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cancer how when and what
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. There are over 100 types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. The four most common cancers are breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. Cancer is treated through surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the type and stage. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help prevent cancer by avoiding risk factors like smoking and excessive sun exposure.
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Similar to cancer how when and what
cancer how when and what
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- 2. Background • Cells divideand multiply as the body needs them. When these cells continue multiplying when the body doesn't need them, the result is a mass or growth, also called a tumor.
- 3. Background • These growthsare considered either benign or malignant. • Each type of cancer is unique with its own causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment. Like with all groups of disease, some types of cancer are more common than others.
- 4. Cancer • a malignanttumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and metastasis
- 5. Cancer • Cancer isone of the most common diseases in the world: • 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer • Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men • Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women • There are over 100 different forms of cancer
- 6. Cancer • The division(mitosis) of normal cells is precisely controlled. New cells are only formed for growth or to replace dead ones. • Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control even though they are not needed, they crowd out other normal cells and function abnormally. • They can also destroy the correct functioning of major organs.
- 7. Cancer Is OneOutcome of A Runaway Cell Cycle Licentious division - prostate cancer cells during division.
- 10. The Cell Cycleand Cancer Neoplasm-Neoplasm- abnormal growth of cellsabnormal growth of cells BenignBenign neoplasms areneoplasms are not cancerousnot cancerous Encapsulated; Do not invadeEncapsulated; Do not invade neighboring tissue or spreadneighboring tissue or spread MalignantMalignant neoplasms areneoplasms are cancerouscancerous Not encapsulated; Readily invadeNot encapsulated; Readily invade neighboring tissuesneighboring tissues May also detach and lodge in distantMay also detach and lodge in distant places – metastasisplaces – metastasis
- 12. Characteristics of CancerCells Lack differentiation (control)Lack differentiation (control) Have abnormal nucleiHave abnormal nuclei Form tumorsForm tumors Mitosis controlled by contact withMitosis controlled by contact with neighboring cells – contact inhibitionneighboring cells – contact inhibition Cancer cells have lost contactCancer cells have lost contact inhibitioninhibition
- 13. What causes cancer? •Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene. • Lack of apoptosis (self destruction) • P53 and P 21 genes • these genes could actually be mutated be chemotherapy • Microtubules ( there are some drugs that targets them make the cell grow
- 14. • P-Glycoprotien pump •Angiogenesis (formation of blood vessels by VA GV) • Metastasis (original tumor easily fragments • Inflammation(chronic,infection can weaken our immune system that create environment for cancer • Myc oncogene (easily mutated gene, from food, bacteria and virus)
- 15. • Exosomes (boomsthat inhibit the action of NK cells • ER- and ER-ß( estrogen receptorɑ cancer) • Milieu(environment)
- 17. Carcinogens • Ionising radiation– X Rays, UV light • Chemicals – tar from cigarettes • Virus infection – papilloma virus can be responsible for cervical cancer. • Hereditary predisposition – Some families are more susceptible to getting certain cancers. Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just that you maybe more susceptible to getting it.
- 18. Cell Cycle 4 Cell division Mitosis 3 DNA repair G2 1 Cell grows, doubles insize G1 S 2 Chromosome duplication G2/M checkpoint G1/S checkpoint
- 19. Signal Transduction • Innormal cells, signals from outside cell can –Activate tumor suppressor genes (turning off cell division) or –Activate proto-oncogenes (turning on cell division) • Signals can be proteins, hormones, or nerve signals • May include steroids, pollutants, and other molecules
- 20. Process of SignalTransduction • Signal binds to a receptor in plasma membrane • Binding sets off series of interactions inside cell • Signal molecule may remain outside cell • Binding of signal changes shape of receptor and allows it to transmit signal to other proteins • May alter gene expression
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- 22. Tumor Suppressor Genes •Tumor suppressor genes produce proteins that suppresses growth and proliferation. • These are “loss of function” or recessive mutations. • Being heterozygous enhances the probability of cancer but this will require a mutation in the corresponding other allele. e.g., it need to be homozygous for the gene. • Tumor supressor genes include: (a) Proteins that regulate or inhibit progression through a cell cycle stage like CKI’s: p16, p21; (b) Receptors for secreted hormones/growth factors that function to inhibit proliferation: e.g., TGF-beta; (c) Restriction point (Rb) & check point (p53) control proteins.
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- 24. Proto-Oncogene Growth Factor Tyrosine kinase receptor RAS (Gprotein) Protein kinases Nucleus Protein that stimulates cell cycle Transcription factor Gene expression
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- 26. CANCER CELLS ARECHARACTERIZED BY GLOBAL ABERRATIONS IN THE NUMBER SIZE AND BANDING PATTERNS OF CHROMOSOMES GIVING RISE TO THE IDEA OF A “CHAOTIC GENOME” IN CANCER CELLS. Chromosome painting of normal diploid human cells Chromosome painting of an osteosarcoma cell line (MG- 63)
- 27. What are thedifferent kinds of Cancer? • The four most common cancers are: • Breast Cancer • Colon Cancer • Lung Cancer • Prostate Cancer
- 28. What are thedifferent kinds of Cancer? • Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic Systems: • Hodgkin's Disease • Leukaemia • Lymphomas • Multiple Myeloma • Waldenström's Disease
- 29. What are thedifferent kinds of Cancer? • Cancers of Digestive Systems: • Head and Neck Cancers • Esophageal Cancer • Stomach Cancer • Cancer of Pancreas • Liver Cancer • Colon and Rectal Cancer • Anal cancer
- 30. What are thedifferent kinds of Cancer? • Cancers of Urinary system: • Kidney Cancer • Bladder Cancer • Testis Cancer • Prostate Cancer
- 31. What are thedifferent kinds of Cancer? • Miscellaneous cancers: • Brain Tumors • Bone Tumors • Nasopharyngeal Cancer • Retroperitoneal sarcomas • Soft Tissue Tumors • Thyroid Cancer • Cancers of Unknown Primary Site
- 32. Cancer Treatment • Chemotherapytreatment • uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the body, including cells at the original cancer site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the body.
- 33. Cancer Treatment • Chemotherapytreatment • or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it affects the whole body by going through the bloodstream. • In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the cancer
- 34. Cancer Treatment • Radiationtherapy (also called radiotherapy) • Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment; it affects cancer cells only in the treated area. Radiation can come from a machine (external radiation).
- 35. Cancer Treatment It canalso come from an implant (a small container of radioactive material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation). Some patients receive both kinds of radiation therapy.
- 37. Cancer Prevention • Healthylifestyle – Exercise and proper breathing – Balanced diet – Complete rest and sleep – Water (8 to 10 glasses daily) – Eating Fruit on an empty stomach
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