Cancer is caused by changes in gene expression or mutations that lead to abnormal cell growth. The presentation discusses the types and properties of cancer cells, causes like carcinogenic agents and viruses, tumor suppressor genes like p53 and oncogenes. Proteomics is the study of the complete set of proteins in a cell or organism and techniques used include biomarkers, 2D gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry like MALDI-TOF and SELDI-TOF. Improvements in multidimensional separations and nanotechnology may help identify more biomarkers and develop novel cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.

1. CANCER
PROTEOMICS
PRESENTATION BY
MERESHEGA JAYASANKAR
M.SC BIOTECHNOLOGY
2ND YEAR

2. WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer is an abnormal growth
of cells caused by multiple
changes in gene expression (or)
mutation

3. Types of cancer
Benign tumor
Malignant tumor
3 specific groups
(i) carcinomas
(ii) sarcomas
(iii) Leukemias (or) lymphomas

6. PROPERTIES OF CANCER CELL
 Density dependent inhibition
 Autocrine growth stimulation
 Less adhesive than normal cells
 Insensitive to contact inhibition growth
 Proteases, Angiogenesis
 Fail to differentiate normally
 No apoptosis
 Metastasis

9. Causes of cancer
 In 1775 Percivall Pott a british surgeon
correlation between an environmental
agent & development of cancer
 Carcinogenic agents
 DNA and RNA tumor virus

10. Tumor suppressor genes
 Regulate the growth of cells
 1st suppressor gene to be studied is
retinoblastoma (RB) (sporadic and familial)
 Caretaker genes
 Gatekeeper genes

12. p53
 Guardian of the genome
 Repair of damaged DNA
 Apoptosis if there is extensive damaged
DNA
 TP53 when absent may cause Li-
Fraumeni syndome.
 BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor
genes help repair damaged DNA

14. Oncogenes
 Promote loss of growth control
 Derived from proto-oncogenes
 First human oncogene identified as
human homolog of the rasH(oncogene of
harvey sarcoma virus)
 Activation of oncogene called gene
amplification (erbB-2)

16. proteomics
 The term proteomics and proteome coined by
Mark Willkins & his colleagues
 Complete collection of proteins encoded by a
genome of an organism
 Various type of techniques
Biomarkers
2-D PAGE
Mass spectrometry
Protein microarrays

17. Biomarkers
 A cancer biomarker refers to that is
indicative of the presence of cancer in the
body
 Important tool for cancer detection &
monitoring
 Proteins used as biomarkers (HER-2,
EGFR)

18. Protein separation
2-d page

19. Mass spectrometry
 It is an analytical technique that ionizes
chemical species and sorts the ions based
on their mass to charge ratio
 Used to identify proteins in a mixture
 MALDI-TOF : Matrix associated laser
desorption ionization time of flight

20. MALDI-TOF

21. SELDI -TOF
 Extension of MALDI-TOF
 The differences between SELDI & MALDI
construction of sample target
design of the analyzer
software tools used

23. Future implications
 Improvements in the area of multidimensional
separations promise the importance of biomarkers
identification (LCM)
 Development of proteomic pattern diagnostic might
represent a revolution in the field of molecular field
 Nanotechnology devices have the potential to
greatly expand the capabilities of proteomics,
addressing and providing a "toolbox" to translate the
discovery of protein biomarkers to novel therapeutic
and diagnostic tests
 Nanowires & nanocantilever arrays can be used in
biosensors that measure minute quantities of
biomarkers in biological fluids

24. References
 Proteomic Applications for detection of
cancer (Nature Reviews)
Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Lance A.Liotta
& Emanuel F.Petricoin
 Cell Biology 7th EDITION (Gerald Karp)
chapter-16
 The cell 2nd EDITION A Molecular
approach
(Geoffrey M Cooper)
chapter-13

25. THANK YOU