A capacitor is a device that stores electric charge. It consists of two parallel conductive plates separated by an insulator. When a voltage is applied, opposite charges accumulate on each plate. The amount of charge stored is directly proportional to the applied voltage. This proportionality is defined as capacitance, which depends on the geometry of the plates, the material between them, and their separation distance. When a dielectric material is placed between the plates, the electric field is reduced and capacitance increases due to polarization of the dielectric's molecules. The increase in capacitance is defined as the dielectric constant.

3. CAPACITOR

4. INVENTOR
Ewald Georg Von Kleist
October 1745

5. Q: What is Capacitor?
“A device used to store electric
charge is called a Capacitor”

7. It consist of two conductors
usually in form of Parallel plates
placed near to near other and
separated byVacuum, air or some
dielectric. Such a capacitor is called
Parallel plate capacitor.

8. When a plate of such
capacitor is connected to battery of
voltage V, the plate connected to
positive terminal gains (+Q) charge
and other connected to negative
terminal of battery gain (–Q) charge
in equal amount. These charges
appear on the inner surface of the
plates due to attraction.

9. Let Q be the magnitude of the
charge on either of the plate. It is found that
Q stored by capacitor is directly
proportional to the potential difference V,
(1)
Where C is constant called “Capacitance”

10. “The ability of a capacitor to store charge
called Capacitance”
Its value depends upon:
•The Geometry of Capacitor
•Medium between the plates
•Separation between the plates
From Eq. (1)
C=Q/V = Coulomb/volt=Farad

11. “The Capacitance of a capacitor
is one Farad,If a charge of one coulomb,
given to one plates of parallelplate
capacitor; produce a potential difference
of one volt between them”

12. Consider a parallel plate capacitor consisting
of two parallel metallic plates each of area “A” and
separated by a distance d. The distance between the
plates is small then their size. So the electric field E is
uniform and confined in the region between plates. Let
air or vacuum be present as a medium between plates.
Then capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is given by
CVAC = Q/V (1)
Where Q is the charge and V is the potential difference
Between the plates. Since E is uniform so potential is
given by
V = Ed (2)

13. By electric intensity between two oppositely
charged plates is given by;
E= /єo (3)
Putting the value of E in Eq. (2)
Then,
V= d/єo (4)
If Q is the charge on either of the plates of area A,
then surface charge density is given by,
= Q/A
So eq. (4) becomes,
V = Qd/Aєo

14. Now using this value of V in Eq. (1) we get,
CVAC =Q/Qd/Aєo
CVAC = QAєo/Qd
CVAC =Aєo/d (5)

16. Thus capacitance of parallel plate
capacitor depends upon the nature of
medium, area of plates, and separation
between plates. Capacitance is directly
proportional to area of plates and
inversely proportional to separation of
the plates.

17. Dielectric Outside electric field:
The dielectric is
originally electrically neutral in the absence of an external
electric field.
Dielectric Inside electric field:
When a dielectric is
placed in external electric field, the charges arise as
a result of redistribution of positive and negative
charges within the dielectric material, the charges
are known as induced or polarized charges and
phenomenon is called Electric Polarization.

18. The increase in capacitance of capacitor is
due to polarization of dielectric. The dielectric consists of
atoms and molecules having same number of negative and
positive charges. In these atoms and molecules, the centers of
positive and negative charges coincide with each other.
When this dielectric is placed in an electric field
between the plates of a capacitor, the negative charges
(electrons) are attracted towards the positively charged plate
and positive charges (nuclei) towards the negatively charged
plate of the capacitor. The electrons in the dielectric are not
electrons and nuclei undergo a slight displacement. Due to
the displacement, one end of molecule show positive charge
and other end has equal amount of negative charges, but as a
whole, the molecules are still neutral – Molecule in this case
act as a dipole.

19. “Two equal and opposite charges separated by a small
distance make a dipole”
Thus a molecule of a dielectric become
dipoles and are said to be dipole. The effect of the
polarization of electric is shown, the positively charged
plate attracts the positive end of polar molecule.
Due to polarization on electric field is setup inside
and outside the dielectric charge reduces from plates so the
surface charge density also reduces.
= Q/A
As surface charge density reduces then electric field
intensity is
E = /єo
So the net external electric field between the plates of is
reduced & decrease to potential difference,
E = V/d
C = Q/V

20. Since “Q” remains constant so, when V decreases the
value of “C” increases, Thus the polarization of
dielectric increases the capacitance of capacitor.

21. In an insulating material called dielectric of relative
permittivity “єr “is inserted between plates. Then
the capacitance of a capacitor is increased by the
factor єr called Dielectric Constant.
Consider an experimental demonstration
in which a charged capacitor is connected to a
voltmeter.

22. The reading of a voltmeter gives potential difference
between the plates, when the dielectric is placed between
the plates, the reading of voltmeter is decreased, as
shown below

23. C = Q/V
Since Q remains constant so, when V decreases the
value of “C” increased.
Cmed = Aєoєr /d (6)
So capacitance depends upon:
 Area
 Separation between plates
 Medium
Divide Eq. (6) by Eq. (5), we get
Cmed /Cvac = єr (7)
Thus dielectric coefficient or dielectric constant is
defined as,
“The Ratio of capacitance of Parallel Plate
capacitor with an insulating substance as a medium
between plates to its capacitance with vacuum as a
medium between them”