Breast cancer :-
is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control. There are different kinds of breast cancer. The kind of breast cancer depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer.
Breast cancer can begin in different parts of the breast:
1- Lobule (the glands that produce milk).
2- Ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple).
3- Connective tissue (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue)( surrounds and holds everything together) .
*Most breast cancers begin in the ducts or lobules.
*Breast cancer can spread outside the breast through blood vessels and lymph vessels.
Overview of breast cancer screening and diagnosis Linnet Thomas
Breast cancer development and progression
Diagnosis methods
Treatment methods
Existing screening and diagnostic tools
Emerging techniques for screening and diagnosis
Innovative products or technologies for breast cancer screening and diagnosis
Check a showcase of our Breast Cancer PowerPoint Presentation. Download Breast Cancer PowerPoint presentation now for great and creative presentation ideas on Breast Cancer Prevention & Control. This is our general marketing powerpoint presentation on breast cancer prevention & control. We invite you to download TheTemplateWizard's Breast Cancer PPT presentation for great ideas on healthcare presentations. We have created Breast Cancer sample powerpoint presentations that demonstrates how to use visuals and illustrations in your PowerPoint presentations.
Breast cancer :-
is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control. There are different kinds of breast cancer. The kind of breast cancer depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer.
Breast cancer can begin in different parts of the breast:
1- Lobule (the glands that produce milk).
2- Ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple).
3- Connective tissue (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue)( surrounds and holds everything together) .
*Most breast cancers begin in the ducts or lobules.
*Breast cancer can spread outside the breast through blood vessels and lymph vessels.
Overview of breast cancer screening and diagnosis Linnet Thomas
Breast cancer development and progression
Diagnosis methods
Treatment methods
Existing screening and diagnostic tools
Emerging techniques for screening and diagnosis
Innovative products or technologies for breast cancer screening and diagnosis
Check a showcase of our Breast Cancer PowerPoint Presentation. Download Breast Cancer PowerPoint presentation now for great and creative presentation ideas on Breast Cancer Prevention & Control. This is our general marketing powerpoint presentation on breast cancer prevention & control. We invite you to download TheTemplateWizard's Breast Cancer PPT presentation for great ideas on healthcare presentations. We have created Breast Cancer sample powerpoint presentations that demonstrates how to use visuals and illustrations in your PowerPoint presentations.
BRCA – Importance in Hereditary Breast & Ovarian CancerLifecare Centre
BRCA – Importance in Hereditary
Breast & Ovarian Cancer
DGF & WOW India
presentation was made by
Dr Sharda Jain
based on presentation made by
Dr Sunil Tadepalli
Studies have shown that older women receive less aggressive screening and treatment for breast cancer. Geriatric Oncologist, Meghan Karuturi, of MD Anderson Cancer Center joins us in this webinar to discuss age bias and how it affects older patients.
breast cancer
cancer
epidemiology
community medicine
awareness of breast cancer
سرطان الثدي
وبائيات سرطان الثدي
epidemiology of breast cancer
prevention of breast cancer
risk factors of breast cancer
epidemiology of breast cancer in iraq
sign and symptoms of breast cancer
location of breast cancer
Knowledge Discovery from Breast Cancer Databaseiosrjce
In this paper, we study various factors leading to breast cancer and also a few symptoms that act as
biomarkers for the occurrence of breast cancer in women. Totally 18 factors are taken for study. Statistical
techniques are used to analyze the influence of various factors towards the disease and test for significance of
factors is also done. Besides association rule mining is attempted to generate possible factors that may lead to
breast cancer. An attempt to classify the given dataset using information gain techniques and CHAID
techniques was done. Clustering was also done to predict the occurrence of breast cancer. The results show
that there is more possibility of developing breast cancer among married working women who have breast fed less than 2.5 years in total.
Sharad Ghamande, MD, FACOG
Professor and Director of Gynecologic Oncology
Augusta University Cancer Center
Presentation to the Georgia Senate Women's Adequate Healthcare Study Committee
www.gacommissiononwomen.org
How useful are advance directives in directing end of life care and do people really understand or want to know the true status of their health as the end nears?
Understanding how intermittent fasting may not only help weight loss but have multiple other health benefits including life prolongation, preventing cancer and dementia
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Some basic facts about breast cancer every
woman should know
- How common and at what age
- Are cases increasing or decreasing
- Is it clear what are the risk factors and can you
lower your risk
- How serious is it and are we making any
progress
3. Things that you can (easily?) do to lower your risk from breast
cancer
a.Make sure you get your mammogram
b.Try to avoid unwanted weight gain as you get older
c.Try to limit alcohol consumption
Hey, don’t look at me!
4. Trends in Breast Cancer Screening in a Safety-Net Hospital
During the COVID-19 Pandemic
AMA Netw Open. 2021;4(8):e2119929
number of cancer screening tests
received by women through CDC’s
National Breast Detection Program
(Early Detection Program) declined by
87% for breast cancer and during April
2020 as compared with the previous 5-
year averages for that month (Also
people gained weight and increased
alcohol consumption during the
pandemic)
https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/
2021/p0630-cancer-screenings.html
COVID
5. UndesiredWeight Gain Since the Start of the Pandemic
women
Weight gain was
inversely related
to age
https://www.tfah.org/
6. Americans started drinking more as soon as the
pandemic began in full last year — a 54%
increase in national alcohol sales by March 21,
2020.
And as the pandemic wore on, so did Americans'
drinking.
A survey from late 2020 found 75% of Americans
increased their alcohol, women increased their
alcohol intake by 39% compared to 2019.
https://www.axios.com/americans-drinking-alcohol-
pandemic-29ee70d7-40ae-4e71-807a-3f4ad2ee19b8.html
7. “The only way to keep your health is
to eat what you don't want, drink
what you don't like, and do what
you'd rather not.”
MarkTwain
I’m not in the mood for any lectures right now!
8. By replacing your
morning coffee with
green tea…
You can lose up to 87%
of what little joy you
still have left in your
life.
There actually are some reliable data about the harm or benefits
of changing your behavior.
10. 2nd Most Common Cancer Killer inWomen in 2021
Crude Death Rate
All: 289K/928 = 31%
Breast: 44K/282K = 15%
Lung: 62K/117K = 54%
Pancreas: 23K/28K = 82%
11. Most cancers are
sensitive to
hormone therapy
(estrogen receptor
positive) and are
negative for the
HER2 mutation
Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2019-2020
12. Molecular Subtypes of breast Cancer
Name HR HER2 Surv/4y
Luminal A (73%) + - 92.5%
Luminal B (11%) + + 90.3%
HER2 enriched (4%) - + 82.7%
Triple Negative (12%) - - 77.0%
Howlader N, Cronin KA, Kurian AW, Andridge R. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018 Jun; 27(6):619- 626.
13. New Invasive Breast Cancer by Age in
US for 2019
Some screening
guidelines limited to age
50 – 70y but note that
would cover only 51% of
the new cases of invasive
cancer
23. Slightly More advanced
stage distribution in
Black or Hispanic
Some of the higher death
rate may be due to
socioeconomic factors
24. The breast cancer mortality rate is 41% higher for Black women than
white women.
White women are almost five times more likely than Black women to
be referred for genetic counseling and testing Journal of
Clinical Oncology, Oct. 18, 2021
other research has found when testing was recommended by NCCN Black
patients less than 60%
white patients rate of 93%
Data also suggest Black patients are more comfortable working with providers of the
same race, but only about 3% of U.S. oncologists are Black.
28. Cancer Median Age at Diagnosis Median Age at Death
All 66 (M) 65 (F) 72 (M) 73 (F)
Breast 63 (F) 69 (F)
Colon 67 (M) 70 (F) 70 (M) 75 (F)
Lung 70 (M) 71 (F) 71 (M) 73 (F)
Prostate 67 (W) 64 (B) 81 (W) 76 (B)
SEER Median Age of Cancer Patients at Diagnosisa,
2014-2018
By Primary Cancer Site, Race and Sex
https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2018/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=1&pageSEL=sect_01_table.11
Median Age of Cancer Patients at Deatha,
2014-2018
29. Lose 9 people first 5 years
Lose 7 people next 5 years
Lose 4 people next 5 years
30. HER2 + no longer has a
significantly worse outcome
Triple negative the worste
outcome
31. Factor Comparison Numerical Risk
Gender Female: Male 100 X
Age 70y:30y 10 X
Dense Breast dense:normal 4.6 – 1.8X
Obesity postmen 2.85X
HRT progestin:no 1.26X
Alcohol per avg 1/day 1.07X
Breast Feeding per 12 mos or per kid 0.93X
Exercise nonactive 0.80X
Teen Pregnancy nullip or late pregn 0.50X
How Important are Risk Factors?
32.
33. Increased almost twofold if a woman had
one affected first-degree relative
Increased threefold if she had two
affected first-degree relatives
threefold higher risk if the first-degree
relative was diagnosed before age 30
but the risk is only 1.5-fold higher if the
affected relative was diagnosed after age
60.
34.
35. Balanced, Low-Fat Diet Reduces Risk of Death From Breast Cancer in
PostmenopausalWomen May 15, 2019
The federally fundedWomen’s Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial of dietary modificationThis is the first large,
randomized clinical trial to show that diet can reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer.
36.
37.
38.
39. Women's Health Initiative (WHI),
combined estrogen-progestin
replacement therapy was
associated with a significant
increase in invasive breast cancer
(HR 1.24)
menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer
40. The risk of
breast cancer is
highest among
long term users
of hormone
replacement
41.
42.
43. https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/breast-cancer-survival-exercise
met the minimum physical activity guidelines both before diagnosis and at the
2-year follow-up (after treatment) had a 55% reduced chance of their cancer
returning and a 68% reduced chance of death from any cause (not just breast
cancer)
did not meet the guidelines before diagnosis but met them at the 2-year follow-
up, the chance of recurrence or death was reduced by 46% and 43%,
respectively
For Women with Breast
Cancer, Regular Exercise
May Improve Survival
collected information on the physical activity levels of
women with high-risk breast cancer
45. If the 5-year risk is
over 1.7%
consider taking
hormonal
medication to
lower the risk
Tamoxifen, Raloxifene
(Evista) or Aromatase
Inhibitors (Arimidex,
Aromasin, Femara)
46.
47. Chances among 10,000 women who undergo annual screening mammography for 10 years: (A) of experiencing a
false-positive mammogram, undergoing a breast biopsy, and developing breast cancer;
48. Chances among 10,000 women who undergo annual screening mammography for 10 years of being cured of
breast cancer regardless of screening and averting death from breast cancer because of screening
mammography.
Is it worth
it?
49.
50. For women of normal risk recommend annual mammograms at
age 40 with no upper age limit.
There is limited data on benefits from women > 70y since the trials
did not include them, however observational studies and computer
models show benefit out to age 80 – 84.
Mortality benefit in the trials was delayed for 5 to 7 years, so life
expectancy shorter than that may consider stop screening
57. Cancer Without
Chemotherapy: ‘A Totally
Different World’
nytimes.com/2021/09/27/health/breast-cancer-chemotherapy-lung.html
The breast cancer treatment guidelines issued by the
NCI 30 years ago: chemotherapy for about 95 percent
of patients with breast cancer.
women 60 yo or older 35 percent of older women received
chemotherapy in 2012. That number fell to 19 percent by the end of
2019.
There are now at least 14 new targeted breast cancer drugs on the
market — three were approved just last year — with dozens more in
clinical trials and hundreds in initial development.
58. Changing Survival with Metastatic Breast
Cancer usingTargeted Drugs (not
chemotherapy)
Biomarker Survival Survival Now
90’s H/70’s E
HER2 + 20 Months 57 Months
ERP + 24 Months 64 Months
59.
60. HER2 Positive Breast Cancer from the worst to
the best)
By 1987 it was known that if the breast cancer over
expressed HER2 (about 25% of women did) the prognosis
was much worse (median survival only 3 years compared
to 6-7 years)
First ever mono-clonal therapy (Herceptin) cancer for 1991
phase 1 trial, phase 3 1995 also get FDA approval for hercep
test by 1998 approved for metastatic and adjuvant in 2005
(standing ovation)
61. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors on the surface of a cell
HER 2 malfunctions in about 25% of breast cancer cases
62. HER2 or human epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) family
Amplification = too many copies of the gene
Overexpression = too many copies of the HER2 receptor
Instead of 20,000 receptors on the surface the cancer cell has 2 million
63. The Oncogene HER2
It is not inherited (germline) it is due to a
mutation that occurs after birth (somatic
mutation)
79. PERJETA and Herceptin target cells with too
much HER2
Combining Herceptin and Perjeta in HRER2 + cancers is even
more effective in treating this cancer
82. Also a conjugate using a monoclonal antibody to deliver
chemotherapy only to the cancer cells
83. Too many growth receptors on the surface of the breast cancer cell in HER2 + Cancer
84. The excessive number of growth receptors on the surface combine and start releasing growth signalling
into the cell
85.
86. Tukysa works on the HER2 protein from inside the cell WhileTrastuzumab works on the extracellular part
Tucatinib a HER2 Inhibitor
87. A monoclonal antibody but they engineered the Fc portion to bind
even better to NK cells and get an immunotherapy boost to the
effectiveness
88.
89. Cleveland Clinic StartsVaccineTrial againstTNBC
(Triple Negative Breast Cancer)
vaccine targets the milk protein α-lactalbumin and found that 70% to 80% of TNBCs produce too much α-lactalbumin.