The combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is a logical and reasonable approach that has already proven beneficial for several malignancies.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
The combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is a logical and reasonable approach that has already proven beneficial for several malignancies.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
Cancer has become a global event that requires study, research and development of all that is new. The process of determining the stage of a tumor is considered the most important in treatment, in order to choose the appropriate type of treatment according to the stage. Treatment in the early stages may be limited to surgical intervention, while chemotherapy is added to improve survival. In the advanced stage, chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and immunotherapy are used. Also, the use of the multimodal treatment method is one of the recent therapeutic developments, as is the adjunctive use of chemotherapy and radiation before surgical intervention.
The surprising dangers of CT scans and X-rays
Patients are often exposed to cancer-causing radiation for little medical reason, a Consumer Reports investigation finds
How useful are advance directives in directing end of life care and do people really understand or want to know the true status of their health as the end nears?
Understanding how intermittent fasting may not only help weight loss but have multiple other health benefits including life prolongation, preventing cancer and dementia
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
4. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
German] mechanical engineer and physicist
who, on 8 November 1895, produced and
detected electromagnetic radiation in
a wavelength range known as X-rays or
Röntgen rays.
About six weeks after his discovery, he took
a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays of
his wife Anna Bertha's hand
By 1896 doctors around the world were using x-rays to take pictures of patients
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Radiology : use of radiation (X-rays and
high energy radiation) for diagnosis, and
now called Medical Imaging
Ultrasound – using focused high-frequency sound waves
X-rays – chest, mammograms, bone films
CT Scan (computed tomography) – slices of x-ray images combined by computer
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – strong magnetic field that aligns the protons of hydrogen atoms and
spins the protons to produce a faint signal that is detected
Nuclear Medicine – injecting an isotope into the patient and getting images to show where the radiation
concentrates
Bone Scan – use an isotope that concentrates in the bone
PET Scan (positron emission tomography) – use a positron releasing isotope attached to a specific agent
that will concentrate in the target (glucose for cancer or infection or high blood flow 18F-FDG or for bone
NaF-F18)
No radiation exposure using ultrasound or MRI
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimates that
exposure to 10 mSv from an imaging test would be expected
to increase the risk of death from cancer by about
1 chance in 2000
15. Risk of radiation induced cancer is related to the patient age
and the type of procedure (dose of radiation they are exposed
to)
16. Only include mammograms for breast cancer screening, Low dose CT scans
for lung cancer screening, and option of CT for colon/rectal cancer screening
NCCN.Org
Which stages or cancers need CT, MRI or PET
scans and the frequency
20. Imaging for Advanced Breast
Cancer
Young woman with large, triple negative cancer in the
left breast
mammogram
ultrasound
PET scan
MRI scan
21. Ducts and glands are dense and look
white or grey on an X-ray and fat is
lower density and looks black on an X-
ray
So mammograms may miss cancer on
younger women or women with very
dense breasts, and they may do better
with an MRI or ultrasound.
25. Probability of Breast Cancer
by BIRADS
BI-RADS 3 1.0%
BI-RADS 4 18.6%
4A 6%
4B 15%
4C 53%
Am J Prev Med. 2013 Jan; 44(1): 15–22.
26. Mammography
sensitivity: overall 80%
age: < 40y 54 – 58%
> 65y 81 – 94%
High breast density is associated with 10 – 29% lower
sensitivity
Sensitivity of only 50% in women with dense breasts and 33%
in BRACA study
Breast cancer is accurately diagnosed through mammography in about 78 percent of all women tested, while
diagnostic accuracy rises to about 83 percent for women over 50. false positives, about 6-8%, estimated 17% of
breast cancers missed by mammography. The number may rise as high as 30% for women with dense breasts
27. How often will a mammogram miss finding a cancer in a
young woman?
42 – 46%
Never!
28. Biopsy = 9mm invasive ductal cancer
Mammogram in a woman with fatty,
low density breasts
29. Breast Density can make imaging very difficult, this woman had a palpable mass that was
very difficult to see because her diffuse breast density
mammogram CT Scan
MRI
31. Mammograms may often show areas of
calcification, these may be malignant. In
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), there is
normally no mass but just an area of
calcification
35. Mammogram report = 7mm
spiculated lesion in the
upper, outer part of the breast
Pathology = 1cm, grade 1,
invasive ductal cancer with
all nodes clear
Mammogram of Early
Breast Cancer
36. Regular Mammogram with Compression Views to Better Show the
Lesion, biopsy showed 9mm Grade 1 invasive ductal cancer
41. Breast MRI
Path = 2.2 cm
cancer in right
breast, left breast
was benign
(False positive?)
benign
42. Breast MRI
Will show the breast tumor as well
as the lymph nodes
Mastectomy = 6cm lobular
cancer with 41 out of 42 lymph
nodes positive for cancer spread
47. Breast MRI Scan
In a woman with dense breasts, the mammogram was
normal but the MRI showed the cancer
48. mammogram
Breast MRI
MRI may show deep tumors that can be missed on the edge of
the mammogram images and can be better seen and the depth
on the MRI
62. 3D Mammography More Likely to Find Small Invasive
Breast Cancers, Especially in Women Younger Than 50
Three-dimensional mammography (also called digital breast tomosynthesis, digital tomosynthesis, or just
tomosynthesis) creates a three-dimensional picture of the breast using X-rays.
the study found that screening with 3D mammography increased breast cancer detection rates by about
40%.
•73.7% of breast cancers found with 3D mammography were 1 centimeter (cm) or smaller and node-
negative
•65.4% of breast cancers found with digital mammography were 1 cm or smaller and node-negative
•This difference in detecting small breast cancers was especially notable in women age 40 to 49. For these
women, 3D mammography found 4.41 invasive cancers per 1,000 exams in women with nondense breasts
compared to 2.71 invasive cancers per 1,000 exams found by conventional 2D digital mammography.
70. PET Showing Lymph Nodes Spread with Lung
Cancer
SupraClavicular Mediastinal Hilar
N3 N2 N1
Lung
Lung
Heart
71. On a CT scan, the cancer,
the fluid and the
collapsed lung may all
look the same (grey)
The PET will show the
difference since is shows
metabolism (how much
glucose is being
consumed in the area,
cancers consume a very
high quantity and appear
bright yellow)
72. SBRT with Tomotherapy
PET Scan before and 2 Months after Tomotherapy
PET Scan helps
to find the
cancer and also
helps to prove
whether the
radiation has
killed the cancer
(the grey scar
should no
longer be hot
on the PET)
Hot
Cold
74. Standard test is an MRI (not a
CT scan) given with
intravenous contrast
(gadolinium).
Since a brain biopsy may not
always be an option it is
critical that the radiologist
can accurately identify the
correct diagnosis
76. CT Scan MRI Scan
Better definition from an MRI than a CT
77. The tumor may
be almost
invisible on the
MRI unless IV
contrast is given
78. PET scans are not very
helpful for brain
tumors. Since the brain
uses large amounts of
glucose it looks so
bright on the PET a
tumor would be hard
to see.