Cancer is caused by various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The document discusses the major etiological factors of cancer such as tobacco use (25-30% of cancers), certain viral infections, chronic inflammation, chemical and physical carcinogens, dietary components, and obesity. It provides details on how each of these factors can damage DNA and promote uncontrolled cell growth and tumor development. The key message is that lifestyle modifications like quitting tobacco, eating healthy, and staying physically active can prevent up to 65% of cancers.
These treatments includes surgeries, radiations, chemical agents, or biological therapies
A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific type of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
These treatments includes surgeries, radiations, chemical agents, or biological therapies
A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific type of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer, known medically as a
malignant neoplasm, is a broad group
of various diseases, all involving
unregulated cell growth.
In cancer, cells divide and grow
uncontrollably forming malignant
tumors and invade nearby parts of the
body.
The cancer may also spread to more
distant parts through lymph or blood.
3. HANAHAN’S SIX HALLMARKS OF CANCER
Self Sufficiency in Growth Signals
Insensitivity to Antigrowth Signals
Tissue Invasion and Metastasis
Limitless Replicative Potential
Sustained Angiogenesis
Evading Apoptosis
Prof. Douglas
Hanahan
Prof. Robert
Weinberg
6. ROAD MAP FOR DISCUSSION
A. Tobacco (25-30%)
B. Cancer Susceptibility Syndrome (5-
10%)
C. DNA Viruses & RNA Viruses
D. Inflammation (15-
20%)
E. Chemical Factors
F. Physical Factors (up to 10%)
G. Dietary Factors
(30-35%)
8. There are about 1.2 billion smokers and
hundreds of millions of smokeless tobacco
users.
Cigarette smoking causes well over 1 million
cancer deaths worldwide.
Lung Cancer is the dominant malignancy.
19 cancers for which evidence is considered
sufficient that they are caused by cigarette
smoking
3 cancers caused by smokeless tobacco
9.
10. CONSTITUENTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE CLASSIFIED BY IARC AS
CARCINOGENIC ( UPDATED AND REVISED IN 2010)
72 compounds listed and 15 are carcinogenic to
humans
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
N-Nitrosamines
Aromatic Amines
Aldehydes
Phenolic Compounds
Nitrohydrocarbons
Miscellaneous Organic Compounds
Metals and Inorganic Compounds
14. Some genetic mutations confer such pro-
tumorigenic power that individuals who harbour
them are at extreme risk for cancer development.
A large number of proteins that regulate genomic
integrity (caretakers) and critical tumour suppressors
are mutated in cancer susceptibility syndromes.
15. Hereditary tumorigenesis - One mutant allele is inherited from either parent
Sporadic tumorigenesis - One allele is mutated somatically, in which case there is one
predisposed cell.
16. CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES &
ASSOCIATED SYNDROMES
Function Gene Associated
Syndrome
Regulation of Translation PTEN
LKB1
Cowden Syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers
Syndrome
PTCH 1
Nevoid Basal Cell
Syndrome
Regulation of
Proliferation NF 1 Neurofibromatosis 1
(AD)
APC Familial Adenomatous
Polyposis (AD)
Genomic Integrity and
Apoptosis BLM Bloom’s Syndrome
TP53 Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
17. PREVALENT SYNDROMES
HNPCC/ Lynch Syndrome – Most common CS
disease; Incidence is 1 in 400; AD with 90%
penetrance; Additional Risk of Endometrial
Cancer.
Hereditary Breast-Ovarian Cancer Syndrome
(HBOC) – BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations; AD
with 85% penetrance.
NF 1 – AD with 100% penetreance.
FAP – AD with high penetrance; Germ line
mutation in APC gene on 5q
18. CS SYNDROMES DUE TO PROTO-
ONCOGENE ACTIVATION
Costello Syndrome – HRAS Gene
Hereditary Papillary Renal Cancer – MET Gene
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 – RET Gene
Hereditary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors – KIT
Gene
Familial Melanoma – CDK4 Gene
24. CANCER AND INFLAMMATION
Chronic inflammation tends to be associated with protumor effects.
Acute inflammation is associated with an antitumor effect.
However, this distinction is not absolute.
26. CANCERS ASSOC WITH INFLAMMATION CAUSED
BY INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Pathological Condition Associated Tumor Pathogens
Hepatitis HCC Hepatitis B, C
Mononucleosis B cell NHL and Burkitt’s EBV
AIDS NHL, SCC, KS HIV, HHV-8
Warts Skin cancer Papillomaviruses
Gastritis/Ulcers Gastric adenocarcinoma H.Pylori
Chronic Cholecystitis Gall bladder Cancer Bacteria, Gallbladder
Stones
Opisthorchiasis, Cholangitis Cholangiosarcoma, Colon Ca Opisthorchis viverrini,
Opisthorcis sinensis
Chronic Cystitis Bladder, Liver, Rectal Ca,
Follicular lymphoma of
Spleen
S.hematobium,
S.japonicum, Irradiation,
Carcinogens
27. Tissue damage and repair .
Increase in the proliferation rate in the affected tissue.
Increase in the probability of mutation or chromosomal translocation during
mitosis.
33. It has been estimated that 1 Gy of ionizing radiation
gives rise to about 40 DSBs, 1,000 SSBs, 1,000
base lesions, and 150 DNA-protein cross-links per
cell.
34.
35. RFR and MR do not have sufficient energies to
cause ionizations in target tissues.
Sources - mobile phones, radars, medical devices,
and kitchen appliances.
Mobile phones emit radiofrequency radiation (RFR)
and generate EMFs.
At these intensities, induction of DNA damage has
been detected only in laboratory studies.
38. DIET
Mutagens in foods, due to heating of
proteins, can cause damage to DNA.
Alcohol - Best established dietary risk factor
Fat – Cancers of breast, colon, prostate, and
endometrium.
Red meat - Increased risk of colorectal
cancer.
39. Direct damage in the upper GI tract.
Modulation of DNA methylation.
Acetaldehyde - Enhances proliferation of epithelial cells,
forms DNA adducts, and is a recognized carcinogen.
40. CONTD..
Regular consumption - Increased risk of colorectal cancer.
The association is strongest for processed meat.
Anabolic hormones used in meat production.
Heterocyclic amines and PAH formed during cooking.
High amounts of heme iron, and nitrates and related
compounds convert to carcinogenic nitrosamines in the
colon.
41. CONTD..
Fruits and vegetables have been hypothesized in
cancer prevention.
Contain antioxidants, minerals, fiber, potassium,
carotenoids, vitamin C, folate, and other vitamins.
Supply less than 5% of total energy intake but
concentration of micronutrients in these foods is
greater than in most others.
42. CONTD..
Fiber is fermented by the luminal bacteria of the colon.
Bulking effect ; Reduces colonic transit time, and the binding
of potentially carcinogenic luminal chemicals.
May also aid in producing short-chain fatty acids that may
be directly anticarcinogenic, and fiber may induce apoptosis.
44. Overweight Endogenous Risk of
Endometrial
& Obesity estrogen levels & Breast Cancer
Established risk factor for colon cancer in both men and
women.
Increased physical activity - Protective for colon cancer.
Impact on insulin sensitivity and IGF profiles, and
inflammation, as well as some colon-specific mechanisms
Physical activity stimulates stool transit in the colon,
decreasing the exposure of colonic mucosa to carcinogens in
45.
46. CONTD..
Obese & Gastro esophageal Gastric
High BMI Reflux symptoms
Adenocarcinoma
Obesity, in addition to high blood pressure and diabetes, is
an established risk factor for kidney cancer.
High BMI and Obesity have also been implicated in various
studies of Gall Bladder Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Prostate
Cancer and NHL..
47. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Most common causes of cancer are Tobacco(25-
30%), Diet and Physical Activity related Factors
(30-35%).
60-65% cancers can be prevented just by Lifestyle
modification.
Vaccines which can prevent malignancies should
be emphasized and counseled to parents.
Genetically related malignancies like Breast and
Colon Cancer should have screening and Genetic
Counseling.
49. REFERENCES
Devita Hellman and Rosenberg’s Cancer:
Principles and Practice of Oncology, 9th
Edition.
Wikipedia
Google Images
Editor's Notes
Good Evening Everybody.. I’m Dr. Abhilash from Dept of Radiotherapy.. My topic for today is Etiology of Cancer..
US cancer researchers Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg
Prof Weinberg also discovered the first human oncogene Ras and the first tumor supressor gene Rb..
Estimated 12.7 million cancer cases around the world in 2008 ( GLOBOCAN) and 7.6 million cancer deaths in 2008.
Number expected to be 21 million in 2030..
Panel A - represents the rare occurrence of a highly penetrant inherited gene mutation, such as in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which confers a 100% likelihood of cancer of the colon, regardless of environment
Panel B - represents the vast majority of cancers, in which carcinogenesis is driven by gene/environment interaction, is represented.
Panel C - represents the rare occurrence of an overwhelmingly carcinogenic exposure, such a radiation accidents, will lead to cancer in exposed individuals regardless of genetic background.
The three most common childhood cancers are leukemia (34%), brain tumors (23%), and lymphomas (12%)
DNA adducts – Covalent bonds between carcinogens and DNA; cause miscoding and permanent mutation in critical genes
DNA adducts – Covalent bonds between carcinogens and DNA; cause miscoding and permanent mutation in critical genes
There is, however, no evidence to suggest that HIV is directly oncogenic. In HIV-infected persons, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (Burkitt, immunoblastic, and primary CNS), Kaposi sarcoma, and cervical cancer are all AIDS-defining illnesses. In addition, anal squamous cell carcinoma is commonly seen in AIDS patients. Many of the neoplasms common to AIDS patients are associated with infection by DNA viruses. These viruses include Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpes virus-8, Epstein-Barr virus, and human papilloma virus.
On August 6, 1945 the uranium bomb, “Little Boy”, was dropped on Hiroshima killing 70,000-80,000 people immediately. Three days later, the plutonium bomb, “Fat Man”, was dropped on Nagasaki killing an estimated 40,000-75,000 instantly.
Catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine.. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe.
Specific Activity Rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field.