounting as the process of identifying, measuring, recording, classifying, verifying, communicating, and interpreting financial information. Journal entries record transactions in chronological order with debits and credits, and involve personal accounts for individuals/entities, real accounts for assets/properties, and nominal accounts for income/expenses.
The document discusses various topics related to financial markets in India including what a financial market is, the key components of India's financial market structure such as money markets, capital markets, stock exchanges, and the trading of different financial instruments like stocks, debentures, and preference shares. It provides details on the primary and secondary markets, types of equity and preference shares, features and types of debentures, and the key functions of stock exchanges.
The document discusses key accounting concepts and principles. It defines accounting as identifying, measuring, recording and communicating financial information. The main components of the accounting process are recording transactions, summarizing data, reporting to stakeholders, and analyzing results. Accounting serves both internal users like management and owners as well as external users like investors, lenders, suppliers, customers, tax authorities, auditors, and the public. Accounting concepts provide fundamental rules and assumptions for preparing financial statements according to standards.
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL (WACC).pptxVikash Barnwal
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the average cost of all sources of capital for a company, weighted by their respective proportions. It is calculated by taking the cost of each capital source (debt, preferred stock, common equity, retained earnings), multiplying each by its proportional weight, and summing the results. Weights can be based on either book values from the balance sheet or market values from current stock prices. The WACC formula sums the weighted costs to obtain an overall cost of capital for the company.
Startup financing is used by entrepreneurs to fund their businesses, most commonly for working capital, technology, hiring, and marketing. While entrepreneurs often think of bank loans first, banks are rarely the best source of funding for startups. Instead, innovative sources of non-bank financing include personal savings, personal credit lines, funding from family and friends, peer-to-peer lending, crowdfunding, microloans, vendor financing, and purchase order financing. These alternative sources provide startups with important capital when they need funding.
The document discusses various approaches to calculating the cost of equity capital, which is the minimum rate of return investors require to maintain the market price of a share. It describes the dividend price, dividend price plus growth, earnings price, and realized yield approaches. Formulas are provided for each approach and examples are worked out, such as calculating the cost of equity using the dividend price approach for a company paying a 25% dividend and the earnings price approach for a firm considering a capital expenditure.
Corporate finance refers to planning, developing and controlling the capital structure of a business to increase organizational value and profit through optimal decisions on investments, finances and dividends. It focuses on acquiring, managing and allocating financial resources such as capital to meet the funding needs of a business. The key functions of corporate finance include investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions which are interrelated and aim to maximize shareholder wealth.
UNIT 1 FINANCIAL CREDIT RISK ANALYTICS (1).pptxVikash Barnwal
Credit analysis is the process of evaluating the creditworthiness of a business or organization. It involves analyzing financial statements, cash flows, collateral, and other factors to assess the entity's ability to repay debt. The key aspects of creditworthiness evaluated are capacity, character, capital, cash flow, collateral, conditions, and control. The credit analysis process involves collecting information on the loan, business, and risks. The information is then analyzed to make a decision on the loan request and design an appropriate loan structure. Credit analysis is important for lenders to evaluate default risk and for investors to assess a debt issuer's ability to meet obligations.
This document discusses different types of corporate financing - preference capital, equity capital, debentures, and bonds.
Preference capital is a hybrid form that has characteristics of both equity and debt. It increases a firm's creditworthiness but is more expensive than debt. Equity capital refers to ownership shares in a company. It provides no guaranteed returns and dilutes ownership but does not require repayment.
Debentures are debt instruments issued by companies as evidence of loans to the public. They have a fixed interest rate and are paid back before equity holders in liquidation. Debentures can be secured against assets or unsecured. They may also be redeemable or irredeemable.
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INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
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2. INTRODUCTION:-
Capital project planning is the process by which
companies allocate funds to various investment
projects designed to ensure profitability and growth.
Evaluations of such projects involve estimating
their future benefits to the company and comparing
these with their costs.
3. MEANING AND DEFINITION
Capital budgeting refers to planning the deployment of
available capital for the purpose of maximizing the long
term profitability of the firm. It is the firm’s decision to
invest its current funds most efficiently in long term
activities in anticipation of flow of future benefits over a
series of years.
“capital budgeting is the process to identify, analysis
and select investment projects, whose returns(cash
flows) are expected to extend beyond one year. ”
4. “Capital budgeting consists in planning
development of available capital for the purpose of
maximizing the long term profitability of the
concern” – Lynch
5. WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF CAPITAL
BUDGETING?
Features/nature/ Characteristics of Capital
Budgeting
Huge Funds: Capital budgeting involves the
investment of funds currently for getting benefits in
the future.
High Degree of Risk: To take decisions that
involve a huge financial burden can be risky for the
company.
Affects Future Competitive Strengths: The future
benefits are spread over several years. Sensible
investing can improve its competitiveness, whereas
a wrong investment may lead to business failure.
6. Difficult Decision: When the future is dependant on
capital budgeting decisions, it becomes difficult for the
management to grab the most appropriate investment
opportunity.
Estimation of Large Profits: Each project involves a
huge amount of funds with the perspective of earning
desirable profits in the long term.
Long Term Effect: The effect of the decisions taken, will
be visible in the future or the long term.
Affects Cost Structure: For instance, it may increase
the fixed cost such as insurance charges, interest,
depreciation, rent, etc.
Irreversible Decision: Capital expenditure decisions
are irreversible since it involves a high-value asset
which may not be sold at the same price once
purchased.
7. OBJECTIVES OF CAPITAL BUDGETING
Control of Capital Expenditure: Estimating the cost of
investment provides a base to the management for controlling
and managing the required capital expenditure accordingly.
Selection of Profitable Projects: The company has to select
the most suitable project out of the multiple options available
to it. For this, it has to keep in mind the various factors such
as availability of funds, project’s profitability, the rate of
return, etc.
Identifying the Right Source of Funds: Locating and
selecting the most appropriate source of funds required to
make a long-term capital investment is the ultimate aim of
capital budgeting. The management needs to consider and
compare the cost of borrowing with the expected return on
investment for this purpose.
8. GENERATION AND SCREENING OF A PROJECT
IDEA
Generation and Screening of a project idea begins
when someone with specialized knowledge or
expertise or some other competence feels that he
can offer a product or service
♦ Which can cater to a presently unmet need and
demand
♦ To serve a market where demand exceeds supply
♦ Which can effectively compete with similar
products or services due to its better quality/price
etc.
9. An organization has to identify investment
opportunities which are feasible and promising
before taking a full fledged project analysis to know
which projects merit further examination and
appraisal.
Generation and Screening of a project idea involves
the following tasks :-
10.
11. GENERATION OF IDEAS –
A panel is formed for the purpose of identifying investment
opportunities. It involves the following tasks which must be
carried out in order to come up with a creative idea.
(a) SWOT analysis – Identifying opportunities that can be
profitably exploited
(b) Determination of objectives – Setting up operational
objectives like cost reduction, productivity improvement,
increase in capacity utilization, improvement in contribution
margin.
12. (c) Creating Good environment – A good organizational atmosphere
motivates employees to be more creative and encourages techniques like
brainstorming, group discussion etc. which results in development of
creative and innovative ideas.
(2) Monitoring the Environment –
An Organization should systematically monitor the environment and
assess its competitive abilities in order to profitably exploit opportunities
present in the environment. The key sectors of the environment that are to
be studied are :-
(a) Economic Sector –It includes, State of economy, Overall rate of
Growth, Growth of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, Inflation rate,
Linkage with world economy, BOP situation, Trade Surplus / Deficit.
(b) Government Sector –It includes, Industrial policy, Government
programmes and projects, Tax framework, Subsidies,
incentives,concessions, Import and export policies,Financing norms.
13. (c) Technological Sector – It includes, State of
technology, Emergence of new technology,
Receptiveness of the industry, Access to technical
know how.
(d) Socio-demographic sector –It Includes,
Population trends, Income distribution, Educational
profile, Employment of women, Attitude towards
consumption and investment.
(e) Competition Sector –It includes, No. of firms and
their market share, Degree of homogeneity and
production differentiation, Entry barriers, Marketing
policies and prices, Comparison with substitutes in
terms of quality/price/appeal etc.
14. (f) Supplier Sector – Availability and cost of raw material,
energy and money
(3) Corporate Appraisal –It involves identification of
corporate strengths and weaknesses. The important aspects
that are to be considered are:-
(a) Market and Distribution –
i. Market Image
ii. Market share
iii. Marketing and Distribution cost
iv. Product line
v. Distribution Network
vi. Customer loyalty
(b) Production and Operations –
i. Condition and capacity of plant and machinery
ii. Availability of raw materials and power
iii. Degree of vertical integration
iv. Location advantage
v. Cost structure – Fixed and Variable costs
15. (3) Corporate Appraisal – It involves identification of
corporate strengths and weaknesses. The important
aspects that are to be considered are:-
(a) Market and Distribution –
i. Market Image
ii. Market share
iii. Marketing and Distribution cost
iv. Product line
v. Distribution Network
vi. Customer loyalty
(b) Production and Operations –
i. Condition and capacity of plant and machinery
ii. Availability of raw materials and power
iii. Degree of vertical integration
iv. Location advantage
v. Cost structure – Fixed and Variable costs
16. (c) Research and Development –
i. Research capabilities of a firm
ii. Track record of new product developments
iii. Laboratories and testing facilities
iv. Coordination between research and other of
departments the organization
(d) Corporate Resources and Personnel –
i. Corporate Image
ii. Clout with government and regulatory agencies
iii. Dynamism of top management
iv. Competence and commitment of employees
v. State of industrial relations
17. (e) Finance and Accounting –
i. Financial leverage and borrowing capacity
ii. Cost of capital
iii. Tax situation
iv. Relations with shareholders and creditors
v. Accounting and control system
vi. Cash flows and liquidity
18. Tools for identifying investment opportunities
(a) Porter 5 forces Model → It helps in analyzing profit
potential of an industry depending upon strength of –
i. Threat of new entrants
ii. Rivalry amongst existing companies
iii. Pressure from substitute products
iv. Bargaining power of buyer
v. Bargaining power of seller
19. (B) LIFE CYCLE APPROACH → THERE ARE FOUR STAGES
A PRODUCT GOES THROUGH DURING
his life cycle each stage represents different investment and net
profit value
(a) Pioneering Stage – In this stage the technology and product
is new, there is high competition and very few entrants survive
this stage.
(b) Rapid Growth Stage – This stage witnesses a significant
expansion in sales and profit.
(c) Maturity Stage – It marks developed industries with mature
product and steady growth rate.
(d) Decline Stage – Due to introduction of new products and
changes in customer preference the industry incur a decline in
market share and profits.
(c) Experience Curve Experience curve analyzes how cost per
unit changes with respect to accumulated volume of production.
Investment must be such that reduces costs.
20. (4) Looking for Project Ideas –
Various sources to look for good project ideas
include:-
i. Trade fairs and exhibitions
ii. Studying Government plans and guidelines
iii. Suggestion of financial institutions and
development agencies
iv. Investigating local materials and resources
v. Analyzing performance of existing industries
vi. Analyzing social and economic trends
vii. Analyzing new technological developments
viii. Studying the consumption pattern of people
abroad
ix. Stimulating creativity to produce new ideas
x. Reducing exports and imports
21. (5) PRELIMINARY SCREENING –
It refers to elimination of project ideas which are not promising.
The factors to be
considered while screening for ideas are:-
♦ Compatibility with the promoter – The idea must be consistent
with the interest,personality and resources of entrepreneur.
♦ Consistency with Government priorities – The idea must be
feasible with national goals and government regulations.
♦ Availability of inputs – Availability of power, raw material,
capital requirements,technology.
♦ Adequacy of Market – Growth in market, prospect of adequate
sale, reasonable
Return on Investment.
♦ Reasonableness of cost – The project must be able to make
reasonable profits with respect to the costs involved.
22. (7) SOURCES OF THE NET PRESENT VALUE
In order to select a profitable and feasible project, a project
manager must carry out a fundamental analysis of the product
and factor market to know about entry barriers which lead to
positive net present value. There are six entry barriers which
result in a positive NPV project.
They are –
i. Economies of scale
ii. Product differentiation
iii. Cost advantage
iv. Marketing reach
v. Technological edge
vi. Government policy
23. Acceptability of risk level – The desirability of the project also
depends upon risks involved in executing it. In order to
access risk the following factors must be considered:-
-Project`s vulnerability to business cycles
-Change technology
-Competition from substitutes
-Government`s control over price and distribution
-Competition from imports
24. (6) PROJECT RATING INDEX →
It is a tool used for evaluating large number of project ideas. It helps in
streamlining the process of preliminary screening. Hence a preliminary
evaluation may be converted in project rating index.
Steps to calculate project rating index→
I. Identifying the factors relevant for project rating
II. Assigning weights to these factors according to their relative
importance(FW)
III. Rate the project proposal on various factors using suitable rating
scale (FR) (5 point scale or 7 point scale)
IV. For each factor multiply the factor rating with factor weight to get
factor scores (FR X FW = FS)
V. All the factor scores are added to get the overall project rating index.
Organization determines a cut off value and the project below this cut
off value are rejected.
25. (8)ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS →
An individual must possess the following traits and qualities in order
to be a successful entrepreneur –
i. He must be Willing to make sacrifices
ii. He must be a good Leader
iii. He must be able to make quick and rational decisions
iv. He must have confidence in the project
v. He must able to exploit market opportunities
vi. He must have strong ego in order to survive ups and downs of a
business
26. CAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUE
CAPITAL BUDGETING
Discount cash flow
technique
Traditional
Technique
Payback Period
Method
Accounting Rate of
Return
Net Present Value Internal Rate of Return Profitability Index
27. TRADITIONAL METHOD
Pay back period Method: the pay back period is the
length of time require to recover the initial cash outlay
on the project. It can be calculated as follow:
Payback period = Cash outlay
Annual cash inflow
The method can be understood as follow :
If a project involves a cash outlay of Rs 6,00,000 and
generates cash inflow of Rs. 1,00,000, Rs 1,50,000,
Rs. 1,50,000 and Rs 2,00,000 in the first, second,
third and fourth Year respectively
28. A project which has an annual cash outlay Rs 10,00,000 and a
constant annual cash inflow of Rs 3,00,000 has a pay back
period = 10,00,000/3,00,000 = 3(1/3) year
EXAMPLE :-
ADVANTAGES :
1. It is a ready method, both in concept and application. It does not
use involved concepts and tedious calculations assumptions. and
has few hidden
2. Since it emphasizes earlier cash inflows, it may be sensible
criterion when the firm is pressed with problems of liquidity.
3. It is a rough and ready method for dealing with risk. It favors
projects which generate substantial cash inflows in earlier years
and discriminates against projects which bring substantial cash
inflows in later years but not in earlier years.
29. DISADVANTAGES:
1. A company can have more favourable short-run earnings for
share by selling up a shorter pay back period. It however, be
remembered that this may not be a wise long term policy as
the company may have to sacrifice its future growth for
current earnings.
2. The emphasis in pay back is on the early recovery of the
investment. Thus, it give an insight to the liquidity of the
project. The funds so released can be put to other uses.
3. The riskiness of the project can be tackled by having a
shorter pay back period as it may ensure guarantee against
loss. Company has to invest in many such projects where
the cash inflows and life expectancies are highly uncertain
30. PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
1. A Project cost Rs 100000 and yield an annual cash inflow of Rs
20,000 for eight years. Calculate the pay back period.
2. There are two project X and Y . Each project requires an investment
of Rs 20,000. you are require to rank these projects according to the
payback period method from the following information
Years
Net Profit before depreciation and after tax
Project “x” Project “y”
1st 1000 2000
2nd 2000 4000
3rd 4000 6000
4th 5000 8000
5th 8000 -----
31. SOLLUTION
Answer 1.
Payback period = Initial outlay of the project
Annual Cash flow
= 1,00,000/20,000 = 5 years
Answer : 2
The payback period for project X is 5 year
(Rs 1000+2000+4000+5000+8000) = 20000
The payback period for project Y is 5 year
(Rs 2000+4000+6000+8000) = 20000
Hence project y should be preferred or rank first.
32. ACCOUNTING RATE OF RETURN TECHNIQUE (ARR)
Accounting Rate of Return Technique (ARR): Also called as
average rate of return is primarily based on accounting
approach rather than cash flow approach. The accounting rate
of return is found out by dividing the average income after
taxes by average investment.
ARR = Average Income after taxes
Average Investment
or
Average income after taxes
Original investment + salvage value
2
33. QUESTION :
A project require an investment of Rs 500000 and has a scrap of
Rs 20000 after 5 years. It is expected to yield profit after
depreciation and taxes during the five years accounting to Rs
40,000, Rs 60000, Rs 70000, Rs. 50000 and Rs 20000. calculate
the average rate of return on the investment .
Solutaion
Totalprofit=40,000+60,000+70,000+50,000+20,000 =2,40,000
Average profit = 240000/5 =48,000
Net investment project =5,00,000-20,000 =4,80,000
Average rate of return =
(Average annual profit/ Net investment in project )*100
= (48,000/480000)*100 = 10%
34. MERITS:
1. Net earnings after depreciation are considered under this
method and this of vital importance in the appraisal of
investment proposals.
2. It is an easy method to adopt and simple to understand.
3. It considers the earnings over the life span of the project
and as such superior to pay back method.
DEMERITS:
1. This method like the pay back method does not consider
the time value of money.
2. It does not differentiate between the size of investment
required for investment proposals. Investment proposals may
have the same ARR but may require different average
investment. In such a situation the method is of no use for the
firm can not precisely decide on the implementation of any
specific proposal.
35. MODERN METHOD
Net Present Value (NPV )Method: This method is one of the
discounted cash flow technique that takes into consideration the
time value of money. It recognizes that cash flow streams at
different time periods differ in value and can be compared only
when they are expressed in terms of a common denominator i.e.
present values.
Discounted cash flow technique
Net Present Value Internal Rate of Return Profitability Index
36. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING NPV:
THE PROCESS OF CALCULATING NPV IS AS FOLLOWS:
The annual net cash flow expected from a project
is calculated by estimating all cash receipts and
deducting from them all expenditure arising out of
the project.
The net cash flow is then discounted to give its
present value. The rate used to discount the cash flow
is required rate of return i.e. the minimum rate of
return expected to be earned from the investment
projects.
The NPV of an investment proposal is then
computed. It is equal to the sum of the present
value of its annual net cash flows after tax less the
investment's initial outlay.
37. NPV = Rt
(1+i)t
NPV = net present value
Rt= net cash flow at time t
i = Discount rate
t = Time of the cash flow
Thus, the NPV method is the process of calculating the
present value of cash flows (inflows and outflows) of an
investment proposal, using the opportunity cost of capital
as the appropriate discounting rate, and finding out the
net present value by subtracting out the present value of
cash outflows from the present value of cash inflows.
38. FEATURES OF NPV METHOD:
1. The NPV of simple project monotonically decreases as the
discount rate increases. The decrease in the NPV, however, is
at a decreasing rate.
2. The NPV method is based on the assumption that the
intermediate cash inflows of the project are re-invested at a
rate of return equal to the firm's cost of capital.
MERITS
1. It considers the cash flow stream in its entirety.
2. The net present value of various projects measured as they are
in today's rupees can be added. For example, the net present value
of a package consisting of two projects, A and B will simply be the
sum of the net present value.
3. It takes into account the time value of money.
4. It squares neatly with the financial objective of maximization of
the wealth of stockholders. The net present value represents the
contribution to the wealth of stockholders.
39. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) METHOD
It is another DCF technique which takes into
account the time value of money. This technique is
also known as yield on investment, marginal
productivity of capital, time adjusted rate of return,
marginal efficiency of capital, rate of return etc.